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Entomology Review for Exam 1 1. Draw a generalized insect body and identify as many parts as possible. (+2 point for each part properly labeled; -2 point for each part incorrectly labeled; 40 points minimum) 2. Draw a realistic insect phylogeny that includes at least 15 orders of insects. Mark and identify 5 synapomorphies on your phylogeny. (30 points) 3. Be prepared to discuss adaptations to a unique environment for each of the following: integument, digestion, excretion. Also be prepared to discuss how unique environments could affect insect diversity. (12 points) 4. List 6 hypotheses that entomologists have proposed for why insects are so successful. (12 points) 5. One “free” question will be worth 6 points. REVIEW FOR PRACTICAL The practical will consist of pinned insects that you will identify to Order, Suborder, or Family (or all three). Each will have a number by it and the answer sheet will indicate which levels are required (for example, CLASS = ; ORDER = ; FAMILY = ). Expect to see all of the taxa below - there are just a couple of changes from the taxa that are in red in the powerpoint. There will likely be some extra taxa for extra credit (from the master list of taxa). Class Parainsecta Order Collembola: 6-segmented abdomen; furcula and retinaculum; collophore on A1; 2-3mm Class Insecta Subclass Apterygota Order Zygentoma (Thysanura): flattened; 3 terminal filaments; eyes reduced or absent; dicondylic mouthparts Subclass Pteryogota Infraclass Paleoptera Order Ephemeroptera: Adults--Short filiform or setaceous antennae; mesothorax enlarged with large triangular forewings; hindwings small or absent; A10 with long cerci and often with medial filament. Nymphs--leaf-like or plumose gills along abdomen w/three long tails (cerci). Order Odonata: Predaceous; Adults--Long narrow wings (4); slender, elongate abdomen, large compound eyes, short bristle-like antennae, cerci unsegmented and function as claspers. Nymphs—Damselflies: 3 leaf-like gills arising from abdomen; Dragonflies: gills are internal and ring the anus. Suborder Anisoptera: dragonflies; hindwings wider at base; head not elongate; wings held horizontal at rest Libellulidae: toe well developed on anal loop; no notch on rear wing anal angle Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies; front and hind wings similar in shape and narrow at base Coenagrionidae: Cu1 and Cu2 well developed (well beyond arculus) Infraclass Neoptera Division Exopteryogota Order Mantodea: large, front coxae and prothorax greatly lengthened; front femora and tibia armed with spines and raptorial; antennae short Order Blattaria (Blattodea) - cockroaches; body flattened and oval; head concealed by pronotum; antennae long and slender Order Isoptera: termites; social with castes; usually pale colored; antennae short and often moniliform; with and without wings—held flat over abdomen at rest; tarsi 4-segmented Order Dermaptera: short elytra meeting dorsally in a straight line; cerci well-developed and forceps-like; antennae filliform and about ½ length of body or less Superorder Orthopteroidea Order Phasmatodea: body long, cylindrical; wings reduced or absent; cerci short, unsegmented Order Orthoptera: large hind femora; leathery fore-wings Suborder Caelifera: diurnal jumping orthoptera; tympana on A1; short antennae and ovipositer; tarsi 3 or fewer Acrididae: short-horned grasshoppers Suborder Ensifera: nocturnal jumping orthoptera; tympana on front tibiae; long antennae; stridulate with wings; long ovipositor Tettigoniidae: long-horned grasshoppers and katydids; most tarsi 4-segemented; ovipositor flattened Gryllidae: crickets; 3-segmented tarsi; ovipositor reduced Superorder Hemipteroidea Order Plecoptera: stoneflies; aquatic nymphs; usually with 2 terminal cerci; wings usually with numerous crossveins between M and Cu, and Cu1 and Cu2 Order Thysanoptera: thrips; minute (.5-2mm); pale to black; with and without wings—long and narrow, fringed with long hairs; sucking mouthparts (conical beak) Order Hemiptera: mouthparts sucking; antennae with 5 or fewer segments; tarsi with 3 or fewer segments; Important characteristics for distinguishing between families are on legs, antennae, beak, and wings. Suborder Heteroptera; beak rises from anterior part of head; wings present with hemielytra character = FW thickened at base (corium) and membranous at tip; HW membranous, shorter than FW; at rest wings held flat over body Belostomatidae: giant waterbug; oval, flattened,large usually >20mm; raptorial front legs; hind legs flattened;terminal appendages short and retractable Gerridae: long legs; antennae exposed and longer than head; middle coxae closer to hind coxae than front coxae Miridae: