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CHINA DAY 1: MING DYNASTY ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 1. In what ways did the Ming Ding dynasty make China more stable? • 2. What was the primary role of Zheng He for the Ming Dynasty? MING DYNASTY • Hongwu expels Mongol forces from China – 1368 • Believed traditions & institutions bring stability to China • Confucianism • Restores China’s power and prosperity • Increase rice production & irrigation • Rise of fish farming, cotton & sugar cane industry Hongwu MING DYNASTY • Stability, plentiful food led to significant population growth • Instituted civil service exams • Eliminated anyone challenging authority BEFORE EUROPEAN EXPLORATION • Ming gov’t sponsors 7 voyages (1405-1433) • Impress foreign people w/ its power • 317 ships w/ 28,000 armed troops • Led by Zheng He – travels to SE Asia, India, & Africa • Distributes silver & silk for diplomacy & to show China’s superiority • Voyages discontinued b/c voyages thought as wasteful spending – want money to go to defense. TREASURE SHIP • Treasure ships” – could hold 500+ people ZHENG HE’S TRAVELS CHINA DAY 2: MING DYNASTY ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 1. To what extent did the Ming Dynasty embrace isolationist policies? • 2. What factors led to the decline of the Ming Dynasty? LEAVE US ALONE! • Isolationist policies • Restrict foreign travel and trade (only 3 ports) • Preserve Chinese culture • Government sponsored study of Chinese cultural traditions, especially Confucianism • Great Wall of China • Defend against northern Mongols THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA (DO NOT WRITE DOWN) • Use of smoke signals to communicate messages • Built mainly of stone, dirt, wood, and mud • The Wall served well. Only when a dynasty had weakened from within, were invaders from the north able to advance and conquer DECLINE OF THE MING • After 200 years • Ineffective rulers • Corrupt officials • Government bankrupt • High taxes and bad harvests lead to rebellion • Manchus invade China (2nd time foreigners rule) • Take the name Qing or “pure” CHINA DAY 3: CONFUCIANISM ESSENTIAL QUESTION • 1. To what extent does Confucianism create social harmony? CONFUCIUS • Influence: 4th century BC • Scholarly life teaching history, music, & moral character • Lived during a time of crisis/violence in China • Goal: restore social order, harmony, & a good gov’t • Ideas collected in the Analects FIVE RELATIONSHIPS FOR HARM • 1. ruler & subject • 2. father & son • 3. husband & wife • 4. older brother & younger brother • 5. friend & friend • Example: Rulers should practice kindness. In return, subjects should be loyal. KEY CONCEPTS • Ren “benevolence” in accordance with: • Li – ritual norms • Shu – reciprocity • Zhong – loyalty • Xiao – filial piety • This equals the: de (virtue) CONFUCIUS AND GOVERNMENT • Goal: show rulers how to govern wisely • Education transforms a humbly born person into a gentleman • Money corrupts • Lays the groundwork for a bureaucracy • A religion or philosophical system or both? CHINA DAY 4: QING DYNASTY ESSENTIAL QUESTION • 1. How did the Manchus institute their own culture and prevent the West from “polluting” theirs own? QING DYNASTY • Uphold Confucian beliefs and structures • Manchus just 2% of the population • Gave lower military and government jobs to Chinese • A New “Sheriff in Town” • Forbid intermarriage • Force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty – queue • Mandate study of Manchu language by Chinese QING DYNASTY • Continued isolationist policies • Not impressed by Western advancements • Believed Chinese culture was superior • Self-sufficient society • Healthy agricultural economy • Extensive mining & manufacturing industries • Produced silks, cottons, porcelain CHINA DAY 5: QING DYNASTY ESSENTIAL QUESTION • 1. Explain how opium impacted isolationism and trade in Qing China TRADING • Qing enjoyed a favorable balance of trade • Strong European demand for silk, porcelain, and tea • Britain: Use opium instead of silver • 1835: 12 million Chinese users • Opium War of 1839: • Britain’s steam-powered gunboats overpower China’s outdated ships • Treaty gives Britain Hong Kong & trading rights CHINA DAY 6: QING DYNASTY ESSENTIAL QUESTION • 1. How did foreign powers gradually come to control China’s economy? DECLINE OF THE QING • Taiping Rebellion (1830s)– Desire to use China’s wealth to prevent anyone from living in poverty • British & French end rebellion • 20+ million Chinese dead • Foreign countries take advantage of weakened state & attack China • Negotiate treaty to give nations control over China’s economy SPHERES OF INFLUENCE • DEFINED: A region in which a state has political, economic, or cultural influence over. • US declares Open Door Policy – allows China’s “doors” to be open to merchants of all nations • Protects China from colonization, but still puts Qing at mercy of foreign powers DECLINE OF THE QING • Debate among Chinese: Preserve ways or modernize • European missionaries convert Chinese • Boxer Rebellion: 1900: surround European section for months • Rebel against the West • Multinational forces squash rebellion • Decades of instability w/internal & external threats • Not until the mid-1900s that China progresses