Download Egyptian arabic grammar

Contents Section I Introduction Essentials Section II - Grammar Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Section III - Usage Courtesies Questions Negation Ownership Numbers Quantities Which one? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Which one? Time Section IV - How to say... This section will be coming soon... Appendices Arabic writing and pronunciation More about verbs than you will ever want to know Irregular verbs About this document Copyright Introduction This document is a concise reference to grammar for people who are learning the spoken arabic of Egypt. It is intended to be used alongside other study aids available free of charge at www.lisaanmasry.com. If you want to see a wider range of examples of Egyptian Arabic, check out the Lonely Planet publication "Egyptian Arabic Phrasebook" by Siona Jenkins. It is a very useful pocket guide. Getting started This document is made up of three main sections: essentials - an introduction to grammatical terms and to Egyptian arabic, pointing out the PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com similarities and differences between Egyptian and English grammar - a description of how to build sentences using the standard language elements usage - commonly used words, phrases and expressions A word about arabic writing It is not difficult to learn to read and write in arabic, but it is an additional barrier to learning. Realistically, you are unlikely ever to see Egyptian Arabic in print: notices, packaging, adverts, web sites etc are written in Modern Standard Arabic. And if you want to read Arabic handwriting, that's a different ballgame altogether. An understanding of the Arabic alphabet can sometimes be useful, but it is by no means essential. The examples in this document are therefore written in both arabic and roman letters. There are two ways of writing arabic using roman letters: the transliterated form tells you exactly how it would be written in arabic, and the pronounced form gives you an indication of how to pronounce it in european letters. For the pronounced form, I have chosen to write things how and english person would. My apologies to people whose first language is not english. The pronunciation rules, the arabic alphabet and the transliterated and pronounced spelling are explained in the section on arabic writing and pronunciation The examples in the PDF version are this document are written in arabic and in pronounced form. The essentials- Same same but different In many cases, Egyptian uses the same structure as English: let's first look at some simple examples where the structure is similar, then move on to the differences. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Nouns and verbs Here is a simple sentence in both english and Egyptian: Ahmed loves sarah aacHmad biyiHibb saarao Element English Egyptian subject noun Ahmed verb loves object noun Sarah 'ahmad ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ biyihibb ‫ﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﺤِـ‬ saara ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة‬ In both the English and Egyptian examples, there are three words: two words are nouns (people, things or ideas) and the middle word is a verb, which explains what is happening. In both cases, the noun before the verb (Ahmed) is the subject (the person or thing that is doing something) and the noun after the verb (Sarah) is the object- is the person or thing that is having something done to it. We can change the meaning by turning the words around, like this: Sarah loves Ahmed saarao bitHibb aacHmad PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Element English Egyptian subject noun Sarah verb loves object noun Ahmed saara ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة‬ bitihibb ‫ﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﺤِـ‬ 'ahmad ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ The nouns do not change, they have just moved: we know from the order of the words that Sarah is now the subject- the one who is loving, and Ahmed is now the object, the one who is loved. In english, the verb does not change at all, but in Egyptian it changes a little because the subject is now female, not male. We will look in more detail at how exactly verbs change to match the subject later, in the section on verbs. Subject and Object The subject and object can be a name, for example Sarah and Ahmed, but there are some other possiblities as well. Here are some examples: Element English name Sarah Egyptian saara ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة‬ irraagil PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com noun (specific) the man the woman the cat the idea noun(general) a man a woman a cat an idea noun(quantity) some men five men PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API irraagil ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ‬ issitt ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ا ِﻟﺴِـ‬ il'utta ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ‬ ilfikra ‫ا ِﻟﻔـِﻜﺮ َة‬ raagil ‫را َﺟـِﻞ‬ sitt ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ﺳِـ‬ 'utta ‫ﻗُـﻄﱠـﺔ‬ fikra ‫ﻓـِﻜﺮ َة‬ shwyit rigalae ‫ﺷﻮﯾـِﺔ ر ِﺟﺎ َﻻ َة‬ chamas rigala ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ ‫ﺧـَﻤـَﺲ ر ِﺟﺎ‬ pdfcrowd.com any man pronoun(subject) he she pronoun(object) him her 'ay raagil ‫أي را َﺟـِﻞ‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ -uh ‫ــُه‬ -ha ‫ـﻬَﺎ‬ The word il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬is corresponds to 'the' in english, but there is no equivalent to 'a'. The noun just appears on its own. Note that adding il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬to a word affects the pronunciation if it begins with a sun letter. Pronouns Pronouns are the short words like I and they that often replace nouns in spoken English and Egyptian, to make our speech clearer and more concise. Here is a simple example: I love her aacnaa baHibbahaa PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Element English Egyptian subject pronoun I verb love object pronoun her 'ana ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ bahibb ‫ﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﺑـَﺤِـ‬ -aha ‫ــَهَا‬ We can see that the subject is still at the start of the sentence and the object is still at the end of the sentence, but in Egyptian the object pronoun is attached to the end of the verb. Let's turn that round