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18
Cold War Conflicts
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 Origins of the Cold War
SECTION
2 The Cold War Heats Up
SECTION
3 The Cold War at Home
SECTION
4 Two Nations Live on the Edge
VISUAL SUMMARY
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Cold War Conflicts
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the international and domestic
tensions resulting from the Cold War
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Cold War Conflicts
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
At the end of World War II, Americans begin to be haunted by a
new fear. The Soviets have embraced a tightly controlled political
system called communism. Many believe it threatens the American
way of life. Throughout the nation, suspected communists are
called before a House subcommittee for questioning. Anyone
accused of un-American activity faces public humiliation and
professional ruin.
What do you do when a friend is accused?
Examine the Issues
• Do Americans with communist beliefs pose a threat to the nation?
• What can individual citizens do to protect the rights of all people?
• Should citizens speak out to preserve the rights of others?
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Cold War Conflicts
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1945 United Nations is established.
1946 Churchill gives his “Iron Curtain” speech.
1948 Harry S. Truman is elected president.
1948 Berlin airlift begins.
1949 United States joins NATO.
1949 China becomes communist under Mao
Zedong.
1950 U.S. sends troops to Korea.
1950 Korean War begins.
1952 U.S. explodes first hydrogen bomb.
Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected president.
1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed as
spies.
1953 Participants in Korean War agree on ceasefire.
1954 Senator Joseph McCarthy alleges
Communist involvement in U.S. Army.
1954 French are defeated in Vietnam.
continued . . .
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Cold War Conflicts
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1957 Soviets launch Sputnik.
1959 Fidel Castro comes to power in
Cuba.
1960 Francis Gary Powers’s U-2 spy plane is
shot down by the Soviets. John F. Kennedy is
elected president.
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MAP
1
Origins of the Cold War
KEY IDEA
The Allied coalition falls apart as the
United States and the Soviet Union find
themselves in conflict with each other.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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1
Origins of the Cold War
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The United States and the Soviet Union
emerged from World War II as two
“superpowers” with vastly different
political and economic systems.
After World War II, differences
between the United States and the
Soviet Union led to a Cold War that
lasted almost to the 21st century.
TERMS & NAMES
• satellite nation
• Cold War
• Marshall Plan
• iron curtain
• Berlin Airlift
• containment
• Truman Doctrine
• North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
• United Nations (UN)
ASSESSMENT
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1
Origins of the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
1. Describe the United States actions and the Soviet
actions that contributed most to the cold war.
U.S. Actions
Soviet Actions
Marshall Plan
Refusal to allow free elections in Poland
Aid to Greece and Turkey
Control of Eastern Europe
Containment
Blockade of West Berlin
Truman Doctrine
Berlin Airlift
continued . . .
MAP
1
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Origins of the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
2. People who had served as aides to President Franklin
Roosevelt worried that Truman was not qualified to handle
world leadership. Considering what you learned in this
section, evaluate Truman as a world leader. Think About:
• his behavior toward Stalin
• his economic support of European nations
• his support of West Berlin
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• Truman was an effective leader who took firm actions to contain
Soviet influence and support the Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift.
• He overreacted and was too belligerent.
continued . . .
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1
Origins of the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
3. Which of the two superpowers do you think was more
successful in achieving its aims during the period 1945–1949?
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• The Soviets were most successful because they extended
their influence into Eastern Europe.
• The United States was more successful because it broke
the blockade of West Berlin and helped rebuild Europe.
continued . . .
MAP
1
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Origins of the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
4. What were Stalin’s motives in supporting Communist
governments in Eastern Europe?
ANSWER
Stalin wanted Eastern Europe as a buffer zone to protect
the Soviet Union from an invasion on its western front.
End of Section 1
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2
The Cold War Heats Up
KEY IDEA
U.S. containment policies and Communist
successes in China and North Korea lead to
the Korean War.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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2
The Cold War Heats Up
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After World War II, China became
a communist nation and Korea
was split into a communist north
and a democratic south.
Ongoing tensions with China
and North Korea continue to
involve the United States.
TERMS & NAMES
• Korean War
• Taiwan
• Mao Zedong
• 38th parallel
• Chiang Kai-shek
ASSESSMENT
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2
The Cold War Heats Up
ASSESSMENT
1. List the major events of the Korean War.
Event Two
June 1950
North Korea
invades South
Korea.
Event One
1948
Korea is split
into two nations.
Event Four
Sept. 1950
MacArthur
launches a
counterattack at
Inchon.
Event Three
June 1950
U.S. supports
South Korea.
Event Six
Nov. 1950
China enters
the war.
Event Five
Sept.-Oct. 1950
The UN
counterattack
succeeds.
Event Seven
July 1953
The Armistice is
signed.
continued . . .
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2
The Cold War Heats Up
ASSESSMENT
2. What might have happened if MacArthur had
convinced Truman to expand the fighting into China?
How might today’s world be different?
ANSWER
A third world war might have broken out, resulting in the
obliteration of millions by nuclear weapons.
continued . . .
