Download Oceanography Final Study Guide

Oceanography Final Study Guide
The sections to focus your study are given before each set of questions, as appropriate.
Chapter 1 Section 1: Life on an Ocean Planet
1. Define completely marine science.
2. Define completely the study of oceanography
3. What are the main branches of oceanography?
4. What has technology done for the exploration of the ocean?
5. What other cross-disciplinary subjects must marine scientists study?
Chapter 1 Section 2: Science, Technology, Society and You
6. What do scientific process skills include?
7. How have science and technology benefited mankind?
Chapter 2 Section 2: Ancient Uses and Explorations
8. What did the Phoenicians contribute to ocean exploration?
9. What did the Polynesians contribute to ocean exploration?
10. What is the use of the latitude and longitude mapping system?
Chapter 2 Section 3: The Middle Ages
11. What was the extent of ocean exploration by the Europeans?
12. What technology for ocean exploration did the Chinese contribute?
13. What technological innovations were added to ship building by the Chinese?
Chapter 2 Section 4: European Voyages of Discovery
14. What were the motivations that led to ocean exploration in the 15th century?
15. What discoveries and accomplishments were made during this time in history?
Chapter 2 Section 5: The Birth of Marine Science
16. What was the major change in focus of sea exploration during this time? What were
the explorers involved in doing that previous seafarers had not been doing?
17. What geographical discoveries were made during this time period?
18. What discoveries and accomplishments were made by the HMS Challenger?
Chapter 2 Section 6: Twentieth Century Marine Science
19. What major event caused the growth and expansion of marine sciences in the 20th
century?
20. What ships were built just for marine science work?
21. What did submersibles and self-contained diving contribute to the study of the ocean?
22. What types of submersibles have been used for underwater research?
23. What are the advantages and disadvantages of submersibles compared to scuba?
24. How has GPS benefited seafaring and oceanography?
Chapter 6 Section 2 Water’s Unique Properties
25. What is the configuration of the water molecule that controls its unique properties?
26. What are water’s unique properties?
Chapter 6 Section 3 The Inorganic Chemistry of Water
27. What is it about water that makes it a good solvent?
28. What is salinity?
29. What are the colligative properties of seawater?
30. Why does the pH level of ocean water lower, become more acidic, with depth?
31. Why are the seas salty?
Chapter 6 Section 4 The Organic Chemistry of Water
32. Does the property of constant proportions apply only to inorganic substances or also to
organic substances in water?
33. What is the biogeochemical cycle?
34. What elements are essential to marine organisms?
Chapter 6 Section 5 Chemical Factors that Affect Marine Life
35. Why does diffusion occur in marine organisms?
36. What is the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?
Chapter 7 Section 1 The Physics of Water
37. What is the difference between heat and temperature?
38. What is heat capacity?
39. Why does the Earth resist temperature changes?
40. What causes the density of seawater to increase?
Chapter 7 Section 2 How Water Physics Affect Marine Life
41. What causes most biological productivity and where is it located?
42. What is the thermal type of most marine animals and what is their temperature
tolerance?
43. How do marine animals sense the location of objects in water?
44. Why aren’t marine organisms crushed by hydrostatic pressure at depth?
45. What is the most common adaptation in marine animals for overcoming water
resistance?
Chapter 14 All Sections
46. Which ecosystem is made up of plankton that stays afloat on the open sea surface?
47. What process brings nutrients to the open ocean ecosystems?
48. Which ecosystem provides for more than 75% of the nurseries for commercial fish?
49. What ecosystem includes marine organisms that must adapt to at least some time out
of the water?
50. In which ecosystem is there no primary productivity due to lack of any sunlight and yet
it receives massive amounts of nutrients from a constant fall of them from above?
Chapters 8, 9 and 10
51. Distinguish between the causes of waves, tidal waves, and tsunamis.
52. What causes currents?
53.What is the difference between an El Nino and a deep water current?
54. What causes winds and currents to change direction in their travel from equator to pole
or pole to equator?
55. What is the difference between a cyclone and the hurricanes, monsoons, and
typhoons?
Chapter 16
56. What is the highest source of pollution?
57. What type of pollutants are decomposed by bacteria and what are examples?
58. Why is it that some fish like tuna, swordfish and mackerel can be dangerous to eat?
What do we call what happens to the pollutants in them? And what type of pollutant
is it that affects them thusly?
59. What is the greatest source of oil pollution and always has been for millennia?
60. What do people create in what type of ecosystem by living on or near the coast?