and see what happens: she loves me hiya bitiHibb-ny Element English Egyptian subject pronoun she PRO version verb loves object pronoun me Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API hiya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ bitihibb ‫ﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﺤِـ‬ -ny ‫ـﻨﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com Woa, what happened there? Everything changed, in both English and Egyptian! The reason is that, in both languages, there are different forms of the pronoun for subject and object. There is a third form of the pronoun that indicates ownership (my/his/your/their/its) but we will save that until we cover pronouns in more detail. For now, let's just look at the subject and object pronouns. Remember that object pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. Subject Object English Egyptian English I we you(m) you(f) you(pl) he/it(m) PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'ana ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ me ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ us ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ you(m) ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ you(f) ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ you(pl) 'ihna 'inta 'inti 'intu huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya him/it(m) Egyptian -ny ‫ـﻨﻲ‬ -na ‫ـﻨَﺎ‬ -ak ‫ــَك‬ -ik ‫ــِك‬ -ukw ‫ــُكو‬ -uh ‫ــُه‬ -ha pdfcrowd.com she/it(f) they hiya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻢ‬ her/it(f) -ha ‫ـﻬَﺎ‬ -uhum them ‫ــُهـُم‬ Here are a few more examples: English I know him Ahmed knows him Sarah knows him I smoke cigarettes I write books Ahmed writes books PRO version he writes books Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian 'ana Aaarifuh ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـُﻪ‬ 'ahmad Aaarifuh ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـُﻪ‬ saara Aaarifah ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﻪ‬ 'ana bashrab sagaeyar ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺑﺎ َﺷﺮ َب ﺳـَﺠﺎ َﯾـَﺮ‬ 'ana baktib kutub ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺑﺎ َﻛﺘـِﺐ ﻛـُﺘﻮب‬ 'ahmad biyiktib kutub ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ ﻛـُﺘﻮب‬ huwwa biyiktib kutub pdfcrowd.com he writes books ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ ﻛـُﺘﻮب‬ Note that the subject pronoun can be omitted if the meaning is still clear There is no 'is' The word is/am/are is one of the most commonly use verbs in english.... but, if you are talking about something now (not the past or future), there is no word in Egyptian for 'is'. That's quite a big difference, but it's not too difficult. Let's take a look at some examples: English I am tired Ahmed is Egyptian the cats are in the garden Sarah is available today is friday Egyptian 'ana taAbaen ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ 'ahmad masry ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻣـَﺼﺮي‬ il'utat fy ilginyna ‫ا ِﻟﻘـُﻄـَﻂ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ‬ saara mawguda ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة ﻣـَﻮﺟﻮد َة‬ innahaarda ilgumAa ‫ا ِﻟﻨـَﻬﺎ َرد َة ا ِﻟﺠـُﻤﻌـَﺔ‬ dy miraaty PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com this is my wife my husband is at home dy miraaty ‫دي ﻣـِﺮا َﺗﻲ‬ guzy fy ilbiyt ‫ﺟﻮزي ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ When you are talking about a past or future situation, then the Egyptian words kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬- was and haykun ‫ ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬- will be are used. This will be covered in more detail later under verbs. Here are some simple examples: English I am tired Ahmed is tired I was tired Ahmed was tired I will be tired Ahmed will be tired PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian 'ana taAbaen ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ 'ahmad taAbaen ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ 'ana kunt taAbaen ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻛـُﻨﺖ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ 'ahmad kaen taAbaen ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻛﺎ َن ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ 'ana hakun taAbaen ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻫـَﻜﻮن ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ 'ahmad hayikun taAbaen pdfcrowd.com Ahmed will be tired ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﻮن ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ There is no 'have' The verb have is widely used in English, but there is no equivalent verb in Egyptian. Have is used in many ways in English, and in Egyptian a different word is used for each meaning. Meaning English have with me I have matches Egyptian maAaya kabryt ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﯿﺎ َ ﻛـَﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬ Aandy biyt own I have a house must I have to go eat, etc I will have dinner hatAashsha (I will dine) ‫ﻫـَﺘﻌَـﺸﱠﺎ‬ take I will have a nap haechuz taAsyla (I will take a nap) ‫ﻫﺎ َﺧـُﺬ ﺗـَﻌﺴﯿﻠـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺑـِﯿﺖ‬ laezim 'aruwh ‫ﻻ َز ِم أر ُوح‬ Masculine, feminine, plural Like many european languages, all Egyptian nouns are either masculine or feminine. Here are PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com some examples: Gender English masculine book masculine dog masculine man masculine biyt masculine milk masculine peace masculine teacher feminine teacher Arabic kitaeb ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ kalb ‫ﻛـَﻠﺐ‬ raagil ‫را َﺟـِﻞ‬ biyt ‫ﺑـِﯿﺖ‬ laban ‫ﻟـَﺒـَﻦ‬ salaem ‫ﺳـَﻼ َم‬ mudarris ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِس‬ mudarrisa ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳـَﺔ‬ fikra PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com feminine idea fikra ‫ﻓـِﻜﺮ َة‬ tarabyza feminine table feminine workshop feminine woman feminine daughter girl feminine fire feminine head ‫ﺗـَﺮا َﺑﯿﺰ‬ ‫َة‬ warsha ‫و َرﺷـَﺔ‬ sitt ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ﺳِـ‬ bint ‫ﺑـِﻨﺖ‬ naar ‫ﻧﺎ َر‬ raas ‫را َس‬ As you can see, the majority of feminine nouns end in -a ‫ــَة‬. There are a few exceptions though: some are obvious, like woman and daughter, but others, you just need to learn them. We will cover this in more detail in the section on nouns. In both english and