2
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The Cold War Heats Up
ASSESSMENT
3. Many Americans have questioned whether fighting the
Korean War was worthwhile. What is your opinion? Why?
Think About:
• the loss of American lives
• the fear of communism that enveloped the country
at the time
• the stalemate that ended the war
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• The war was not worthwhile because Korea remained a divided nation.
• The war was worthwhile because, without it, all of Korea might have
become Communist.
continued . . .
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2
The Cold War Heats Up
ASSESSMENT
4. At the end of China’s civil war, the United States refused
to accept the communist People’s Republic of China as
China’s true government. What were the advantages of
such a policy? What were the disadvantages?
ANSWER
Advantages—The United States remained committed to its
policy of containment of Communism.
Disadvantages—Refusal to recognize the Communist
government in China kept the United States from influencing
China and drove China into an alliance with the Soviet Union.
End of Section 2
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The Cold War at Home
KEY IDEA
The Cold War kindles a fear of Communist
influence in the United States.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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The Cold War at Home
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
During the late 1940s and early
1950s, fear of communism led
to reckless charges against
innocent citizens.
Americans today remain vigilant
about unfounded accusations.
TERMS & NAMES
• Alger Hiss
• HUAC
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
• Hollywood Ten
• blacklist
• Joseph McCarthy
• McCarthyism
ASSESSMENT
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The Cold War at Home
ASSESSMENT
1. Give four examples of how anti-Communist fear
gripped the country.
HUAC investigates
un-American activities
in Hollywood.
Congress passes the
McCarran Act.
Anti-Communist fear
gripped the country.
Spy cases increase
fears.
McCarthy arouses
fear of a Communist
conspiracy.
continued . . .
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The Cold War at Home
ASSESSMENT
2. If you had lived in this period and had been accused of
being a Communist, what would you have done? Think About:
• the Hollywood Ten, who refused to answer questions
• the Rosenbergs, who pleaded the Fifth Amendment
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• I would have refused to name others because that would
have been the honorable course to take.
• I would have shown loyalty to the United States by
answering the committee’s questions.
continued . . .
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The Cold War at Home
ASSESSMENT
3. Choose one of the following roles: Harry Truman, a
member of HUAC, Judge Irving Kaufman, or Joseph
McCarthy. As the person you have chosen, explain your
motivation for opposing communism.
ANSWER
Truman: He feared the spread of communism in Asia and Europe.
HUAC: Its members believed that communists were sneaking propaganda into films.
Irving Kaufman: He believed that Communist spies were responsible for the Korean
War.
Joseph McCarthy: He believed that communism was infiltrating the country.
End of Section 3
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4
Two Nations Live on the Edge
KEY IDEA
Tension mounts between the United States and
the Soviet Union as both try to spread their
influence around the world.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH
4
Two Nations Live on the Edge
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
During the 1950s, the United
States and the Soviet Union came
to the brink of nuclear war.
The Cold War continued into the
following decades, affecting U.S.
policies in Cuba, Central America,
Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
TERMS & NAMES
• John Foster Dulles
• CIA
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Warsaw Pact
• U-2 incident
• Francis Gary Powers
• Nikita Khrushchev
• H-bomb
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• brinkmanship
ASSESSMENT
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Two Nations Live on the Edge
ASSESSMENT
1. List cold war trouble spots in Guatemala, Iran, Egypt
and Hungary. For each, write a newspaper headline that
summarizes the U.S. role and the outcome of the situation.
Trouble Spot
Headline
Guatemala
CIA-Trained Army Topples Guatemalan
Government
Iran
U.S. Prevents Iranian-Soviet Alliance
Egypt
U.S. Urges Peaceful Suez Solution
Hungary
United States Refuses to Send Help to Hungarians
as Soviets Put Down Revolt
continued . . .
GRAPH
4
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Two Nations Live on the Edge
ASSESSMENT
2. How might the Cold War have progressed if the U-2
incident had never occurred? Think About:
• the mutual distrust between the Soviet Union and
the United States
• the outcome of the incident
ANSWER
The U-2 incident greatly increased tension. Had it not
happened, the United States and the Soviet Union might
have taken steps to resolve their differences.
continued . . .
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4
Two Nations Live on the Edge
ASSESSMENT
3. Which of the two superpowers do you think contributed
more to Cold War tensions during the 1950s?
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• The Soviets contributed more to Cold War tension because
they took over Eastern Europe, crushed the Hungarian
Uprising, and rejected Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal.
• The United States contributed more to Cold War tensions
because of the U-2 incident, the Eisenhower Doctrine, and
United States involvement in Guatemala and Iran.
• Both countries were equally at fault.
continued . . .
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4
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Two Nations Live on the Edge
ASSESSMENT
4. Should one nation have the right to remove another
nation’s head of government from power? If so, when?
If not, why?
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Yes: if the head of government has policies that threaten
the other nation’s existence
No: Every country has the right to determine its own
government without outside interference.
End of Section 4