Download Chapter 21 Study Guide

AP U.S. HISTORY I
NAME ________________________
CH. 21 REVIEW SHEET: THE FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865
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unconditional surrender: the force which surrenders agrees in advance to accept anything required of it
by the victors
Lincoln on initial Union war aims: “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union and is not
either to save or to destroy slavery.” [text, p. 453]
size of the United States army in 1860: about 16,000 officers and men
the Anaconda Plan: use of the Union army and navy to exert simultaneous pressure in several places on
the Confederacy
initial land combat
1) why “on to Richmond”?
2) Union army preparedness?
3) events in the Battle of First Bull Run (July 21, 1861)?
4) the impact of the battle on both sides?
5) George McClellan’s strengths and weaknesses as the Union commander?
6) events in the Peninsular Campaign (May-June, 1862)? [note location, map, p. 456]
7) the Union plan for victory? [perhaps more thoroughly explained here than thought out at the time; note
in particular the “Anaconda” aspects of the plan]
the war at sea
8) Union blockade tactics?
9) Union enforcement of the “continuous voyage” issue? [Nassau is a port in the Bahamas, note location
of Bahamas on map inside text back cover]
10) Great Britain’s attitude toward the Union blockade?
11) the technological significance of the Monitor vs. Merrimack battle (March, 1862)? [the Monitor is on
the right in the illustration, p. 458]
12) the strategic significance of the Monitor vs. Merrimack? [i.e., did the Merrimack end the Union
blockade?]
[worth noting: the Union blockade was perhaps more effective than your text implies. Cotton
exports, for example, declined about 95 % for the years 1862-1865 compared to the four-year
period before the war.]
more land combat in 1862
13) Lee’s victory at Second Bull Run?
14) Confederate advance and the Battle of Antietam (September, 1862)
15) McClellan’s advantage in the battle?
16) the battle’s outcome?
17) the diplomatic significance of the battle?
18) the battle’s significance in terms of slavery?
19) the Emancipation Proclamation (effective January 1, 1863)
20) what slaves did Lincoln say were free?
21) what slaves didn’t he mention?
22) what did the Emancipation Proclamation foreshadow?
23) opposition to the Emancipation Proclamation?
24) the Proclamation’s impact on the working classes in Europe?
25) the moral impact of the Proclamation?
blacks in the Civil War
26) blacks as a percentage of Union military strength?
27) black casualties during the war?
28) events at Fort Pillow?
29) actions of blacks within the Confederacy against slavery?
three significant campaigns: Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Sherman’s march to the sea
30) the war in the East leads to Gettysburg [note map, p. 464]
31) Fredericksburg (December, 1862)?
32) Chancellorsville (May, 1863)?
33) the battle at Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) and its significance? [note maps, pp. 464, 466; also note that
the Union was the defending force this time]
[note the references to Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, pp. 465-466), especially its conclusion: “that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall have a new birth of
freedom and that this government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the
earth.”]
34) the road to Vicksburg [note map, p. 468]
35) Grant’s surrender terms demand after victories at Forts Henry and Donelson?
36) the economic and military significance of Grant’s July 4 victory at Vicksburg (and Port Hudson’s fall)?
37) the political significance of Gettysburg and Vicksburg at home? abroad?
38) William T. Sherman’s march to the sea [note map, p. 469]
39) Sherman’s route from September-December of 1864?
40) his army’s actions while en route to the sea?
41) Sherman’s movements after reaching the sea at Savannah?
wartime politics in the North
42) the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War [self-explanatory, but note the implications
for conflict with Lincoln who was commander in chief]
43) who were the “radical” Republicans?
44) the “War Democrats”?
45) the “Peace Democrats”--especially the Copperheads?
46) Clement L. Vallandigham’s actions in opposing the war?
47) the election of 1864
48) what groups made up the temporary Union Party? [text and diagram, p. 471]
49) the reasons for the choice of Andrew Johnson as Lincoln’s running mate?
50) the Democratic nominee for president? the party’s position on the war?
51) the election’s outcome? [also note the areas carried by each candidate on map, p. 472]
to Appomattox Court House and the end of the Confederacy
52) Grant’s strategy as commander in the East?
53) why did the Confederate attempt at peace negotiation in 1865 fail?
54) the war’s progress from the Wilderness to Appomattox Court House? [text, pp. 473-474 and map, p.
472]
Lincoln’s death and the end of the war
55) Lincoln’s assassination? the impact of his loss on the nation?
56) the war’s costs? its principal consequences?