Download BY 124 SI 10/01/15 The clade or phylogeny tree is the tree Dr. Raut

BY 124 SI 10/01/15
The clade or phylogeny tree is the tree Dr. Raut uses in class in order to organize the
invertebrates. Notice the two breaks labeled Eumetazoa and Bilateria. Be able to recognize
what and where these breaks are and what Phyla are the result or are included in each
break.
What should you know about sponges?
Sponges are known as ________________ feeders. The large cavity in the middle of sponges that
collects water through ________ is called the ________________. Used or metabolized water is
then sent out the main, large opening of the sponge called the _____________. _________________
or collar cells are the principal, feeding cells, which phagocytosize food particles, of the
sponges that line the inside of the spongocoel cavity. ______________ are mobile,
differentiating cells which lend to the growth and development of the sponge. Because they
can differentiate, amoebocytes are technically the reproductive cells of the sponge,
producing both sperm and eggs, which makes the sponge a ________________. The ___________ is
a jelly-like layer between the epidermis (skin or outer cover of sponge) and the
choanocytes.
Which Phyla was the first to have true tissue? What are its classes?
These animals will have a __________ body symmetry with only 2 germ layers, making them
______________. Because cnidarians are both sessile and motile, they have develop two forms
to adapt to both lifestyles; the ________ body form is for a sessile life, and the _________ body
form is for a motile life. Class ____________ has a life cycle that contains BOTH forms, where
the medusa form is only used for reproductive purposes. Cnidarians have a basic body plan
with a central digestive compartment called the ________________ _____________. How many
openings does a Cnidarian have? The simplest form of a nervous system that these
organisms possess is _______ _______, which are a very simple arrangement of neurons that
respond to stimuli. Phylum Cnidaria’s characteristic cells are called _____________, fittingly.
They are usually found on the tentacles of Cnidaria and contain a barb-like structure, which
jumps out when touched by external stimulus, called a _______________.
__________ is a type of freshwater cnidarian in class Hydrazoa that only exists in polyp form
and reproduces by ___________. Other Hydrazoans will, however, produce medusa buds from
their dominant hydra form in order to reproduce. These medusas will produce sperm and
eggs which will combine to create a zygote. The Hydrazoan larva is also called a ____________.
It can move unlike its adult form.
What’s the common name for Class Scyphozoa? Cubazoa?
Class ____________ only exists in polyp form.
The next group of organisms discussed was the ones after the bilateral symmetry break
(they are now triploblastic now as well). These include the two “groups” or clades
_________________ and ________________. The Lophotrochozoans begin to show a digestive tract
with _____ openings. All lophotrochozoans, at some time in their life cycle, will show a
presence of a _______________, which is a crown of ciliated tentacles, and all lophotrochozoans
will go through a _____________ ____________ stage.
What Phyla are included in the Lophotrochozoan clade?
Phylum Platyhelminthes are the only phylum that are _______________ or have no coelom.
Because they are still very primal, they only possess one opening with a gastrovascular
cavity. ________________ are the first sign of an excretory system in animals in order to get rid
of waste fluids. __________ _________ are the types of cells found in these protonephridia.
Phylum Platyhelminthes divide into two types: catenulida (chain worms) and
rhabditophora (more diverse and include free-living and parasitic species). The _____________
is a type of lab organism and free-living rhabditophoran that exhibits very simple forms of
learning because of the development of ganglia and ventral nerve cords.
Parasitic rhabditophorans include two classes: _____________ and _______________ (flukes and
tapeworms). Fluke life cycles are typically complex and include several hosts. Tapeworm’s
head is called __________. In order to reproduce, tapeworms have packets of reproductive
structures all over the length of the body called _____________.
Phylum Rotifera, or the wheel animals, are _______________ or have a “fake” body cavity. They
are small but still multicellular and have organ systems. Rotifers can reproduce through
_______________ or virgin birth.
Phylum Lophophorate include the ____________ and the _________________. They all have true
coeloms and adult forms have lophophores in order to feed.
Phylum Mollusca includes 4 major classes: ________________ (chitons), _______________ (snails
and slugs), ________________ (clams, oysters, scallops, etc.), and _________________ (squids, octopi,
cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses). All have true coeloms.
According to class, the mollusks have three main body sections: the ____________ ________
(comprised of all internal organs), the ________ (tissue that drapes over the visceral mass
and can excrete a shell), and the ___________ (to move). They also usually have __________ to
order to scrape food into their mouths.
Chitons have visually _____________ shells or plates, but they are NOT segmented animals.
Gastropoda characteristically displays ________ or a 180-degree twist for the organism’s
visceral mass during development.
Bivalves are _____________ feeders. They use _______________ siphons to suck in water and
_____________ siphons to excrete water (sometimes done to move).
Cephalopods characteristically have _________, which make them very smart creatures. They
Phylum Annelida are coelomates and are ____________, or have their bodies composed of a
series of fused rings. What are the two classes?
Class Polychaeta are generally marine worms and characteristically have _______________.
These parapodia function in _____ _____________ and movement.
Class Oligochaeta include the earthworms and leeches. ________________ are the earthworm’s
excretory system. The _______________ is a non-segmented and thickened section of the body
in which the eggs are deposited. The ______ is where food is stored and held and the
____________ is where the food is processed. They have a closed circulatory system with blood
vessels in each segment.
Leeches contain a chemical called ____________, which acts as an anti-coagulant.
What did TBT or tributyltin do (found in ship paint)?