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Memory Notes
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______________________ : persistence of learning over time via the _____________ & _________________ of information.
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Gives us our sense of self and connects us to _____________experiences.
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___________________: All the mental activities associated with _________________,_______________,____________________
information.
Memory Process
_____________________________: Transforming sensory information into ________________ memory.
__________________________:Creating a ____________ trace of the encoded information in memory, which can be
_________________________ or ______________________.
________________________________: Using ______________ information.
_______________
________ into
Memory
_____________
Maintain in
Memory
___________
________ from
Memory
Sensory Memory: refers to the ________________________recording of sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here
briefly (____________________seconds)
Sensory Memories include both:
1. _________________________: a momentary sensory memory of a ________________stimuli. Memory only lasts for a
few tenths of a second.
2.___________________________: a momentary sensory memory for _____________________stimuli. Sound memories can
usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds.
_________________________Memory: remembering to do something in the _______________________.
Ex. I need to remember to get my husband an anniversary gift
__________________________ Memory: remembering you __________________ did something in the ________________.
Ex. I already got my husband an anniversary gift
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Automatic Processing (Type 1)
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_________________________ encoding of ___________________________information
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well-learned information
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we can learn automatic processing
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reading backwards
Effortful Processing (Type 2)
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______________________________________: type of encoding that requires ________________________ and
__________________ effort.
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Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc.
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Encoding can be aided by ______________________________________: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness
or even more successfully by ____________________________: processing of information for meaning which can more easily
help produce long term memories.
Memory Retrieval
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__________________________: a measure of memory in which the person must ________________ information learned
______________.
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___________________________: a measure of memory in which the person need only ________________________ items
previously learned.
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Ex: fill in the blank, essay questions
Ex: multiple choice, matching
______________________________________________: Retrieval of memories that can be _______________________________ by
adding, loosing, or changing details to fit a mental representation
Damage to the Brain
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_______________________ refers to the loss of memory.
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Amnesiac patients typically have losses in ________________________
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_______________________________________: type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO FORM ANY
_____________MEMORIES. Can’t remember anything that has occurred _____________a traumatic head injury.
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______________________________: type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO REMEMBER
_____________________EVENTS. May forget everything that happened ___________________a traumatic head injury.
Explaining the Serial Position Effect
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_____________________________________________: explains how we remember concepts at the ____________________ of a list
since these are often the terms we have seen the most when reviewing.
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_________________________: explains how we remember concepts at the end of the list a since these are the terms we have seen
most ______________________________.
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________________________ IS FORGOTTEN MOST OFTEN.
__________________________________: Reminders associated with information we are trying to retrieve
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________________________: activation, often _____________________________, of particular associations of memory.
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_______________________________________: Spreading memorization out over __________________________sessions (BEST)
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________________________________ (AKA Cramming): One session
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______________________ devices: ROY G BIV
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__________________________: organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs _________________________
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The magic number is ___________________________
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In other words, the most we can hold in our STM is _______________items
Context Effects Memory Retrieval
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___________________________________________: Being able to retrieve information better when you are in the same
_________________you learned it in.
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Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory:
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____________________________: information is most easily recalled when in same “state” of ________________________it
was learned in.
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___________________________________________: tendency to ________________________experiences that are
consistent with one’s current mood.
Forgetting
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Forgetting is a result of either:
1.
____________________________________
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2.
Not paying _________________________to certain stimuli (selective attention)
_________________________________________
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_________________________________of the physical memory trace
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Neural connections are no longer there
3.
___________________________________ from LTM
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___________________________________: A measure of _________________________________ of memory that assessed the time
saved compared to learning the first time when learning information again
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*if relearning takes as much time as the initial learning, the information has _____________________________
Motivated Forgetting
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__________________________ is the idea that people unknowingly revise their history.
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Ex: I broke up with her; she didn't break up with me.
What purpose might motivated forgetting serve?
Motivated Forgetting: A Freudian Concept
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_______________________________: idea put forth by psychoanalytic theorists like ________________ which states
anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories can be ____________________ from __________________________.
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Ex: child abuse, rape, incest may be repressed and not be able to be actively recalled.
Interference
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_________________________: Learning some items may disrupt ____________________-- of other information
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___________________(forward acting) Interference: disruptive effect of ______________ learning on recall of new
information (________ memories prevent the retrieval of ______________ memories)
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____________________(backwards acting) Interference: disruptive effect of new learning on _________________ of old
information (_____________memories prevent the retrieval of _________________ memories)
_________________________: when we are certain we know something yet we are unable to recall it.
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Relates to retrieval failure, usually __________________ or external cues will help you recall the information you are
looking for.