plant/leaf bugs; small, FW with a cuneus and membrane with 2 closed cells; ocelli absent; beak with 4 segments; tarsi with 3 segments Reduviidae: assassin bugs; beak with 3 segments and fitting into a groove in prosternum; head elongate with transverse groove between eyes; edges of abdomen often extend laterally beyond wings; front femora thickened Coreidae: leaf-footed bug; similar to Lygaeidae but with many veins in membrane of FW; head narrower and shorter than pronotum; hind tibiae sometimes leaf-like; scent glands on sides of thorax between middle and hind coxae Pentatomidae: stink-bugs; antennae with 5 segments; somewhat shield-shaped; scutellum large and triangular, but not reaching to apex of abdomen. Suborder Auchenorrhyncha: beak short and rising posteriorly (appears like it comes from between front coxae); with and without wings; forewings uniformly textured; wings at rest usually held rooflike over body Cicadidae: large insects; FW membranous; 3 ocelli Membracidae: treehoppers; small (12mm or less); pronotum prolonged backward over abdomen Cercopidae: froghoppers; small; hind tibiae with 1 or 2 stout spines and usually a circlet of spines at the apex; antennae short and stylate Cicadellidae: leafhoppers; like cercopids, but body tapers posteriorly or is parallel sided; hind tibiae with 1 or more rows of small spines; antennae short and stylate Infraclass Neoptera Division Endoopteryogota Order Neuroptera: 4 membranous wings: FW and HW about same size or HW a little wider at base; wings usually held rooflike over body at rest; wings generally with many veins; antennae long, many segmented, tarsi 5-segmented. Chrysopidae (lacewings): wings usually greenish and without bifurcate costal crossveins, eyes golden or copper-colored; Sc and R1 not fused at wing tip. Order Megaloptera: HW broader at base than FW; longitudinal veins at wing margin NOT branched. Order Raphidioptera (snakeflies): prothorax elongate; front legs rise from posterior end of prothorax and are similar to other legs; female with long, slender ovipositor Order Coleoptera: largest order of extant animals with >250,000 species; with elytra (modified FW) meeting in a straight line down the back and covering HW; mouthparts chewing; Holometabolous (complete metamorphosis); tarsi usually 3-5 segmented. Suborder Adephaga: hind coxae dividing the 1st visible abdominal sternum; filiform antennae, tarsi 5,5,5; notopleural sutures present. Carabidae (ground beetles): hind trochanters large, femora almost touch coxae, head narrower than pronotum, antennae inserted between eyes and base of mandibles, antennae filiform, 11, tarsi 5,5,5 Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles): hind trochanters large, femora almost touch coxae, legs fringed and flattened; filiform (threadlike) Suborder Polyphaga: 1st visible abdominal sternum is not divided by the hind coxae; hind trochanters normal; notopleural sutures lacking Silphidae (carrion beetles): elytra broad posteriorly, often exposing 1-3 abdominal segments; palps visible, flexible; antennae clubbed, 9-11, tarsi 5,5,5, densely pubescent Staphylinidae (rove beetles): elytra very short (with HW folded beneath) exposing most of abdomen, antennae threadlike, clavate or capitate Scarabaeidae: antennae lamellate with 3-7 leaves, 8-11 (usually 10), tarsi (variable),5,5,5 usually Buprestidae (metallic wood-boring beetles): usually metallic, head retracted into prothorax to eyes, metacoxae platelike, antennae short, slender, finely serrate, 11, tarsi 5,5,5 Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles): nearly hemispherical but some are more elongate, head retracted into thorax, antennae with 3-segmented club, 11, tarsi 3,3,3 Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles): mandibles short, eyes almost always notched, antennae moniliform or clavate, 11, tarsi 5,5,4 Meloidae (blister beetles): elongate, head and elytra wider than pronotum, head constricted far behind eyes into a neck, legs long, antennae 11, tarsi 5,5,4, tarsal claws usually have a long appendage below them Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles): antennae usually 1-4 times the length of the body, sometimes serrate, sometimes moniliform, tarsi 5,5,5, 4th always small, 3rd deeply bilobed Curculionidae (weevils): head with well-developed beak (often curved downward), antennae usually geniculate with a three-segmented club Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles): usually oval (but vary), antennae less than half length of body, tarsi appear 4,4,4 Scolytidae (bark beetles): small, cylindrical and compact with short legs (look like miniature bullets), antennae geniculate with a compact club, tarsi 5,5,5 Order Mecoptera: long-faced; mouth parts chewing and at end