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Italian Politics 1400-1550 CE Duchy of Milan Controlled by governors from two rich families. House of Visconti (1314-1447) House of Sforza (1450-1537) The Duke of Milan Very wealthy → attracted the likes of Leonardo da Vinci Republic of Venice Longest Republic in History (697-1797) Economics: Most wealthy city in Europe Extensive trade policies Government: An oligarchical structure based upon wealth and voting rights for those families. Republic of Florence The Medici Family Cosimo (1434-1464) and Lorenzo (1469-1492) Contributed to the rise of Florence by the use of patronage. The family, who controlled the entire banking system of Florence, would use their power and influence to support artists and other public works. The Papal States German Relationship: Papal States was seen as co-equal dependency of the Holy Roman Empire. The Pope’s authority over the area was “absolute” In reality, the Pope only had marginal control over the Papal States. It was typically controlled by local princes who swore allegiance to the Church and Papal authority. The Kingdom of Naples Controlled all of Southern Italy and the island of Sicily The only Italian state controlled by an Absolute Monarch. Life in Naples: The King and nobility subjugated the people The Renaissance did not really impact this area. Warfare on the Peninsula New Political Reality: The Balance of Power - none of the Italian states wanted one state to be more powerful than the others. Barbarism Most Italians saw other Europeans as Barbarians. But they were unwilling to work together against them. Often small wars would break out amongst the states Niccolo Machiavelli Florentine statesman and ambassador The Prince Focus on obtaining, maintaining, and expanding power Father of Political Realism Rulers should focus on practical gains, not moral duty Humans are selfish Egotists “It is much safer to be feared than loved” “If an injury must be done to a man, it should be so severe that his vengeance need not be feared.” The Renaissance The 3 Major Tenets Individualism (def): Social theory that favors the freedom of individual actors over State or collective control. Secularism (def): The belief that religious institutions and religious dogma should not influence government, educational, and other public institutions. Humanism (def): A world view that attaches its primary focus on the human potential and value, rather than those phenomenon associated with divine or supernatural origin. Renaissance and Education Guiding principle: Education can transform the human being and human existence. The Humanities or Liberal studies: Art, Music, History, Moral Philosophy, Rhetoric, Grammar, Logic, Poetry, Mathematics, and Astronomy Johannes Gutenberg Built the first printing press in 1450 The Gutenberg Bible Renaissance and the Arts Patron system Often wealthy families, like the de Medicis, would artists. sponsor Mediums Sketching, Painting, Sculpture, Music, and Literature Themes Religion, nature, the human form, mathematics, perspective, everyday existence Major figures Donatello, Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, Andrea Gabrieli Portrait of a Young Man by Botticelli Palazzo Pitti in Florence Primavera by Botticelli Uffizi Gallery in Florence The Birth of Venus by Botticelli Uffizi Gallery in Florence Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael National Gallery in London The School of Athens by Raphael Apostolic Palace in Vatican City Equestrian Portrait of Charles V by Titian Museo del Prado in Madrid David by Michelangelo Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze in Florence Creation of Adam by Michelangelo Sistine Chapel in Vatican City Last Judgment by Michelangelo Sistine Chapel in Vatican City The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci Accademia in Venice St. John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci The Louvre in Paris Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci The Louvre in Paris The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci The Louvre in Paris The Northern Renaissance Driven by pure empirical observation. “You see what the artist saw” Focused on the emotions involved with religious experience. The artwork was more intense Major figures: Jan van Eyck Albrecht Durer Guillaume Dufay Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck National Gallery in London Durer Self-portrait by Albrecht Durer Alte Pinakothek in Munich Divergent Philosophies Neoplatonism: God is an ideal spirit and we should aspire to live and love in accordance with the Spirit. Hermeticism: Focused on occult practices such as astrology, alchemy and magick. Preached the idea of Pantheism = universe is not created by the Divine, but rather the Divine itself. Gnosticism = Neoplatonism + Hermeticism The belief that the Hebrew God Yahweh is ignorant or evil. Jesus was sent by the True God to deliver us. European Monarchy & the Church in the Renaissance England King Henry V English King whose victory at Agincourt secured him claim to the French throne. King Henry VI A weak king, who came to power as an infant. His rule led to a loss to France and a decline in England War of the Roses Due to Henry VI’s weakness, a rival Richard III of the House of York laid claim to the Throne of England. The House of Tudor and King Henry VII After two Yorkist Kings, Henry VII leads a successful victory and establishes the Tudor Monarchy King Henry V King Henry VI Duke Richard of York King Edward IV King Richard III King Henry VII Spain “ 5 Spanish Kingdoms” Portugal, Grenada (Muslims in the South), Navarre, Castile and Aragon Unification of Spain Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Spain became devoutly Catholic Destroyed the