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Spain in America
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
Spanish Conquistadors
► Stories
of gold, silver, and rich kingdoms
attracted conquistadors to the Americas.
► Conquistador – Spanish explorers who
received grants from Spanish rulers.
 Could explore and establish settlements.
 Had to give up 1/5 of any gold or treasure
discovered to Spain.
► This
allowed expeditions with little risk.
 If a conquistador failed, the conquistador lost
more than Spain.
 If successful, both would become rich.
Cortés Conquers the Aztec
► Hernán
Cortés landed in what is now Mexico
in 1519 in search of gold and glory
 500 soldiers, some horses, and a few cannons.
► Heard
of the Aztecs and their capital of
Tenochtitlan.
► Aztecs conquered many cities and forced
them to give tribute.
 Tributes included crops, clothing, gold and
precious stones.
► Cortés
would form alliances with nearby
cities to take on the Aztecs.
Cortés Conquers the Aztec
► Montezuma
(Aztec Emperor) invited Cortés
into the city hoping to learn their weakness
and crush his enemy.
► Cortés would take Montezuma prisoner
instead.
► In 1520, the Aztec rebelled and forced the
Spanish to leave Tenochtitlan.
 Montezuma was struck by a rock and killed.
 Cortés would return in 1521, with more troops
and take it back, disintegrating the Empire and
would gain control of the region.
Cortés Conquers the Aztec
Hernán Cortés
Pizarro Conquers Peru
► Francisco
Pizarro sailed down the Pacific
coast of South America in search of the
wealthy Inca Empire.
► In 1532, Atahualpa (Inca Ruler) was
captured, and much of the empire was
destroyed.
 Falsely accused Atahualpa of crimes and then
executed him the next year.
► Inca
were used to following the orders of
their leader and were now weakened.
 Within a few years controlled most of the
empire.
Pizarro Conquers Peru
Francisco Pizzaro
Montezuma
Why Spain Succeeded
► How
did they succeed with only a few
hundred Spanish soldiers?
► Strange Weapons
 Guns and Cannons
► Fearsome
Animals.
 Horses, and ferocious dogs.
► Many
Natives hated the Aztec and were
happy to assist overthrowing them
► Diseases such as smallpox.
Spain in North America
► With
their success in Central and South
America they begin exploring to the north.
 southeastern and southwestern parts of North
America.
► Juan
Ponce de León landed in what is
present-day Florida in 1513.
 Hoped to find gold and the Fountain of Youth.
► In
1565, he set up the first Spanish
settlement (St. Augustine) in what is now
the United States.
Spain in North America
Juan Ponce de León
The Seven Cities of Cibola
► Many
Conquistadors were never successful
in their search for gold.
► Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was part of a
Spanish Expedition to Florida in 1528.
 Lead by Pánfilo de Narváez they sailed along
the coast to Mexico after finding trouble in
Florida.
 In November of 1528 they would be caught in a
terrible storm, and would lose 3 of their 5 boats
with the other two running aground on an
island near present-day Texas.
The Seven Cities of Cibola
► After
a few months only a few would still
survive.
► In order to survive, Cabeza De Vaca and an
enslaved African named Estevanico became
medicine men.
 Their method of healing was to, “Bless the sick,
breathing on them and reciting latin prayers.
 Eventually makes a 1000 mile journey across
the Southwest.”
 He would arrive in Mexico in 1536 telling stories
of a city he had heard about with emerald walls
and streets of gold. (Oz?)
The Seven Cities of Cibola
► The
stories would inspire Hernando de Soto.
 Would explore much of the southeastern area
of present day United States.
 Took advantage of native people by capturing
their chief and demanding for food and supplies
in return.
 Crossed the Mississippi River in 1541, describing
it as, “swift and very deep.”
 After making it as far as present-day Oklahoma,
De Soto died of a fever and was buried in the
waters of the Mississippi.
The Seven Cities of Cibola
► Francisco
Vázquez de Coronado also wanted
to find the Seven Cities.
► Explored Northern Mexico and present-day
Arizona and New Mexico and reached a
town belonging to the Zuni people.
 Immediately knew their was no gold and
headed west to the Colorado River into what is
now Kansas.
► Found
nothing but “windswept plains” and
“shaggy cows” (buffalo).
 Disappointed, he returned to Mexico.
The Seven Cities of Cibola
Álvar Núñez
Cabeza de Vaca
Pánfilo de
Narváez
Hernan de
Soto
Francisco
Vázquez de
Coronado
Spanish Rule
► Spanish
law called for three different kinds
of settlements:
 Pueblos – Established as centers of trade.
 Missions – Religious communities that included
a small town, surrounding farmland, and a
church.
 Presidio – Fort, usually built near a Mission.
► Juan
de Oñate was sent to gain control of
lands to the north and convert inhabitants.
 In 1598, he founded the province of New
Mexico and introduced cattle and horse to the
Pueblo people.
Social Class
A class system developed in Spain’s empire:
► Peninsulares – Born in Spain, owned land,
served in the church, and ran local
government.
► Creoles – Born in the Americas to Spanish
parents.
► Mestizos – People with Spanish and Native
American Parents.
► Native Americans
► African Slaves
Social Class
► Encomienda
– the right to demand taxes
or labor from Native Americans.
 Essentially made them slaves.
 Many died from malnutrition, diseases, and
difficult labor.
►
Bartolomé de las Casas condemned the
cruel treatment.
 Pleaded to protect the natives.
 Claimed millions had died because the Spanish,
“made gold their ultimate aim, seeking to load
themselves with riches in the shortest possible
time.
Social Class
► Thanks
to his reports the Spanish
government passed the New Laws, which
forbade making slaves of Native Americans.
 Although not always enforced, it did correct the
worst abuses.
Bartolomé de las Casas
The Plantation System
► Some
Spanish settlers made huge profits
sending back raw materials to Spain.
 In the West Indies, the main exports were
tobacco and sugarcane.
► To
raise the crops they created a plantation
system.
 Plantation – Large Estate
 The Spanish had been using the Native
Americans to work the plantations.
The Plantation System
► Las
Casas suggested using enslaved
Africans, thinking they could endure the
labor better.
 He would bitterly regret this suggestion later.
► By
the mid-1500s the Spanish were bringing
thousands from west Africa to the Americas.
► Portugal did the same in Brazil.
► The Africans who survived the long ocean
trip were sold to plantation owners and
would soon become an essential part of the
economy of the colonies.