Download Suggested Answers to Assignments

Suggested Answers to Assignments
Chapter 15, Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Written Assignments
1. Students’ answers should include the following:
 Emphasize that innate immunity has a quicker
response time, but a shorter duration. Adaptive
immunity takes time to develop, but is more
effective.
Learning Objective(s)
1, 2
2. Students’ answers should include the following:
 The student response should include that
antigens, also referred to as immunogens, are
substances that can stimulate an immune
response in the host. They generate the
immune response by stimulating formation of
an antibody or by reacting with antibodies or Tcell receptors.
3
3. The student response should refer to the fact that
passive immunity offers immediate immunity for a
short time and that although active immunity takes
time to develop, it lasts for a lifetime in most cases.
11
14
4. Students’ answers should include the following:
 changes in cell-mediated and humoral immune
responses
– more susceptible to infection
– not as responsive to vaccinations
– increased prevalence of autoimmune
disorders
– decreased size of thymus gland thus
affecting T-cell function
– decrease in proportion of T cells to other
lymphocytes
– decreased CD4+ and CD8+ cells
Group Assignments
Learning Objective(s)
1. Students’ answers should include the following:
 Prior to beginning the educational session, the
student must assess his level of education and
his current knowledge about the treatment. The
student’s answer will be based on the following
information. The body must be able to
differentiate between its own molecules and
foreign antigens. MHC is responsible for this
differentiation and is vital for cell-to-cell
interactions among immune and body cells.
When transplanting an organ, the closer the
match between the MHC proteins, the less the
risk of rejection.
4
2. Students’ answers should include the following:
5, 6
 T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus and offer
cell-mediated immunity. B-lymphocytes mature in
the bone marrow and are essential for humoral
antibody-mediated immunity.
Clinical Assignments
1. Students’ answers should include the following:
 Natural killer cells: important in innate immunity.
Activated without recognizing a specific antigen.
Programmed killing is inhibited by contact with
MHC self-molecules. Participate in antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity. May play a role in
surveillance for cancerous or virus-infected cells.
 Central lymphoid structures: includes bone
marrow and thymus. Necessary for immune cell
production and maturation. Works with the
peripheral lymphoid system.
 Peripheral lymphoid structures: includes lymph
nodes, tonsils, spleen, Peyer patches, and
respiratory, GI, and reproductive systems.
Connected by lymph channels, blood vessels,
and capillaries. Traps and processes antigen.
Promotes interaction between antigen and
mature immune cells.
 Cytokines: Primarily made by immune cells,
primarily act on immune cells (esp. activated
helper T cells & macrophages). Bind to specific
receptors on surface of target cells. Synthesis is
initiated by new gene transcription secondary to
cellular activation.
 Complement system: Primary mediator of innate
Learning Objective(s)
7, 9, 10, 12
and adaptive immunity. Normally circulate as
inactive precursors and must be activated in
sequence. Enables the body to produce
inflammatory response, lyse foreign cells, and
increase phagocytosis.
2. Students’ answers should include the following:
13
 Using therapeutic communication skills, the
student would generate a response based on the
following facts:
– He is a term baby.
– Maternal antibodies (IgG) cross the placenta
and provide protection for a few months
(starts to decline at 3–6 months).
– Baby J starts producing IgM shortly after birth
and by 6 days of age, the level sharply
increases.
– IgA is detected at 13 days of age.
– If she does breast-feed, IgA will be transferred
in her breast milk.
Web Assignment
1. Students’ answers should include the following:
 Overview of the function of each class of
immunoglobulin:
– IgG
– IgA
– IgM
– IgD
– IgE
Learning Objective(s)
8