Kingdom of Grenada and forcibly expelled all Muslims from southwestern Europe. Forced Spanish Jews to convert or face expulsion or torture by the Spanish Inquisition. King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella France Aftermath of the Hundred Years’ War Depopulated, impoverished, weak monarchy Strong sense of a Common Enemy: England The Estates General (legislative body) Allows King Charles VII to tax the people in order to support the military. Charles the Bold King Louis XI Holy Roman Empire The Habsburg Dynasty One of the wealthiest families in all of Europe Dynastic Marriages By marrying members of other noble families, the Habsburgs managed to gain territory without the use of an army. Many of these marriages angered the French monarchs → intensifying an already old rivalry. Maximilian I Tried to centralize power, but local princes would not allow him. Emperor Frederick III Emperor Maximilian I Problems in Eastern Europe Very difficult to centralize behind a strong leader. Poland Constantly at War; Strong noble class made King weak. Bohemia The Hussite Wars Hungary RCC dominated, except for King Matthias Corvinus Russia Dominated by Mongols until Ivan III overthrew them in 1480 Fall of Constantinople The Byzantine Empire, though drastically smaller, maintained its control over the city of Constantinople. That is until April 1453 when Ottoman Turk, Sultan Mehmed II captured the city. After this event, defense of “Christendom” fell to the kings of Hungary and Wallacia. None is more famous than Vlad III of Wallacia, whose sadistic love of impaling his enemies earned him the nickname Vlad the Impaler. Renaissance Church The Pope Many popes were actively involved in politics, especially Pope Julius II. The Church and Nepotism Popes gave family members powerful positions in the Church Alexander VI even had a son. Attempts to gain secular support Church supported many Renaissance artists Council of Constance was convened to reform the Church. Ultimately, the Church lost much of its Worldly power Heresy The Spanish Inquisition Established in 13th Century for dealing with Heretics. Lollardy Led by Englishman John Wycliffe, he believed the Bible to be the chief source of authority and rejected the Pope’s power. Hussites Bohemian Jon Hus admired Lollards; voiced strong opposition; called to the Council of Constance; arrested and then burned @ stake; death led to the Hussite Wars Back before there were laws against cruel and unusual punishment, people got quite creative with their torture methods. Wheel torture, also called the breaking wheel, is a prime example of medieval torture creativity. The (un)lucky person who got the privilege of taking a ride on the wheel was in for an interesting ride. Their limbs were strapped to the spokes, and the wheel turned very slowly. Through openings in spokes, they were hit with an iron hammer by some person who loved their job much too much, and this hammer had no problem breaking bones. Once their limbs were broken, they were left to be nibbled away by the cute little birdies waiting in the tree. -Cracked.com Top 10 Most Gruesome Torture Methods Life in the Renaissance Flourishing Trade Economic Recovery after Plague Led to a growing trade community in Europe. Hanseatic League German, Danish, Lithuanian, Swedish, and Dutch port towns that collaborated together in order to mutually benefit each other. Rivaled Venetian traders Industry & Banking Textiles Especially important in Florence and Flanders (Belgium) Luxury Manufacturing Silk (from China), glassware, velvet embroidery. Other “New” Industries Printing → Think Gutenberg Mining & Metallurgy Banking The Medici Family The Nobles A Landed Aristocracy Only consisted of 2-3% of the population Held positions close to the Monarch Keep power through education The Exemplary Noble Gentleman Castiglione: Cool mind, good voice, proper manners, courteous gestures Warrior spirit, athletic, good knowledge of the humanities “Those Peasants” Rural Europe and the Decline of Serfdom For lords it is easier to pay serfs and give them freedom; then charge rent to live and work on the land. 85-90% of Europeans were peasants Urban Hierarchy The Patricians → Rich investors who owned shops, industries, and property. The Burghers → Those who ran the shops and industries owned by the Patricians. The Paupers → The menial laborers who worked for little pay in the shops and industries. Slavery in the Renaissance? Spain Muslims enslaved Christians Christians enslaved Muslims during the Reconquista Italy Plague led to the economic necessity of cheap labor Afterward → sex slaves, Eastern Europeans, and Turks Portuguese Began to slowly enslave African POWs from tribal warfare. Marriage Arranged Marriages Typically done well in advance Done for political or economic reasons The Dowry Given by the bride’s family to pay for the groom’s family taking of her into their house. The Husband and Father Sole authority over the household He managed finances and determined when his children were free from his authority through a court procedure known as emancipation. Children Role of the Mother Peasant and Pauper women did not have as many children Middle & Upper class women had A LOT of children, mostly due to the use of a Wet Nurse. Childbirth and Infant Mortality Childbirth was painful and deadly. 10% of women died. 1:2 children died within the first 3 years of life The Male Heir Middle & Upper class women tried to have as many kids as possible to conceive a male heir Sex Outside of Marriage Arranged marriages often led to extramarital affairs. Extramarital sex was expected by Princes, frowned upon by men, and deadly for women. Brothels were very profitable businesses. The Primary method of birth control was coitus interruptus.