Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
SSWH 1 The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE What is Civilization? • A complex culture with 5 characteristics: • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. advanced cities specialized workers complex institutions record keeping advanced technology Why did Civilizations Form? • Humans changed from a huntergatherer lifestyle to an agriculturebased lifestyle. • Neolithic Revolution River Valley Systems Why Settle in a River Valley? • • • Seasonal flooding leaves rich soil for agriculture Irrigation provided continuous water, even in dry seasons Some river systems are great for transportation Tigris-Euphrates River Valleys • Mesopotamia Eastern part of the Fertile Crescent- strip of fertile land that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Who lived in Mesopotamia? • Sumerians (3000 B.C.E.) • City-States • City & the surrounding land. Sumerian Government • • Each city-state had its own gov’t. Theocracy • • Religious leader and political leader the same person. Rulers seen as a representative of the gods. Sumerian Religion • Polytheism • • Belief in MANY gods Believed in an unhappy afterlife. • River flooding Mesopotamian Empire • Empire- • Political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by one ruler. • Babylonian Empire • • Capital at Babylon on Euphrates River. Relied on trade b/c lack of natural resources Sumerian Writing • Cuneiform • Wedge shapes pressed into wet clay. Hammurabi’s Code • Organized Mesopotamian laws into a uniform code. Nile River Valley • • • Egypt Trade up and down Nile easily River flooded regularly Egyptian Government • Theocracy • • • Kings WERE gods. Pharaohs Pyramids • Built as tombs for the pharaohs. Egyptian Religion • Polytheistic • Believed in a positive afterlife. • Mummification Egyptian Empire • Bronze weapons and chariots = conquerors • conquer more lands = stimulates trade and cultural diffusion Egyptian Writing • Hieroglyphics • Picture symbols Egyptian Writing • Rosetta Stone • Found 1799 allowed scientists to decipher hieroglyphics. Let’s Compare • Similarities Mesopotamia and Egypt Differences Phoenicians • • • Sea traders on the Mediterranean Sea Traded all around continent of Africa Alphabet • • • Needed a way to record transactions used and adopted by those that traded with them (cultural diffusion) Alphabet was phonetic • each symbol represents a sound Zoroastrianism • • Persian prophet named Zoroaster Monotheistic • • • Belief in ONE god: Ahura Mazda Earth seen as battleground between good & evil A person was judged on how one fought for good Ahura Mazda Judaism • • • Hebrews, or Jews, originate in Mesopotamia • Abraham Monotheistic- Yahweh Torah • Sacred text that contains stories and ethical laws of Judaism • 10 Commandments Judaism • • • Center of Religion • Personal relationship with God (covenant). Goal • Go to Heaven after death Social issues • Men head of household • Women had few legal rights Judaism • • Prayer • 3x a day (individual or communal) Sabbath (Holy Day) • Sundown Friday night until dark Saturday night