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The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, Chapter 18, p. 603-649
Section 18-1 Homeostasis is preserved through intercellular communication
1. Use the analogy of the postal service to match sending a letter, the post office, and
the recipient of the letter with target cell, cardiovascular system, and hormone.
2. Hormones act on ________________ cells, which means those cells have _________________
for the hormones.
3. Hormones change the operations of target cells by:
a. stimulating enzyme/protein synthesis by:
b. stimulating enzyme/protein synthesis by:
c. turning an existing enzyme/membrane:
4. Give an example of a process where multiple hormones act on a single cell/tissue.
5. Compare the nervous and endocrine systems:
* p. 14 Go back to review Negative and Positive Feedback. Diagrams 1-4 and 1-5 are
below.
Section 18-2. The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the
binding of hormones to receptors
1. Distinguish between an endocrine and an exocrine gland. (get to the point- don’t
copy a whole bunch of stuff from the textbook)
2. There are 3 classes of hormones: hormones made from the amino acids tyrosine
and tryptophan, peptide hormones, and hormones made from lipids (aka fats).
a. Give one example of an amino acid hormone: __________________________________
b. Give one example of a peptide hormone: __________________________________
c. Give one example of a lipid based hormone: ________________________________
Secretion and Distribution of Hormones:
a. Approximately how long are freely circulating hormones functional? ________
b. In which two organs are hormones broken down? ______________________________
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Target cells have receptors in one of two places for a hormone. Where are they?
HONOR CREDIT ONLY: Hormones and Plasma Membrane Receptors
Read and summarize this section using the following terms: first messenger, second
messenger, up regulation, down regulation, G proteins, cAMP, Ca++. Use Figure 18-3.
All students answer these questions…
Hormones and Intracellular Receptors
a. Steroid hormones can diffuse across the membrane and activate/de-activate
genes. What property of steroid hormones allows them to diffuse across
membranes. Remember- they are not small!
b. Thyroid hormones are transported across the membrane. Name the 2 organelles
that they bind to.
c. Why would thyroid hormones bind to mitochondria?
Control of Endocrine Activity by Endocrine Reflexes- Use Figure 18-5 to examine the
neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis
The Hypothalamus coordinates the nervous system and endocrine activities, and thus
provides the highest level of endocrine control.
Section 18-3 The Pituitary Gland- see Figure 18-9 to label the diagram below.
Fill in the table to summarize the hormones of the Pituitary Gland.
Region/Area
Hormones
Target
Effect
Anterior Pituitary TSH
Thyroid
Secrete thyroidhormones
Neurohypophysis
Posterior Lobe
ADH
Section 18-4 The Thyroid Gland lies inferior to the larynx and requires iodine
for hormone synthesis
And…
Section 18-5 The four parathyroid glands, embedded in the posterior surface
of the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormone to elevate plasma Ca++
Summarize the above in the following table. Use Table 18-4.
Gland/Cells Hormone(s)
Targets
Effects
Thyroid
T4, T3
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Parathyroid
hormone
See Figure 18-13 to examine how the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands work
together to regulate blood calcium levels.
Thinking back to the units on muscles and neurons, why is it so important to
regulate calcium in the blood?
Section 18-6 The Suprarenal glands, consisting of a cortex and medulla, cap
the superior borders of the kidneys and secrete several hormones
See table 18-5 for summary of hormones.
Give an overall effect of hormones of the suprarenal glands on their target tissues.
Section 18-8. The pancreas, located within the abdominopelvic cavity, is both
an exocrine and an endocrine organ
1. Describe how the pancreas can be both an endocrine and exocrine organ.
2. See Figure 18-16 to fill in the diagram below.
Section 18-9. Many organs have secondary endocrine functions.
Choose one organ, the intestines, the kidneys, the heart, the thymus, or adipose tissue
and summarize that organ’s secondary endocrine function(s).
Section 18-10 Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses
1. What does it mean if two hormones are antagonistic? Give an example.
2. What does it mean if 2 hormones are synergistic? Give an example.
3. What does it mean if a hormone has a permissive effect? Give an example.
4. What is meant by integrative effects in hormones? Give an example.
5. What implications do you think endocrinologists (doctors who treat hormone
problems) have to consider when designing treatments for hormone imbalances.
Role of Hormones in Growth
List the 5 hormones involved in growth. Describe one problem that can occur if one of
these hormones is hyposecreted.
The Hormonal Response to Stress.
GAS= 3 phases.
CLINICAL NOTES.
Read the following Clinical Notes and summarize in a few sentences.
Diabetes Insipidus, p. 618
Diabetes mellitus, p. 634
Hormones and Athletic Performance, p. 643
The Endocrine System in Perspective, p. 645
Choose 4 systems and describe briefly how what that system does for the endocrine
system and what the endocrine system does for that system.