Download Fitzgerald Notes Ch 1 Sec 3 "Beginnings of Civilization" Headings

Fitzgerald
Notes Ch 1 Sec 3 "Beginnings of Civilization"
Headings and
Questions
Paragraph Main Idea

Detail

Detail
Advantages
of a settled
Life
Farming was harder work than hunting and gathering, but had greater
rewards
 steady supply of food year round - often even have a surplus
(more than needed)
 no longer need to travel from place to place
Having surplus food affected the size of families
 hunting-gathering kept numbers of children low - can't feed
 surplus feed many more
Population grows due to large families
 10,000 years ago - 5 million people (about the population of
Minnesota today)
 by 7,000 years ago - 20 million
Settlement turn into towns
 People had lived in New Stone Age farming settlements for
centuries
 Population increases lead to towns
As food surplus occur - fewer need to farm, switch to other forms of
work
 First other job - artisan - skilled craftsman
 Makes tools, baskets, pottery, leather goods, cloth
Cities develop where certain conditions that lead to surpluses exist
 Rich soil
 Dependable fresh water
 Building materials
Usually near rivers - as rivers create soil and provide water
 Egypt - Nile
 Ancient Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates
 China - Huang
 Ancient India - Indus River
Some of first cities developed in Asia
 Ur - in Iraq, 3,500 BCE
 Memphis - in Egypt, 3100 BCE
 Mohenjo-Daro - in Pakistan, 2700 BCE
 Knossos - in Greece, 2500 BCE
 Anyang - in China, 1700 BCE
Characteristics of early cities
 Large public buildings o store grain,
o worship gods,
o markets to buy and sell goods
 Variety of occupations - mostly at crafts
The
Population
Grows
Early Villages
and Towns
The Growth
of Cities
The Earliest
Cities
Additions and Corrections
Correct Not "drinking water" fresh water
Add Long growing seasons
Governments
Form
The First
Civilizations
The Bronze
Age
Trade and the
Spread of
ideas
Social Classes
Develop
Governments formed to  Keep order
 Provide services
 Settle disputes
 Manage public building and irrigation projects
Civilization - a society that has
 Cities
 Government
 Workers who specialize in variety of jobs
 Writing
 Art
 Architecture
Copper Age - copper tools
6600 BCE melt rock at high temperatures
Separates copper form rock
Bronze Age - bronze tools
 Mix of copper, and tin
 Discovered around 3000 BCE by mistake
 Tin is often found with copper deposits in nature
Value of bronze
 Harder
 Makes items more durable (long-lasting)
 Used for weapons, tools, helmets, shields
Trade with faraway cities
 Sell pottery, tools, weapons. baskets, cloth, spices
 For items wanted in home city
Wheel and axle invented 3500 BCE
 Allows for carts to carry goods
 Can trade goods farther away and more easily
Different cultures come into contact - Trade ideas and not just goods
 New tools
 Religions spread
 Especially when develop ships - trade over seas and along
rivers
Trade leads to prosperity which create social classes Large groups with similar
 Background
 Income
 Ways of living
Classes - Most powerful to least
 King
 Priests and Nobles (government officials and military officers
often related to King)
 Artisans, small traders, merchants
 Farmers and physical laborers
Slaves - separate class below free workers
 Most live in cities
 Household workers
 laborers
Irrigation - building of
dams and canals to
prevent floods and
bring fresh water to
fields