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Empires of the
Ancient World
Define the following:
1. civilization
2. rule of law
Definitions
1. Civilization – complex, highly organized
social order.
2. Rule of law - government by law. The
rule of law implies that government
authority may only be exercised in
accordance with written laws, which
were adopted through an established
procedure.
Greek Civilization
1750 BC – 133 BC
Early Minoan
civilization –
 the forerunner for
Greece
– began on the island of
Crete, around 1700 BC.
– Evidence shows
extensive trade and a
very advanced culture,
which was exported to
mainland Greece at
Mycenaea.
Mycenaea
Greek Civilization
1750 BC – 133 BC
• How did the
geography of Greece
present obstacles to
a unified Greek
country?
Minoan Civilization
 Minoan Civilization was one of the earliest
examples of what has come to be called
Greek civilization.
 Minoans were trading at the same time as
the Phoenicians, Egyptians and
Babylonians.
The Minoan
Civilization may have
been the foundation
for the story of
Atlantis.
Mycenaeans
1600 BC – 1200 BC
 Sea traders – beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt and
Mesopotamia.
 Warriors, living in several city states.
 The Mycenaean city state became the mainland Greek
civilization.
 Best known for Trojan War.
Athens and Sparta
1200 – 0 BC
 Greece itself was made up of separate
city-states, which were constantly at
war.
 City-state: Political unit made up of a
city and the surrounding lands.
 Two major city-states: Athens and
Sparta.
 Athens
 Sparta
 Government:
 Limited democracy (only male
citizens could participate),
Council of 500 which made the
laws, voting Assembly.
 Soldiers:
 Citizen soldiers – only during
wartime
 Slaves:
 No political rights or freedoms.
Owned by individuals
 Women:
 Cared for the home, limited
political rights.
 Education:
 Upper class boys only. Military
training and preparation for
government involvement.
Knowledge was important for a
democratic government.
 Government:
 Two kings (military generals)
and a council of elders.
Citizens were male, native
born, over 30.
 Soldiers:
 Military society, all males
prepared to be soldiers from
birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.
 Slaves
 Owned by the State
 Women:
 Prepared physically for
fighting, right to inherit
property, must obey men.
 Education:
 Boys only. Military based
training from age 7. Taught to
fight. Prohibition against
trade, travel and mixing with
other city-states.
Persian Wars
490 – 479 BC
The Greek city-states did not unite until
faced with a common enemy: Persia
Athens –
Conquered by Sparta
In 404 BC, Sparta attacked and conquered the fading
Athenian empire in what came to be know as the
Peloponnesian War. For the next century, fighting
continued to dominate the Greek city-states. By 359 BC,
the Macedonians from the north, under the leadership of
Philip II invaded and conquered all of Greece.
The World of Alexander the
Great 359 BC – 323 BC
 Philip conquered Greece in 359 BC
 His next conquest was to be the
Persian empire.
Philip of Macedonia
 The Macedonian army was the most
superbly trained in the world. It
made use of the phalanx
configuration.
 Philip was assassinated before he
could attack and conquer Persia.
 His son, Alexander (20)– took the
throne.
Over the course of the next eleven years,
Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire
Persian empire. When Xerxes surrendered,
Alexander took over all of his realm and his
possessions. Alexander even married Xerxes
daughter!
What are some of the
similarities and differences
of the extent of Alexander’s
Empire as opposed to the
Persian Empire?
Alexander
The Legacy of Alexander
Upon the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his
empire began to divide and dissolve. However, Alexander
left behind a legacy of Greek thought, language and
custom that survives in part today.
 Local cultures assimilated Greek ideas and
language. They became Hellenic – or “Greek like” The
Hellenistic Age is the age of world wide Greek culture
after Alexander.
 Left behind the idea that all people are morally
equal. Aided in the spread of Christianity.
 Encouraged the work of scholars. Built libraries all
over the empire – especially at Alexandria, Egypt.
Emphasized mathematics, medicine, science and
philosophy.
The Roman World
The earliest of the Roman civilizations were the Etruscans.
With the fall of Hellenic influence, the Etruscans
conquered all of the Italian peninsula. Their competition for
control of the Mediterranean Sea were the Carthaginians in
Africa.
After three wars
with the
Carthaginians –
called the Punic
Wars – the Romans
emerged as the
supreme rulers of
the Mediterranean
area.
The Republic of Rome

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Define Republic
Republic: System of
government in
which officials are
elected by the
people.
Senate: Most
powerful governing
body. 300 members
– all patricians.
Made the laws.
First laws codified
into the
Twelve Tables
Two Consuls –
elected by Senate.
Ran the government
and the army.
Tribunes – elected
by the people
(plebeians)
Judges – Oversaw
courts cases
Julius Caesar and the Empire
of Rome
 Caesar conquers Gaul What is
Gaul called today?
 France
 First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar,
Pompey, and Crassus
 Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil
war after Crassus dies in battle.
 Caesar pursues Pompey to Egypt
where he meets Cleopatra and has
a child with her.
 Caesar becomes dictator of Rome
 Caesar is assassinated by the
Senate he tried to displace.
 Rome plunges into Civil War.
 Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are
defeated by Augustus.
 Augustus ends all hope for a
further Roman empire.
Rome at its Height
60 – 400 AD
Pax Romana
 Pax Romana, Latin for "the Roman
peace", is the long period of peace
experienced by states within the Roman
Empire.
– The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and its legal system
pacified regions which had suffered from the quarrels between rival
leaders, sometimes forcefully.
– During this time Rome still fought a number of wars against
neighboring states and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and
Parthia.
– It was an era of relative tranquility, in which Rome endured neither
major civil wars, such as the perpetual bloodshed of the first century
BC, nor serious invasions.
– Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of democracy.
– Strong military presence.
The Roman Achievement
 Roman Roads - As early as the 4th century BC, a good
road system was recognized as vital for military
deployment, communication and increasing
commerce. By having an option to traveling around
the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers
and merchants could avoid some threat of storms,
pirates and navigational problems.
 Well trained and extensive military. Because the
military presence on Roman roads was so extensive,
travel and trade were safer and much faster.
 Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent
until proven guilty.
The Roman Achievement
The Roman Achievement
 Aqueducts – Roman
water systems often
carried water to
cities from
mountain streams
hundreds of miles
away. Only a highly
organized
civilization with
advanced
technology could
create such a
system.
The Roman Achievement
Highly sophisticated
public buildings and
baths.
Roman Architecture
Coliseum
Roman
Amphitheatre
Temple to Bacchus
Temple in
Southern Italy
Greek Architecture
Acropolis
A Greek Temple