Download What is the lymphatic system? Name the fluid involved in this system

1. What is the lymphatic system?
2. Name the fluid involved in this system.
3. As a system, what is its function?
4. Name the fluid that seeps from the blood capillaries throughout your body.
5. What percentage of this fluid becomes lymph?
6. What are lymphatic capillaries?
7. What do they form when they converge?
8. What do these vessels form when they merge?
9. Where do these vessels drain?
10. From where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph?
11. Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?
12. From where does the thoracic duct receive lymph?
13. Where does it empty?
14. Which lymphatic duct is larger, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct?
15. Lymphatic tissues include
.
16. What are lymphatic nodules?
17. What do they contain?
18. Where are clusters of lymphatic nodules associated?
19. Name the large groups of lymphatic nodules found in the walls of the nasal and oral cavities.
20.
tonsils are located in the nasopharynx. When they are inflamed, they are known as
21. Where are the palatine tonsils located? The lingual tonsils?
22. Name the lymphatic organs. What is their structure?
23. What are lymph nodes? Where are prominent clusters of lymph nodes located?
24. What are the primary functions of lymph nodes?
25. What is the basic structure of a lymph node?
26. Describe the passage of lymph into, through, and out of the lymph node.
27. Where is the thymus located? What is its function?
28. When is the thymus most active?
29. What becomes of the thymus, beginning at adolescence?
30. Name the body’s largest lymph organ. Where is it located?
31. What is its function?
32. How does it act like a lymph node?
1. List the areas drained by the thoracic duct.
2. Lymph nodes are
.
3. Lymph nodes are typically found in
.
4. Where are these clusters typically found?
5. Name the structure that forms the origin of the thoracic duct.
a. What is an antigen?
.
b. After antigens are produced, where are they transported?
c.
What molecules combine with the antigens there? This combination is then transported to
the
and from there to the
.
d. What then happens to foreign antigens? To self-antigens?
e. When an antigen originates from outside of the cell, how do the particles enter the cell?
f.
What happens to the particles inside the cell?
g. The vesicle containing the foreign particles
.
h. What then happens to the MHC class II/antigen complex?
6. When a virus infects a cell, what does it produce?
7. What happens to some of these proteins?
8. What molecule complexes with these fragments?
9. Where are they displayed?
10. How do the cytotoxic T cells interact with the virusinfected cells?
11. What substances are released by the cytotoxic T cells?
12. The release of these substances results in
.
13. What is the result for self-proteins?
14. What then becomes of the cytotoxic T cells?
1. Proteins (antigens) require the cooperation of helper T cells for what purpose?
2. These antigens are therefore said to be
.
3. What does an antigen presenting cell do in the presence of the antigen?
4. The antigen is then moved
on a
.
5. How does the helper T cell become activated?
6. What is the activated T cell capable of doing?
7. The antigen reacts with an
on the surface of the B cell and is then
.
8. How does the B cell interact with the activated T cell?
9. The helper T cell produces
, which stimulate the B cell to
.
Animation: IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Another name for an allergic reaction is
2. This is mediated by
.
.
3. How does sensitization occur?
4. Which tissues are rich in B cells committed to IgE production?
5. IgE producing cells are more abundant in
.
6. What do the helper T cells produce, and what is the effect on B cells?
7. Where and how do IgE molecules attach?
8. What are mast cells?
9. When an antigen-sensitive person is exposed a second time to the antigen, where does the
antigen bind?
10. What is required to trigger a response?
11. Within seconds, what chemicals are released from the mast cells? What do they trigger?
12. What are some of those symptoms?
Animation: Immune Response
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. How does activation of the immune response typically begin?
2. Which cells encounter the pathogen and ingest it?
3. What steps occur next?
4. What are antigen-presenting cells?
5. What cell interacts with the antigen-presenting macrophage? What does this cell do?
6. What chemical does the macrophage release during interaction? What is the result?
7. What does the interleukin-2 cause to occur?
8. What are the two paths of the immune response from this point?
9. What response do normal body cells display when infected?
10. Why does the body make millions of different types of cytotoxic T cells?
11. What interaction do cytotoxic T cells have when they recognize the antigen displayed on the
surface of infected cells? How does this destroy the pathogen?
12. How are B cells similar to cytotoxic T cells?
13. How are B cells activated? What do they differentiate into?
14. What is the function of plasma cells?
15. What reaction occurs between the antibodies and the antigens?
16. How are pathogens marked for destruction? How are they destroyed?
17. What are memory B cells? How long do they survive?
18. How does a “secondary immune response” compare to an “initial immune response”? How does
this compare to vaccination?