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What is BIOCHEMISTRY? McKee & McKee: "the study of the molecular basis of life" Therefore, biochemistry must focus upon the molecules and chemical reactions that occur within cells. Major Chemical Elements Required for Life: Element Oxygen Atomi Atomi Symb c No. c Wt. ol O 8 16 Covalent Bonds % Human Composition 2 62.8 Carbon C 6 12 4 19.4 Hydrogen H 1 1 1 9.3 Nitrogen N 7 14 3 5.1 Phosphor us Sulfur P 15 31 5 0.6 S 16 32 2 0.6 Major Functional Groups in Organic Biomolecules Alcohol (Hydroxyl): Aldehyde (Carbonyl): Ketone (Carbonyl): Carboxylic Acid (Carboxyl): Amines (Amino): Thiols (Sulfhydryl): Major Types Of Linkages Common To Biochemistry: Ester: Ether: Amide: Phosphate ester: C = C Double Bonds (Alkenes): The major macromolecules of biological importance are polymers of simple monomeric subunints Polymers Monomers Proteins Amino Acids Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Lipids Fatty Acids + Glycerol Amino Acids General structure 20 common amino acids in proteins : Know the structures of Glycine & Cysteine Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides Amino Acids are linked to tRNA's in vivo Know the structure of a Peptide Bond: Carbohydrates (sugars) General chemical formula Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Know the structures of Glucose (a & b) & Ribose & Deoxyribose Monosaccharides are linked together to form polysaccharides Diagram simplified reaction Lipids (Fats & Oils) Triacylglycerols & Phospholipids Glycerol backbone Fatty Acids -- saturated & unsaturated Know the structures of Fatty Acids + Glycerol and how they are linked together to form triacylglycerol and phospholipids Steroids Cholesterol Nucleic Acids Polymers of Nucleotides Structure of a Nucleotide Purine & pyrimidine bases Know the structure of a Nucleotide and the difference between purines & pyrimidines