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Unit 7 Notes, Part 1: Memory and Encoding
MEMORY
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Memory- the persistence of ___________ over time through the storage and retrieval
of information
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Flashbulb Memory- a clear memory of an ___________ significant moment or event
Example of a flashbulb memory?
Information Processing Model
• Human Memory works like a computer:
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Write the file = ___________
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Save the file= ___________
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Open the file= ___________
Three Stage Processing Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin)
• Sensory memory
• Short-term memory/working memory
• Long-term memory
ENCODING
Types of Encoding
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___________
Effortful
• Rehearsal/Overlearning
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___________ Effect
Serial ___________ Effect
What type of coding caused you to remember those things? Automatic, effortful, or a combination?
Explain.
Levels of Processing
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___________ processing or maintenance rehearsal
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simple repetition
example: most people do not have accurate memories of the organization of letters
on a keyboard, despite having seen and used them many times.
Deep processing or elaborative rehearsal
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coding by forming _____________ between new info and info already stored.
Types of Encoding
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Semantic Encoding- _____________ of words
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Acoustic Encoding- _____________ of words
Visual encoding- images, pictures
Mnemonic Devices
• Encoding Imagery
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Method of Loci-moving through familiar _____________ and associating each
place with a word
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Peg Word- memorizing a jingle and associating words with _____________
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Chunking-dividing information into _____________ or manageable units
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Hierarchies- few broad concepts divided and subdivided
Unit 7 Notes, Part 2: Storage
Sensory Memory
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Iconic: __________
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Echoic: __________
Short Term Memory
• Limited in ___________________
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Magic #: ___ (+/-2)
Types of Long Term Memories
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Episodic- personally __________ events
• ex: what you had for breakfast this morning
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Semantic-general __________ knowledge
• ex: temperature at which water boils
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Procedural-relate to __________ or habits
• ex: memory of how to brush your teeth
Hey look! A
hierarchy
mnemonic!
Explicit Memory
• memories that one is ____________________ aware
• ex: I may have explicit memory of playing a golf course
• hippocampus- neural center in limbic system that helps process ____________ memories for
storage
Implicit Memory
• memories of which one is not ___________________
• ex: may have implicit memories of how to tie one's shoe but not be able to describe it to
another
Amnesia
• Anterograde: unable to form ________ memories
• Retrograde: unable to recall __________ events
Unit 7 Notes, Part 3: Retrieval and Forgetting
Retrieval
Task 1
Task 2
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon:
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Recall: ____________________ something you learned
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Recognition: ______________ something you learned
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Priming: the activation, often ______________, of a web of associations in
memory in order to retrieve a specific memory.
Context Effects/déjà vu: that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues
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from the current situation may unconsciously ______________ retrieval of an
earlier experience.
Mood Congruent Memory/ State Dependent Memory: the tendency to recall
experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
Forgetting
Encoding Failure: information never entered into long-term memory
Storage Decay: lose information over time
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______________ forgetting curve
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Proactive Interference: hinders retrieval of ________ (PRO) information
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Retroactive Interference: hinders retrieval of ________ (RETRO) information
**Flip to back for activity**
Improve Your Memory
• Activate retrieval cues- mentally recreate situation and mood
• Recall events while they are fresh
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Write down before ______________
Minimize interference
Test your own knowledge
Rehearse