Egyptian, there are two forms of a noun: singular and plural. Here are some examples of plurals: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English Arabic Singular Plural book books dog dogs man men child children house house kutub ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ kalb ‫ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ kilaeb ‫ﻛـَﻠﺐ‬ raagil ‫ﻛـِﻼ َب‬ riggala ‫را َﺟـِﻞ‬ tifl ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ ‫ر ِﺟّﺎ‬ 'atfael ‫ﻃـِﻔﻞ‬ biyt ‫أﻃﻔﺎ َل‬ buyut ‫ﺑـِﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـُﯿﻮت‬ salaem ‫ﺳـَﻼ َم‬ teacher(m) teachers Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API kitaeb ‫ﻟـَﺒـَﻦ‬ peace PRO version Plural laban milk teacher(f) Singular teachers mudarris ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِس‬ mudarrisyn ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳﯿﻦ‬ mudarrisa mudarrisaet pdfcrowd.com teacher(f) teachers idea ideas ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳـَﺔ‬ fikra 'afkaar ‫ﻓـِﻜﺮ َة‬ tarabyza table tables workshop workshops woman women daughter girl daughters girls fire fires head heads ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳﺎ َت‬ ‫أﻓﻜﺎ َر‬ tarabyzaet ‫ﺗـَﺮا َﺑﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺗـَﺮا َﺑﯿﺰا َت‬ ‫َة‬ warsha ‫و َرﺷـَﺔ‬ sitt wirash ‫و ِر َش‬ sattaet ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ﺳِـ‬ bint ‫ﺳَـﺘّﺎ َت‬ banaet ‫ﺑـِﻨﺖ‬ naar ‫ﺑـَﻨﺎ َت‬ nyraan ‫ﻧﺎ َر‬ raas ‫ﻧﯿﺮا َن‬ ru'wus ‫را َس‬ ‫ر ُ وس‬ In english, the majority of plural nouns are the same as the singular, with a suffix of -s for example book/books, but there are a small number of words with unusual plurals, for example man/men and child/children. In Egyptian, feminine nouns that end in -a ‫ ــَة‬have a very straightforward plural- or -at ‫ـﺎ َت‬: plurals of masculine nouns vary quite a lot- the vowels move about a bit but the consonants PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com remain the same. You will need to learn them. Note that, both in english and Egyptian, some words do not have a plural- for example milk and peace. Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe something- for example, good or small. In english, adjectives do not change, but in Egyptian there are different forms of an adjective for masculine, feminine and plural. Here are some examples: English he is tired she is tired they are tired he is good she is good PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian huwwa taAbaen ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ hiya taAbaena ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َﻧـَﺔ‬ humma taAbanyn ‫ﻫُـ ّﻢ َ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َﻧﯿﻦ‬ huwwa kuwayis ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺲ‬ hiya kuwayisa ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺴـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com they are good humma kuwayisyn ‫ﻫُـ ّﻢ َ ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺴﯿﻦ‬ The good news is that the majority of adjectives require just a different ending for feminine- -a ‫ــَة‬ and plural -yn ‫ ـﯿﻦ‬forms. We will cover this in more detail in the section on adjectives Adverbs Just as adjectives describe a noun, adverbs say something about a verb - where, when, how often, how much etc. They can also be used to describe the extent of an adjective (very good) or even another adverb (very slowly). Many English adverbs end with -ly. Usage of adverbs is very similar in English and Egyptian: here are some examples describing English PRO version verb I will come back soon verb Ahmed walks quickly adjective Ahmed is extremely clever adverb Ahmed drives reasonably fast Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian 'ana hargaA baAd shuwaya ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻫـَﺮﺟـَﻊ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﺷـُﻮ َﯾـَﺔ‬ 'ahmad biyimshy bisuraAa ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﻤﺸﻲ ﺑـِﺴـُﺮ َﻋـَﺔ‬ 'ahmad shaatir giddaen ‫ا‬‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺷﺎ َﻃـِﺮ ﺟِـﺪ‬ 'ahmad biyisu' bisuraAa maA'ula ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﺴﻮق ﺑـِﺴـُﺮ َﻋـَﺔ ﻣـَﻌﻘﻮﻟـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com Prepositions In English, prepositions link to a noun. This is possible in Egyptian, but prepositions are also commonly used in place of verbs. In Egyptian, prepositions are widely used in place of verbs, for example have is usually expressed using the prepositions Aand ‫( ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬own) and maAa ‫( ﻣَـ َﻊ‬have with you): see ownership for more information. Here are some examples of prepositions: English Egyptian English after behind have there is baAd ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ‬ she came after dinner ‫و َرَا‬ the garden is behind the house wara Aand ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬ fy ‫ﻓﻲ‬ I have a house in Cairo there is water Egyptian hiya gaet baAd ilAashaa' ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺟﺎ َت ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸﺎ َء‬ ilginyna wara ilbiyt ‫ا ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ و َرا َ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ Aandy biyt fy il'aehira ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺑـِﯿﺖ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﻘﺎ َﻫـِﺮ َة‬ fy mayae ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣـَﯿﺎ َة‬ Conjunctions A conjunction joins two clauses to make a much more complex sentence. Here is an example: I want to make bread but I don't have enough flour PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Aaayiz aacAamil Aiysh lakin maAandysh diqyq kifaayao Part English Main clause I want to make bread Conjunction but Second clause I don't have enough flour Egyptian Aaeyiz 'aAamil Aiysh ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ أﻋـَﻤـِﻞ ﻋـِﯿﺶ‬ lakin ‫ﻟـَﻜـِﻦ‬ maAandysh di'y' kifaeya ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﻨﺪﯾﺶ د ِﻗﯿﻖ ﻛـِﻔﺎ َﯾـَﺔ‬ In English, the same word is often used for a preposition and a conjunction, but in Egyptian it may be different. Sometimes it is only necessary to add the word ma ‫ ﻣَﺎ‬to convert a preposition to a conjunction. Element English preposition (dinner is a noun) wash your hands before dinner Egyptian 'iGsil iydyk 'abl ilAashaa' ‫إﻏﺴـِﻞ ا ِﯾﺪﯾﻚ ﻗـَﺒﻞ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸﺎ َء‬ conjunction 'iGsil iydyk 'abl ma taekul (you eat is a clause- wash your hands before you eat ‫إﻏﺴـِﻞ ا ِﯾﺪﯾﻚ ﻗـَﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ َ ﺗﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ it contains a verb) Nouns PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com A noun represents a person, thing or concept. Here are some examples: Type English person Ahmed person man person player thing leather concept wisdom concept appointment Arabic 'ahmad ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ raagil ‫را َﺟـِﻞ‬ laeAib ‫ﻻ َﻋـِﺐ‬ gild ‫ﺟـِﻠﺪ‬ hikma ‫ﺣـِﻜﻤـَﺔ‬ myAaed ‫ﻣﯿﻌﺎ َد‬ Masculine and feminine In arabic, nouns can be masculine or feminine. This does not necessarily mean that they belong to male and female persons. Most words that end with -a ‫ ــَة‬are feminine. In addition, there are a small number of words that do not end in -a ‫ ــَة‬that are also feminine. Some of these words are obvious: others less so. Here are some examples of feminine nouns: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English fikra idea ‫ﻓـِﻜﺮ َة‬ woman daughter fire head Arabic sitt ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ﺳِـ‬ bint ‫ﺑـِﻨﺖ‬ naar ‫ﻧﺎ َر‬ raas ‫را َس‬ Plurals If there is more than one of something, the noun becomes a plural. For many nouns, only the ending changes. Gender masculine PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Ending Singular -yn Plural muhaesib muhaesibyn ‫ﻣـُﺤﺎ َﺳـِﺒﯿﻦ ﻣـُﺤﺎ َﺳـِﺐ ـﯿﻦ‬ pdfcrowd.com feminine -at muhasba ‫ﻣـُﺤﺎ َﺳﺒـَﺔ ـﺎ َت‬ muhaesibat ‫ﻣـُﺤﺎ َﺳـِﺒﺎ َت‬ Occupations Generally speaking, the plural for trades ends with either -yn ‫ ـﯿﻦ‬or -aya ‫ــَيـَة‬, but for professions there are different endings for men -yn ‫ ـﯿﻦ‬and women -at ‫ـﺎ َت‬. English carpenter greengrocer male teacher female teacher Singular Plural naggaar naggaaryn ‫ﻧَـﺠّﺎ َر‬ chudary ‫ﻧَـﺠّﺎ َرﯾﻦ‬ chudariyya ‫ﺧـُﻀـَﺮ ِﯾﯿـَﺔ ﺧـُﻀـَﺮي‬ mudarris mudarrisyn ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳﯿﻦ ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِس‬ mudarrisa mudarrisat ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳﺎ َت‬ Collective nouns In english, fish can mean pieces of fish or one fish or several: the former is described as a collective noun. In Egyptian, many foods- and some other things- have a collective noun. You can PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com talk about one item, for example one fish, by adding -a ‫ ــَة‬ending English Collective one eggs fish flies biyd biyda ‫ﺑـِﯿﺾ‬ samak ‫ﺳـَﻤـَﻚ‬ dibbaen ‫د ِﺑّﺎ َن‬ ‫ﺑـِﯿﻀـَﺔ‬ samaka ‫ﺳـَﻤـَﻜـَﺔ‬ dibbaena ‫د ِﺑّﺎ َﻧـَﺔ‬ Many materials- things that can be used to make something from, like leather or cloth, are treated in the same way: you add -a ‫ ــَة‬to give the meaning a piece of... English Collective a piece wood soap PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API chashab ‫ﺧـَﺸـَﺐ‬ sabun ‫ﺻﺎ َﺑﻮن‬ chashaba ‫ﺧـَﺸـَﺒـَﺔ‬ sabuna ‫ﺻﺎ َﺑﻮﻧـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com Pairs The egyptian word for shoes (gazma ‫ )ﺟـَﺰﻣـَﺔ‬relates to a pair. For a single shoe, it is necessary to say fardit gazma ‫ﻓـَﺮد ِة ﺟـَﺰﻣـَﺔ‬. English Egyptian shoes socks gloves gazma ‫ﺟـَﺰﻣـَﺔ‬ sharaab ‫ﺷـَﺮا َب‬ guwanty ‫ﺟـُﻮا َﻧﺘﻲ‬ Duals If you want to talk about two people, or specify a quantity of two, see the section on two in numbers. If you want to talk about two things (not people or quantities), you should use the dual suffix -yn ‫ـﯿﻦ‬. This is equivalent to a couple which can mean exactly two, or approximately two. There are slightly different forms for feminine nouns and words ending in -y ‫ـﻲ‬. Here are some examples: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English English Egyptian two books kitaabyn kursy -tyn chair two chairs (ends with y) ‫ﻛـُﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ـﺘﯿﻦ‬ kursiyyin book (m) minute (f) Egyptian Suffix kitaeb -yn ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ di'y'a ‫د ِﻗﯿﻘـَﺔ‬ ‫ـﯿﻦ‬ -iyyin ‫ــِييـِن‬ a couple of minutes diqiqtyn Ownership One way to express belonging is to add a posessive pronoun to the end of a noun. See ownership for information about other methods. Here are some examples: English his book my wife your(m) idea PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API on its own with pronoun kitaeb kitaebuh ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ does not exist on its own fikra ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َﺑـُﻪ‬ miraaty ‫ﻣـِﺮا َﺗﻲ‬ fikritak ‫ﻓـِﻜﺮ َة‬ ‫ﻓـِﻜﺮ ِﺗـَﻚ‬ pdfcrowd.com Compound nouns You can describe a noun using another noun, for example to say what material it is made from. The qualifying noun is always singular. If the main noun is preceded by il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬the qualifying noun is also preceded by il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬. Note that adding il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬to a word affects the pronunciation if it begins with a sun letter. English a plastic bag the plastic bag plastic bags the plastic bags Arabic kys blastik ‫ﻛﯿﺲ ﺑﻼ َﺳﺘـِﻚ‬ ilkys ilblastik ‫ا ِﻟﻜﯿﺲ ا ِﻟﺒﻼ َﺳﺘـِﻚ‬ 'akyaes blastik ‫أﻛﯿﺎ َس ﺑﻼ َﺳﺘـِﻚ‬ il'akyaes ilblastik ‫ا ِﻷﻛﯿﺎ َس ا ِﻟﺒﻼ َﺳﺘـِﻚ‬ Pronouns Pronouns are short words that are used to replace nouns in spoken English and Arabic, to make our speech clearer and more concise. In this example, Ahmed is the noun and He is the pronoun: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Ahmed has a dog. He walks with it every day aacHmad Aand-uh kalb wa huwwa biyitmashshY maAa-uh kul ywm There are four main groups of pronoun: personal pronouns - I, you, he, etc demonstrative pronouns - this, that indefinite pronouns - somebody, anywhere relative pronouns - who, which, that Personal pronouns In English, there are four versions of the personal pronoun (he, him, his, himself): in Egyptian, there is an additional version (to him). English Egyptian Form he him to him huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ subject ‫ــُه‬ object -uh -luh ‫ـﻠـُﻪ‬ indirect object -uh PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com -uh his ‫ــُه‬ nafsuh himself ‫ﻧـَﻔﺴـُﻪ‬ posessive reflexive In Egyptian, there are separate forms of you for masculine, feminine and plural, but there is no neuter (it): instead, it is necessary to use the he or she form, depending on the gender of the noun Subject pronouns A subject is the noun that appears before the