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THE PUNIC WARS: ROME V. CARTHAGE 8th century BCE: 6th century BCE: to 266 BCE: 264: 241: 238: 218: 217: 216: 206: 204: 202: 196: 190: 168-146: to 149: 149-146: 146: Rome (753) & Carthage founded Phoenicia conquered, Carthage becomes independent Rome expands control over Italian peninsula Carthage controls southeastern Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, and all of north Africa except Egypt Direct contact in Sicily: Carthage controls western half Messina (on Sicily) revolts against Carthage, Syracuse (on Sicily) asks for Carthage’s help against Rome; start of First Punic War Rome destroys Carthage’s navy Carthage gives up Sicily, pays fine of 80 tons of silver End of First Punic War Rome seizes Corsica while Carthaginian mercenaries revolt Hamilcar & Hannibal build colonies & conquer in Spain for Carthage Carthage’s empire thriving, Rome asks it not to exceed Ebro River Spanish Saguntum allies with Rome, becomes foolish and cocky Hannibal in charge of Spain, attacks Saguntum Rome demands Hannibal be sent to them Hannibal “complies” with invasion of Italy (elephants over the Alps); start of Second Punic War Battle of Trebia in September, Romans crushed Ambush of Roman army by Hannibal at Trasimene Battle of Cannae, 60-80,000 Romans killed (numbers vary but worst defeat in Roman history) Italian Roman allies desert to Hannibal Hannibal ravages Italian countryside for 10 years w/only skirmishes, lacks men & supplies due to political opposition at home Scipio drives Carthaginian armies from Spain, breaks Hannibal’s supply lines Scipio brings war to walls of Carthage, Hannibal forced to return to Africa Battle of Zama, Hannibal’s first (and only) defeat costs him the war; end of Second Punic War Hannibal flees to protection of court of Antiochus in Asia Minor Rome becomes international empire, turns east to crush Philip V of Macedon & begins to subjugate Greece Greece becomes “protectorate” of Rome Antiochus invades Greece, defeated by Rome; Hannibal commits suicide Systematic Roman subjection of Greece, brutal and destructive Gradual revival of Carthaginian prosperity (though not territorially) Third Punic War when Rome “pre-emptively” attacks Carthage Total subjection of Iberia (Spain) by Rome Carthage wiped from the face of the earth by Rome hannibal ad portas! “Hannibal is at the gates!” carthago delenda est “Carthage must be destroyed”