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WESTERN EUROPE AFTER ROME 400 – 1500 C.E. Middle Ages Rome falls in 476 C.E. Early Middle Ages or Dark Ages – 500-1000 High Middle Ages – 1000-1250 Late Middle Ages – 1250-1500 Political and Social Structures Western Rome is now a series of regional kingdoms instead of one united empire Many Germanic rulers were influenced by and embraced Roman culture Clovis – united Frankish tribes & 1st Catholic ruler of the Franks King Carolingian Dynasty Created by Charles Martel Stopped the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732 Charlemagne – Grandson of Martel Ruled from 768-814 Set up an imperial bureaucracy Standardized weights & measures Encouraged church-based education Used regional administrators Blended Roman, Christian, & barbarian cultures Christmas Day of 800 he was crowned the “new Roman emperor” by the Pope Empire was divided after death; attempt at unity = unsuccessful Vikings From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) Expansion driven by population pressure, quest for wealth Superior seafaring technology Boats could travel along rivers & open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from 9th century Constantinople sacked 3 times! Vinland? Muslims come from the south & Magyars from the east! A New Political System These new kingdoms = created a highly fragmented and decentralized society Europe full of thousands of independent and isolated manors (estates) Gave rise to a new system in Europe = feudalism = a political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service Power = exercised by monarchs and elite landowning lords Lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords and kings Lesser lords = vassals = people who entered into a mutual obligation to a higher lord or monarch Gave them: military protection and support In return they got: land or fiefs Fiefs = estates that came with serfs to work the land The Manorial System Large fiefs or estates were called manors Self-sufficient In return for the lord’s protection, the peasants provided services for the lord Farming, herding, weapon making, etc. Most peasants were serfs = people who couldn’t leave the lord’s manor without permission The Medieval Manor Roman Catholic Church Great Schism in 1054 Authority in all of Europe Established 1st universities Power in the feudal system Rulers gave the Church protection & support The Church gave rulers legitimacy Monasticism Supported charities in communities Inns, orphanages, & hospitals Missionaries spread Christianity in Europe Capetian France Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet as their king after the split of the Carolingian Dynasty Held little power Philip IV creates the Estates General Holy Roman Empire Otto I, 936-973 Created the Holy Roman Empire (Germany & surrounding areas) Tried to regain unity like Charlemagne Received title of emperor from the Pope Fail! Lay investiture controversy How can select bishops for office Norman England Descendants of Vikings who settled in Normandy 1066 – William the Conqueror invades England Magna Carta – Required the king to observe certain rights (i.e. trial by jury, consulted on taxes) First Parliament in 1265 The Hundred Years’ War The Crusades Seljuk Turks took control of the Holy Land around 1071 A series of 9 “holy wars” led by European Christians to recapture the Holy Lands Pope Urban II called the 1st crusade The Crusades Participants = knights, peasants, middle-class, nobles, kings, church authorities all walks of life! Participants received: Indulgences = removed any penalties for their confessed sins Immunity from lawsuits Cancellation of debts Honor and glory Younger siblings could gain land! The Crusades: Results Relatively unsuccessful Little lasting impact Increased power of the popes As a result of contact with the Islamic world, Europeans gained: A demand for Asian goods Muslim scholarship Techniques for producing sugar on large-scale plantations Black Death! 25 million die from the plague! Changes in Agriculture Three field system Windmills & new plows Horse collar Stirrups from central Asia Change in Western Europe By the year 1000 = invasions from outsiders (Vikings, Muslims, Magyars) had stopped Either stopped or were absorbed into western European society Result = peace and stability = things took a positive turn in Western Europe At the same time = general climate change warmer conditions = better agriculture Change in Western Europe Population of Europe more than doubled Increased agriculture More agriculture = more trade, especially global trade! Major European centers of trade: Northern Europe from England to the Baltic coast Italian towns such as Florence, Genoa, and Venice Change in Western Europe Medieval Trade Fair Large European trading fairs held merchants from Northern and Southern Europe met to trade products from their respective areas Medieval Trade Fairs Change in Western Europe This led to the growth of banking Moneychangers exchanged one currency for another Also took deposits and arranged loans Set up ways to transfer money from one place to another Change in Western Europe Increased population = increased urbanization Growth of cities/towns and different groups within them Merchants Bankers Artisans Lawyers, scholars doctors, and Change in Western Europe Guilds = business associations organized by merchants and artisans in the same line of work Created rules concerning foreign trading, pricing of goods, wages, etc. Thomas Aquinas Helped develop scholasticism = type of learning that balances reason with religious teachings Integrated Aristotle’s ideas into Christian doctrine Said reason was God’s gift, given to us to answer philosophical questions Rise of European Universities Considered “zones of intellectual autonomy” Professors and students could pursue their studies with some freedom from political and religious authorities Guild of scholars organized Major universities in: Paris, Oxford, Cambridge Medieval Universities University of Paris in France Cambridge in England Medieval Universities