verb- the person or thing that is doing something. I like to read aacnaa baaHib aacktib The subject pronouns are: English Egyptian I we you(m) PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'ana ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ pdfcrowd.com you(f) you(pl) he/it(m) she/it(f) they 'inti ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻢ‬ Personal pronouns are not needed with verbs, as it is clear from the verb, but it is common to use them, especially for emphasis. They are often used with participles. Object pronoun suffixes You can attach an object pronoun (for example me or him) as a suffix to an imperative, verb or participle. to refer to the object. give me the knife iicddyny iil-sikkynao PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The object suffixes are similar to posessive suffixes on nouns: English me us You(m) You(f) You(pl) Him/it(m) Her/if(f) Them PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Suffix -ni ‫ﻦ‬ ِ‫ـ‬ -na ‫ﻦ‬ َ‫ـ‬ -ak ‫ــَك‬ -ik ‫ــِك‬ -kum ‫ـﻜـُﻢ‬ -u ‫ُـ‬ -ha ‫ـ َﻪ‬ -hum ‫ـﻬـُﻢ‬ pdfcrowd.com ‫ـﻬـُﻢ‬ If there is an I before the last consonant and the suffix starts with a vowel, the -i- is dropped, so... possessive pronoun suffix Things that would be expressed using a posessive pronoun (my, your... etc) in English can be handled using a possessive suffix attached to the noun, or using bitaA ‫ﺑـِﺘـَﻊ‬. The latter is used for most imported words. what (is) your name? iicsm-ak iicyh? The posessive pronouns themselves are pretty easy to learn, but when the pronouns are attached to nouns, the vowels do a little dance to make sure that you don't get three consonants in a row. Here are examples for nouns that end with one or two consonants: Nouns ending in two consonants English after -C after -CC saahib kalb ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺐ‬ my PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API -y saahiby ‫ـﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻛـَﻠﺐ‬ -y kalby ‫ـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com our your(m) your(f) your(pl) his/its(m) her/its(f) their -na saahibna -ina ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒﻨَﺎ ـﻨَﺎ‬ -ak saahibak ‫ــِنَا‬ -ak ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒـَﻚ ــَك‬ -ik saahibik kalbina ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـِﻨَﺎ‬ kalbak ‫ــَك‬ -ik ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـَﻚ‬ kalbik ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒـِﻚ ــِك‬ ‫ــِك‬ ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـِﻚ‬ -kum saahibkum -ukum kalbukum ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒﻜـُﻢ ـﻜـُﻢ‬ -uh saahibuh ‫ــُه‬ -ha ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒـُﻪ‬ saahibha ‫ـﻬَﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒﻬَﺎ‬ ‫ــُكـُم‬ -uh ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـُﻜـُﻢ‬ kalbuh ‫ــُه‬ -aha ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـُﻪ‬ kalbaha ‫ــَهَا‬ ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـَﻬَﺎ‬ -hum saahibhum -uhum kalbuhum ‫ﺻﺎ َﺣـِﺒﻬـُﻢ ـﻬـُﻢ‬ ‫ــُهـُم‬ ‫ﻛـَﻠﺒـُﻬـُﻢ‬ For nouns ending in -a ‫ــَة‬, the -a ‫ ــَة‬is replaced by -t ‫ ـﺖ‬or -it ‫ ــِت‬and then the ending is added. Nouns ending in -a ‫ــَة‬ English after -C after -CC kura PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API shanta pdfcrowd.com ‫ﻛﻮر َة‬ my our your(m) your(f) your(pl) his/its(m) her/its(f) their -ty kurty ‫ـﺘﻲ‬ -itna ‫ﻛﻮرﺗﻲ‬ kuritna ‫ﻛﻮر ِﺗﻨَﺎ ــِتنَا‬ -tak ‫ـﺘـَﻚ‬ -tik kurtak -ity ‫ــِتي‬ -itna ‫ــِتنَا‬ -itak ‫ــِتـَك ﻛﻮرﺗـَﻚ‬ kurtik ‫ـﺘـِﻚ‬ ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـَﺔ‬ -itik ‫ــِتـِك ﻛﻮرﺗـِﻚ‬ shantity ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘﻲ‬ shantitna ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘﻨَﺎ‬ shantitak ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘـَﻚ‬ shantitik ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘـِﻚ‬ -itkum kuritkum -itkum shantitkum ‫ﻛﻮر ِﺗﻜـُﻢ ــِتكـُم‬ ‫ــِتكـُم‬ -tuh -ituh ‫ـﺘـُﻪ‬ -itha ‫ــِتهَا‬ kurtuh ‫ﻛﻮرﺗـُﻪ‬ kuritha ‫ﻛﻮر ِﺗﻬَﺎ‬ -ithum kurithum ‫ﻛﻮر ِﺗﻬـُﻢ ــِتهـُم‬ ‫ــِتـُه‬ -itha ‫ــِتهَا‬ ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘﻜـُﻢ‬ shantituh ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘـُﻪ‬ shantitha ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘﻬَﺎ‬ -ithum shantithum ‫ــِتهـُم‬ ‫ﺷـَﻨﻄـِﺘﻬـُﻢ‬ Nouns that end in alif -a ‫ ـَﺎ‬are treated almost like feminine nouns, ie the alif is replaced by -it ‫ـﺎ ِت‬ and then the ending is added. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Nouns ending in -y ‫ ـﻲ‬or -w ‫ ـﻮ‬are listed below. Note that for most words ending in -w ‫ـﻮ‬, for example baltw ‫ﺑـَﻠﺘﻮ‬, one would normally use bitaA ‫ﺑـِﺘـَﻊ‬ rather than a posessive suffix. Nouns ending in a vowel -a English -y ‫ـَﺎ‬ vyla our your(m) your(f) your(pl) -ya ‫ﻲ‬ َ‫ـ‬ -na Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗﻲ‬ vylitna vylitak ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗـَﻚ ـﻚ‬ -ki vylitik ‫ﻚ‬ ِ ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗـِﻚ ـ‬ -kum vylitkum ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗﻜـُﻢ ـﻜـُﻢ‬ -h PRO version vylity ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗﻨَﺎ ـﻨَﺎ‬ -k ‫ـﻲ‬ kursy ‫ﻼ‬ َ ‫ڤﯿ‬ my -w vylituh ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﻲ‬ kursya ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿَﺎ‬ kursyna ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻨَﺎ‬ kursyk ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻚ‬ kursyky ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻜﻲ‬ ‫ـﻮ‬ Aadw ‫ﻋـَﺪو‬ Aadwy ‫ﻋـَﺪوي‬ Aadwna ‫ﻋـَﺪوﻧَﺎ‬ Aadwk ‫ﻋـَﺪوك‬ Aadwik ‫ﻋـَﺪو ِك‬ kursykum Aadwkum ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻜـُﻢ‬ kursyh ‫ﻋـَﺪوﻛـُﻢ‬ Aadwh pdfcrowd.com his/its(m) her/its(f) their -h vylituh ‫ـﻪ‬ -ha kursyh ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗـُﻪ‬ vylitha ‫ـﻬَﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻪ‬ kursyha ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗﻬَﺎ‬ -hum vylithum ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻬَﺎ‬ Aadwh ‫ﻋـَﺪوه‬ Aadwha ‫ﻋـَﺪوﻫَﺎ‬ kursyhum Aadwhum ‫ڤﯿﻼ ِﺗﻬـُﻢ ـﻬـُﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻮرﺳﯿﻬـُﻢ‬ ‫ﻋـَﺪوﻫـُﻢ‬ Father and brother 'abb ‫ب‬ ّ ‫ أ‬and brother 'achch ‫خ‬ ّ ‫ أ‬become 'abw- ‫ أﺑﻮـ‬and brother 'achw- ‫ أﺧﻮـ‬when a possessive pronoun is added. English my our your(m) your(f) your(pl) PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API