of long snoutlike structure; 4 membranous wings, HW about same size as FW; antnennae filiform and about half body length; male genetalia in some families bulbous and curved upward (like the stinger of a scorpion). Order Trichoptera: Slender, elongate and mothlike; long, filiform antennae (as long as body or longer); 4 membranous wings; HW a little shorter than FW; wings held rooflike over body at rest; reduced mouthparts Order Lepidoptera: 4 membranous wings; HW a little smaller than FW; wings largely or entirely covered with scales; mouth parts sucking, with proboscis usually in the form of a coiled tube Hesperiidae (Skippers): antennae clavate and usually hooked at tip, head as wide or wider than thorax, hind tibiae with 2 pairs of spurs; all five R veins in FW are unstalked and arise from the discal cell. Papilionoidea (Butterflies): antennae capitate or clavate, but never hooked at tip; wings generally large in proportion to the body Papilionidae (Swallowtails): FW with 5-branched R vein; HW with 1 anal vein and usually a tail-like prolongation Pieridae (Whites, Sulfurs, and Oranges-tips): usually white, yellow or orange with black marks, tarsal claws forked; FW with R vein 3- or 4-branched Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies): variable in size and color; front legs often very reduced, some veins swollen at base Saturniidae (Silkworm Moths): large with feathery antennae; wings broad, usually with eyespots Sphingidae (Sphinx Moth, Hawkmoth): Large, heavy-bodied, wings small and narrow, FW much longer than HW, antennae spindle shaped Erebidae, Arctiinae: (Tiger Moths) heavy-bodied, bright spots and bands common; Sc and R fused until about the middle of the discal cell in HW. Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera: Antennae with more than 5 segments, often threadlike. Tipulidae (Crane Flies): very long legs, mesonotum with V-shaped suture, ocelli absent Culicidae (Mosquitoes): wings long and narrow with scales along veins and wing margin, ocelli absent Suborder Brachycera: A. NO Ptilinal suture (Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha; Aschiza) Tabanidae (Horse or Deer Flies): stout bodied, large, 3 rd antennal segment elongate and subdivided, tarsi with 3 pads, calypters large Asilidae (Robber Flies): long legs, thorax stout and abdomen usually long and tapering, top of head hollowed out between eyes Syrphidae (Flower Flies): beelike or wasplike, spurious vein B. Ptilinal suture (Cyclorrhapha; Schizophora) 1. Lower calypters SMALL or absent (often all calypters absent), (Acalyptrate muscoid flies) 2. Lower calypters LARGE, (Calyptrate muscoid flies) a. No hypopleural and pteropleural bristles Tachnidae: Postscutellum well developed, R5 narrowed or closed distally, arista usually bare Order Hymenoptera Suborder Symphyta (abdomen broadly joined to thorax) Siricidae (Horntails): Large, pronotum in dorsal view wider than long and shorter along midline than laterally, apex of abdomen usually with a dorsally located spear or spine, single apical spur on the front tibiae Suborder Apocrita (abdomen narrowly joined to thorax) Formicidae (Ants): 1st abdominal segment nodelike or with a dorsal hump, differing from remaining segments, antennae with 6-13 segments and strongly elbowed in females, the 1 st segment very long, venetion of winged forms is usually slightly reduced. B. Trochanter 1 segmented 1. (Pronotum short and collarlike with a small rounded lobe on each side that does not reach the tegulae,) Sphecidae: venation complete (or almost), unbranched or little hair on body, hornet-like Apidae (Bees): jugal lobe on hind wing shorter than basal cell, usually 3 submarginal cells, first two segments of labial palps elongate and flattened 2. Pronotum touches tegulae or with lobe that reaches tegulae. Vespidae (Hornets, Yellow Jackets): Notched eyes and clavate antennae, wings fold longitudinally (like a fan) when not flying, 1st discoidal cell in FW very long (1/2 as long as wing) Mutillidae (Velvet Ants): very hairy and often brightly colored, male winged, female wingless with very painful sting C. Trochanter 2 segmented or wing venation greatly reduced (in minute forms)-----1. Costa vein present Braconidae: 1 m-cu crossvein or none (no second rv), antennae long Ichneumonidae: 2 m-cu crossveins, 2nd submarginal cell small or lacking, antennae with 16 or more segments and usually at least half as long as the body, base of cubital vein lacking, often with long ovipositers, possibly the largest of insects 2. Costa vein absent b. Elbowed antennae, wing venation greatly reduced, (Chalcidoidea) Chalcididae: hind femora greatly swollen and toothed behind, hind coxae considerably larger than front, antennae elbowed, wing venation greatly reduced