father aacbb brother aacKK 'abwya 'achwya ‫أﺑﻮﯾَﺎ‬ 'abuna ‫أﺑﻮﻧَﺎ‬ 'abuk ‫أﺑﻮك‬ 'abuky ‫أﺑﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫أﺧﻮﯾَﺎ‬ 'achuna ‫أﺧﻮﻧَﺎ‬ 'achuk ‫أﺧﻮك‬ 'achuky ‫أﺧﻮﻛﻲ‬ 'abukum 'achukum pdfcrowd.com your(pl) his/its(m) her/its(f) their ‫أﺑﻮﻛـُﻢ‬ 'abuh ‫أﺧﻮﻛـُﻢ‬ 'achuh ‫أﺑﻮه‬ 'abuha ‫أﺧﻮه‬ 'achuha ‫أﺑﻮﻫَﺎ‬ ‫أﺧﻮﻫَﺎ‬ 'abuhum 'achuhum ‫أﺑﻮﻫـُﻢ‬ ‫أﺧﻮﻫـُﻢ‬ reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself) Reflexive pronouns can be used after a noun or a verb. English I can look after myself The man himself He did it by himself Egyptian haechud baly min nafsy ‫ﻫﺎ َﺧـُﺪ ﺑﺎ َﻟﻲ ﻣـِﻦ ﻧـَﻔﺴﻲ‬ irraagil nafsuh ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ ﻧـَﻔﺴـُﻪ‬ huwwa Aaemalha binafsuh ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻋﺎ َﻣـَﻠﻪ َ ﺑـِﻨـَﻔﺴـُﻪ‬ Demonstrative pronouns PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com These are the words that you use when you want to point at something. English this (man) this (woman, thing) those (men) those (women,things) Egyptian dah ‫د َه‬ dy ‫دي‬ dul ‫دول‬ dyh ‫دﯾﻪ‬ If you want to use one of these with a noun, to indicate which one, (for example, this book), you should use a Demonstrative adjective. Fortunately, in both English an Egyptian, the demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative adjectives. Note that, when using demonstrative adjectives in Egyptian, the noun retains its il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬prefix. demonstrative English PRO version pronoun how much is this pronoun how much is this book Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian bikaem dah ‫ﺑـِﻜﺎ َم د َه‬ bikaem ilkitaeb dah ‫ﺑـِﻜﺎ َم ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب د َه‬ pdfcrowd.com ‫ﺑـِﻜﺎ َم ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب د َه‬ Indefinite pronouns These are words like anybody, something etc. In Egyptian, these are made up of two words, but they are used in exactly the same way as in English. English somebody anybody nobody something anything nothing somewhere PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian hadd ‫ﺣَـ ّﺪ‬ 'ay hadd ‫أي ﺣَـ ّﺪ‬ wala hadd ‫و َﻻ َ ﺣَـ ّﺪ‬ haega ‫ﺣﺎ َﺟـَﺔ‬ 'ay haega ‫أي ﺣﺎ َﺟـَﺔ‬ wala haega ‫و َﻻ َ ﺣﺎ َﺟـَﺔ‬ makaen ‫ﻣـَﻜﺎ َن‬ pdfcrowd.com anywhere nowhere 'ay makaen ‫أي ﻣـَﻜﺎ َن‬ wala makaen ‫و َﻻ َ ﻣـَﻜﺎ َن‬ Relative pronoun The relative pronoun illy ‫ ا ِﻟّﻲ‬is used to represent that, who and which the left turn that is coming (ie the next left) iil-yimyn iilly gayy the man who lives here iil-raagil iilly saakin hinaa Adjectives Adjectives can be used in two ways: to describe something, or to specify which one of several you are talking about. English describe a cherry is red describe the ball is red PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian kiryza hamra ‫ﻛـِﺮﯾﺰ َة ﺣـَﻤﺮَا‬ ilkura hamra ‫ا ِﻟﻜﻮر َة ﺣـَﻤﺮَا‬ pdfcrowd.com describe I want a red ball specify I want the red ball describe the book is big describe I have read a big book Aaeyiz kura hamra ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﻛﻮر َة ﺣـَﻤﺮَا‬ Aaeyiz ilkura ilhamra ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ا ِﻟﻜﻮر َة ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺮ َة‬ ilkitaeb kibyr ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ‬ 'araa't kitaeb kibyr ‫ﻗـَﺮا َءت ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ‬ 'araa't ilkitaeb ilkibyr specify I have read the big book describe the man is blind describe a blind man is outside specify the blind man is outside ‫ﻗـَﺮا َءت ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا‬ ‫ِلكـِبير‬ irraagil 'aAma ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ أﻋﻤﻰ‬ raagil 'aAma barra ‫را َﺟـِﻞ أﻋﻤﻰ ﺑَـﺮﱠا‬ irraagil il'aAma barra ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ ا ِﻷﻋﻤﻰ ﺑَـﺮﱠا‬ In English, when you use an adjective to specify which one of several you are talking about, you put the word the in front of the adjective. It is almost the same in Egyptian, but you put il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬before both the adjective and the noun: the il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬before the adjective is the one that means that the PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com adjective is specifying which one you mean. Note that adding il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬to a word affects the pronunciation if it begins with a sun letter. Masculine, feminine, plural In english, there is only one form of an adjective, but in Egyptian, most adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun that they relate to. Here are some examples: English Egyptian irraagil shaatir the man is clever ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ ﺷﺎ َﻃـِﺮ‬ issitt shaatrah the woman is clever ‫ﺖ ﺷﺎ َﻃﺮ َه‬ ّ ‫ا ِﻟﺴِـ‬ il'atfael shaatiryn the children are clever ‫ا ِﻷﻃﻔﺎ َل ﺷﺎ‬ ‫َطـِرين‬ The following table shows some typical feminine and plural forms: English Egyptian masculine feminine -ah PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API plural -yn pdfcrowd.com ‫ــَه‬ big good red easy nice free brown kibyr kibyrah ‫ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ‬ kuwayis ‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺲ‬ 'ahmar ‫أﺣﻤـَﺮ‬ sahl latyf faady ‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺴـَﻪ‬ hamrah bunny humr ‫ﺣـُﻤﺮ‬ sahlyn ‫ﺳـَﻬﻠـَﻪ‬ ‫ﺳـَﻬﻠﯿﻦ‬ lutaaf ‫ﻟـَﻄﯿﻔـَﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ َﺿﯿـَﻪ‬ bunny ‫ﺑُـﻨّﻲ‬ ‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺣـَﻤﺮ َه‬ faadyah ‫ﻓﺎ َﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻛـُﺒﺎ َر‬ kuwayisah kuwayisyn latyfah ‫ﻟـَﻄﯿﻒ‬ kubaar ‫ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ َه‬ sahlah ‫ﺳـَﻬﻞ‬ ‫ـﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟـُﻄﺎ َف‬ faadyyin ‫ﻓﺎ َﺿﯿﯿـِﻦ‬ bunny ‫ﺑُـﻨّﻲ‬ ‫ﺑُـﻨّﻲ‬ The feminine form of most adjectives is made by adding the suffix -ah ‫ــَه‬, and the plural is formed by adding the suffix -yn ‫ـﯿﻦ‬. Note that adding a suffix may affect the pronunciation. We will look at some of the common exceptions later. Note that some words, for example brown bunny ‫ ﺑُـﻨّﻲ‬are invariable- you use the same form for masculine, feminine and plural. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Countries A country name is usually converted to an adjective by adding -y ‫ـﻲ‬. This can be used to refer to a person, a language or something from a country. English Country m f pl -y -iya iyyin ‫ـﻲ‬ Egypt Greece Italy Sweden the North Europe PRO version masr masry ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮ‬ ilyunaen 'iytalya yunany 'iytaly siwydy ishshimael shimaly 'uurubba ‫أ ُور ُﺑﱠﺎ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫إﯾﻄﺎ َﻟﯿـَﺔ‬ siwydya ‫ﺳـِﻮﯾﺪي‬ ‫ا ِﻟﺸـِﻤﺎ َل‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧﺎ َﻧـِﯿـَﺔ‬ 'iytalya ‫إﯾﻄﺎ َﻟﻲ‬ ‫ا ِﻟﺴـِﻮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮ ِﯾـَﺔ‬ ِ‫ﯾﯿِـﻦ‬ masriyyin ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮ ِﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ yunaeniya yunaeniyyin ‫ﯾﻮﻧﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ ‫إﯾﻄﺎ َﻟﯿَﺎ‬ issiwyd masriya ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮي‬ ‫ا ِﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎ َن‬ ‫ــِيـَة‬ ‫ﺳـِﻮﯾﺪﯾـَﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧﺎ َﻧـِﯿﯿـِﻦ‬ 'iytalyyin ‫إﯾﻄﺎ َﻟﯿﯿـِﻦ‬ siwydyyin ‫ﺳـِﻮﯾﺪﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ shimaeliya shimaeliyyin ‫ﺷـِﻤﺎ َﻟﻲ‬ 'uurubby ‫ﺷـِﻤﺎ َﻟـِﯿـَﺔ‬ 'uurubbiya ‫أ ُوروﺑّﻲ‬ ‫أ ُوروﺑﱢـﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﺷـِﻤﺎ َﻟـِﯿﯿـِﻦ‬ 'uurubbiyyin ‫أ ُور‬ ‫بـِييـِن‬ ّ ُ pdfcrowd.com Irregular ones... India America ilhind hindy hindya ‫ا ِﻟﻬـِﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫـِﻨﺪي‬ 'amryka ‫أﻣﺮﯾﻜَﺎ‬ hunud ‫ﻫـِﻨﺪﯾـَﺔ‬ amrikiya 'amryky ‫(أﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ‬people) 'amrikany ‫( أﻣﺮ ِﻛﺎ َﻧﻲ‬things) ‫ا َﻣﺮ ِﻛـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـُﻨﻮد‬ amrykaen ‫ا َﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ َن‬ For some countries eg England, the adjective is made from the collective noun. Here are some examples: English Country m f -y -iya ‫ـﻲ‬ England Arabia Russia Germany PRO version 'ingiltira collective noun ‫ــِيـَة‬ 'ingilyzy 'ingilyziyah 'ingilyz ‫إﻧﺠـِﻠﯿﺰ ِﯾـَﻪ إﻧﺠـِﻠﯿﺰي إﻧﺠـِﻠﺘـِﺮَا‬ Aaraby Aaraby ‫ﻋـَﺮ َﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋـَﺮ َﺑﻲ‬ rusya ‫روﺳﯿَﺎ‬ rusy ‫روﺳﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﺠـِﻠﯿﺰ‬ Aarabiyah Aarab ‫ﻋـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﻪ‬ rusyah ‫ﻋـَﺮ َب‬ rus ‫روﺳﯿـَﻪ‬ ‫روس‬ 'almanya 'almany 'almanyah 'almaen ‫أﻟﻤﺎ َﻧﯿَﺎ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫أﻟﻤﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ ‫أﻟﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﻪ‬ ‫أﻟﻤﺎ َن‬ pdfcrowd.com Spain 'asbanya 'asbany 'asbanyah 'asbaen ‫أﺳﺒﺎ َﻧﯿَﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎ َﻧﯿـَﻪ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎ َن‬ For countries ending in two consonants and alif, the ending is -awy ‫ـﺎ َوي‬. English Country m -awy ‫ـﺎ َوي‬ Austria France innimsa ‫ا ِﻟﻨـِﻤﺴَﺎ‬ faransa ‫ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴَﺎ‬ nimsaewy ‫ﻧـِﻤﺴﺎ َوي‬ f pl -awiya -awiyyin ‫ـﺎ َو ِﯾـَﺔ‬ ‫ـﺎ َو ِﯾﯿﺎ ِن‬ nimsawiyyah nimsawiyyin ‫ﻧـِﻤﺴـَﻮ ِﯾﯿـَﻪ‬ ‫ﻧـِﻤﺴـَﻮ ِﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ faransaewy faransawiyah faransawiyyin ‫ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴﺎ َوي‬ ‫ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴـَﻮ ِﯾـَﻪ‬ ‫ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴـَﻮ ِﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ One common usage of the country adjective is to talk about a person from that country. Here are some examples: English an Egyptian man an Egyptian woman PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian waehid masry ‫وا َﺣـِﺪ ﻣـَﺼﺮي‬ wahda masrya ‫وا َﺣﺪ َة ﻣـَﺼﺮﯾـَﺔ‬ waehid 'ingilizy pdfcrowd.com waehid 'ingilizy an englishman ‫وا َﺣـِﺪ إﻧﺠـِﻠـِﺰي‬ an englishwoman a frenchman a frenchwoman wahda 'ingilyzya ‫وا َﺣﺪ َة إﻧﺠـِﻠﯿﺰﯾـَﺔ‬ waehid faransawy ‫وا َﺣـِﺪ ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴـَﻮي‬ wahda faransawiya ‫وا َﺣﺪ َة ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴـَﻮ ِﯾـَﺔ‬ The feminine and plural are used only for people. For inanimate objects, the masculine form only is used. Here are some examples: English a greek boat French cheese Egyptian markib yunany ‫ﻣـَﺮﻛـِﺐ ﯾﻮﻧﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ gibna faransaewy ‫ﺟـِﺒﻨـَﺔ ﻓـَﺮ َﻧﺴﺎ َوي‬ ilAarabiyaet 'amrikany american cars ‫ا ِﻟﻌـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿﺎ َت أﻣﺮ ِﻛﺎ‬ ‫َني‬ Colours PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The main colours follow a pattern. Here are some examples: English m f pl C=consonant aCCaC CaCCah CuCC white black yellow blue green red 'abyad ‫أﺑﯿـَﺾ‬ 'iswid ‫إﺳﻮ ِد‬ 'asfar ‫أﺻﻔـَﺮ‬ 'azra' ‫أزر َق‬ biyda ‫ﺑـِﯿﻀَﺎ‬ suda ‫ﺳﻮدَا‬ safra 'ahmar ‫أﺣﻤـَﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـِﯿﺾ‬ suwd ‫ﺳـُﻮد‬ sufr ‫ﺻـُﻔﺮ ﺻـَﻔﺮَا‬ zar'ah ‫ز َرﻗـَﻪ‬ 'achdar chadra ‫أﺧﻀـَﺮ‬ biyd zur' ‫ز ُرق‬ chudr ‫ﺧـُﻀﺮ ﺧـَﻀﺮَا‬ hamra ‫ﺣـَﻤﺮَا‬ humr ‫ﺣـُﻤﺮ‬ Colours derived from a material or thing just have a -y ‫ ـﻲ‬added. They are invariable: the feminine and plural form is the same as the masculine form. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English m/f/pl brown coffee bunny golden silver copper light grey ‫ذ َﻫـَﺒﻲ‬ faddy ‫ﻓَـﻀّﻲ‬ nahasy ‫ﻧـَﺤﺎ َﺳﻲ‬ rumady ‫ر ُﻣﺎ َدي‬ rusaasy dark green olive zyty pale blue Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API zahaby dark grey lead dark blue PRO version ‫ﺑُـﻨّﻲ‬ ‫ر ُﺻﺎ َﺻﻲ‬ ‫زﯾﺘﻲ‬ kuhly ‫ﻛـُﺤﻠﻲ‬ labany ‫ﻟـَﺒـَﻨﻲ‬ nibyty pdfcrowd.com nibyty dark red wine ‫ﻧـِﺒﯿﺘﻲ‬ kastanae'yy chestnut ‫ﻛـَﺴﺘـَﻨﺎ َﺋﻲ‬ light brown honey Aasaly purple violet banafsigy ‫ﻋـَﺴـَﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـَﻨـَﻔﺴـِﺠﻲ‬ burtu'aly orange ‫ﺑـُﺮﺗـُﻘﺎ َﻟﻲ‬ deep purple bitangany aubergine ‫ﺑـِﺘـَﻨﺠﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ Personal attributes Personal attributes or disabilities follow the same pattern as the basic colours: English m f pl C=consonant aCCaC CaCCah CuCC foolish PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'ahbal ‫أﻫﺒـَﻞ‬ habla ‫ﻫـَﺒﻠـَﺔ‬ hubl ‫ﻫـُﺒﻞ‬ pdfcrowd.com squinting bald bald ‫أﺣﻮ َل‬ 'a'raA ‫أﻗﺮ َع‬ 'aslaA ‫أﺻﻠـَﻊ‬ fair skin blonde 'ash'ar dark skin brunette 'asmar frizzy haired left handed right handed lame blind PRO version 'ahwal Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫أﺷﻘـَﺮ‬ ‫أﺳﻤـَﺮ‬ 'akrat ‫أﻛﺮ َت‬ hulaa' ‫ﺣﻮﻻ َء‬ 'arAa ‫ﻗـَﺮﻋـَﺔ‬ salAaa' ‫ﺻـَﻠﻌﺎ َء‬ sha'ara ‫ﺷـَﻘـَﺮ َة‬ samra ‫ﺳـَﻤﺮ َة‬ karta ‫ﺷﻮﻟـَﺔ‬ 'ayman yimna ‫أﯾﻤـَﻦ‬ 'aArag ‫أﻋﺮ َج‬ 'aAma ‫أﻋﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺣـُﻮل‬ 'urA ‫ﻗـُﺮع‬ sulA ‫ﺻـُﻠﻊ‬ shu'r ‫ﺷـُﻘﺮ‬ sumr ‫ﺳـُﻤﺮ‬ kurt ‫ﻛـُﺮت ﻛـَﺮﺗـَﺔ‬ 'ashwal shula ‫أﺷﻮ َل‬ huwl ‫ﯾـِﻤﻨـَﺔ‬ Aarga shul ‫ﺷﻮل‬ yumn ‫ﯾـُﻤﻦ‬ Aurg ‫ﻋـُﺮج ﻋـَﺮﺟـَﺔ‬ Aamya ‫ﻋـَﻤﯿـَﺔ‬ Aumy ‫ﻋـُﻤﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com 'atrash turshaa' tursh deaf ‫ﻃـُﺮش ﻃـُﺮﺷﺎ َء أﻃﺮ َش‬ 'asam deaf samaa' ‫أﺻـَﻢ‬ ‫ﺻـَﻤﺎ َء‬ 'achras charsa mute ‫أﺧﺮ َس‬ summ ‫ﺻُـ ّﻢ‬ churs ‫ﺧـُﺮس ﺧـَﺮﺳـَﺔ‬ Slightly, Very... Extremely... The following adverbs can be placed after the adjective: English slightly moderately very extremely Egyptian shwaya ‫ﺷﻮ َﯾـَﺔ‬ bi'iAtidael ‫ﺑـِﺈﻋﺘـِﺪا َل‬ 'awy ‫ﻗـَﻮي‬ chaalis ‫ﺧﺎ َﻟـِﺺ‬ giddaen PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com giddaen ‫ا‬‫ﺟِـﺪ‬ Aail'achir ‫ﻋـَﺎ ِﻷﺧـِﺮ‬ too 'awy ‫ﻗـَﻮي‬ Here are some examples: English the car is slightly damaged Egyptian ilAarabiya 'itdarrarit shwaya ‫ا ِﻟﻌـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﺔ إﺗﻀَـ ّﺮ َر ِت ﺷﻮ َﯾـَﺔ‬ issigaeda kaenit Galya 'awy the carpet was very expensive he is extremely rich this house is too big ‫ا ِﻟﺴـِﺠﺎ َد َة ﻛﺎ َﻧـِﺖ ﻏﺎ َﻟﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻗـَﻮي‬ huwwa Gany giddaen ‫ا‬‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻏـَﻨﻲ ﺟِـﺪ‬ ilbiyt dih kibyr 'awy ‫ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ د ِه ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ ﻗـَﻮي‬ You may have noticed that the word qawy has two meanings: very and too. This sometimes causes confusion when Egyptians speak english: they say, for example, too much when they PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com mean very much. Comparatives In english we take an adjective like big and add suffixes -er to make comparative bigger and -est to make the superlative biggest. In Egyptian there is one word, a comparative, that is used for both. The context indicates the meaning. We can compare two things using min ‫ﻣـِﻦ‬: English Ahmad is taller than me he is more stupid than I thought Egyptian 'ahmad 'atwal minny ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ أﻃﻮ َل ﻣِـﻨّﻲ‬ huwwa 'aGba min makunt faekir ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ أﻏﺒﻰ ﻣـِﻦ ﻣـَﻜـُﻨﺖ ﻓﺎ َﻛـِﺮ‬ We can also make comparison without specifying the second thing like this: English Ahmad is a lot taller the weather will be a little better tomorrow PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian 'ahmad 'atwal bikityr ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ أﻃﻮ َل ﺑـِﻜـِﺘﯿﺮ‬ ilgaww haykun 'ahsan shuwaya bukra ‫ا ِﻟﺠَـ ّﻮ ﺣـَﯿﻜﻮن أﺣﺴـَﻦ ﺷـُﻮ َﯾـَﺔ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َة‬ pdfcrowd.com For the superlative (best, biggest) the comparative is used immediately before a noun: English mohammed is the tallest student he is the youngest boy Egyptian muhammad 'atwal taalib ‫ﻣـُﺤَـﻤﱠـﺪ أﻃﻮ َل ﻃﺎ َﻟـِﺐ‬ huwwa 'asGar walad ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ أﺻﻐـَﺮ و َﻟـَﺪ‬ ittaalib il'atwal tuluh mitr 1 wa 90 santy the tallest student is 1m90 the most expensive drink is 20 pounds this is the prettiest dress in the shop it was the best day in my life ٩٠ َ ‫ و‬١ ‫ا ِﻟﻄﺎ َﻟـِﺐ ا ِﻷﻃﻮ َل ﻃﻮﻟﻮه ﻣـِﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳـَﻨﺘﻲ‬ ilmashrub il'aGla 20 ginyh ‫ ﺟـِﻨﯿﻪ‬٢٠ ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﺸﺮوب ا ِﻷﻏﻠﻰ‬ dih 'ahla fustaen fy ilmahal ‫د ِه أﺣﻠﻰ ﻓـُﺴﺘﺎ َن ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﻤـَﺤـَﻞ‬ kaen 'ahsan yum fy hayaty ‫ﻛﺎ َن أﺣﺴـَﻦ ﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ ﺣـَﯿﺎ َﺗﻲ‬ Making comparatives As you may have noticed from the previous examples, the comparative is often derived from the adjective as follows: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English big easy tall classy adjective comparative kibyr 'akbar ‫ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ‬ sahl ‫أﻛﺒـَﺮ‬ 'ashal ‫ﺳـَﻬﻞ‬ tawyl ‫أﺳﻬـَﻞ‬ 'atwal ‫ﻃـَﻮﯾﻞ‬ raqy ‫أﻃﻮ َل‬ 'arqa ‫را َﻗﻲ‬ ‫أرﻗﻰ‬ exceptions good kuwayyis 'ahsan ‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾﯿـِﺲ‬ ‫أﺣﺴـَﻦ‬ For adjectives with two consonants and ending in -y ‫ ـﻲ‬or -w ‫ـﻮ‬, the final letter changes to alif-layena -a ‫ـﻰ‬. English pretty expensive PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API adjective comparative hilw 'ahla ‫ﺣـِﻠﻮ‬ Galy ‫أﺣﻠﻰ‬ 'aGla pdfcrowd.com expensive loud/high rich healthy stupid clever ‫ﻏﺎ َﻟﻲ‬ Aaly ‫أﻏﻠﻰ‬ 'aAla ‫ﻋﺎ َﻟﻲ‬ Gany ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ 'aGna ‫ﻏـَﻨﻲ‬ sahy ‫ﺻـَﺤﻲ‬ Gaby ‫أﻏﻨﻰ‬ no comp 'aGba ‫ﻏـَﺒﻲ‬ zaky ‫أﻏﺒﻰ‬ 'azka ‫ذ َﻛﻲ‬ ‫أذﻛﻰ‬ For adjectives with three consonants where the last two consonants are the same, the middle vowel is replaced with a fatha -a ‫َـ‬. English serious new PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API adjective comparative gadd ‫ﺟَـ ّﺪ‬ gidyd ‫ﺟـِﺪﯾﺪ‬ no comp 'agdad ‫أﺟﺪ َد‬ pdfcrowd.com important numerous lucky popular light delicious few muhimm 'ahamm ‫ﻣـُﻬِـ ّﻢ‬ Aadyd ‫ﻋـَﺪﯾﺪ‬ mahzuz ‫ﻣـَﺤﻈﻮظ‬ mahbub ‫أﻫَـ ّﻢ‬ no comp no comp 'ahabb ‫ﻣـَﺤﺒﻮب‬ chafyf ‫ﺐ‬ ّ ‫أﺣَـ‬ 'achaff ‫ﺧـَﻔﯿﻒ‬ lazyz ‫ﻒ‬ ّ ‫أﺧَـ‬ 'alazz ‫ﻟـَﺬﯾﺬ‬ 'alayil ‫ﻗـَﻠـَﯿـِﻞ‬ ‫أﻟَـ ّﺬ‬ 'a'ael ‫أﻗﺎ َل‬ In English, it is not possible to make a comparative in the usual way from some adjectives, for example interesting: instead, we say more interesting. The same is true in Egyptian: the words 'aktar ‫ أﻛﺘـَﺮ‬- more and 'a'ael ‫ أﻗﺎ َل‬- less are used with the adjective. Here are examples of adjectives that are handled this way Group PRO version English Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian pdfcrowd.com participles beginning with m‫ﻣـ‬ the contract is more acceptable like this participles beginning with ta‫ﺗَـ‬ I am less traditional than you adjectives he gets more selfish every day beginning with 'a- ‫أـ‬ adjectives ending with -an ‫ـًﺎ‬ Sarah is more tired than Ahmed ilAa'd ma'bul 'aktar kidah ‫ا ِﻟﻌـَﻘﺪ ﻣـَﻘﺒﻮل أﻛﺘـَﺮ ﻛـِﺪ َه‬ 'ana ta'lidy 'a'ael minnak ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺗـَﻘﻠـِﺪي أﻗﺎ َل ﻣِـﻨﱠـﻚ‬ huwwa biyib'a 'anany 'aktar kul yum ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﯿـِﺒﻘﺎ َ أﻧﺎ َﻧﻲ أﻛﺘـَﺮ ﻛـُﻞ ﯾﻮم‬ saara taAbaena 'aktar min 'ahmad ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َﻧـَﺔ أﻛﺘـَﺮ ﻣـِﻦ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ Verbs A verb tells you what is happening- for example, reading, walking etc. In Egyptian, the general meaning of a word is defined by the consonants, and several related words may contain this set of letters. For example, the letters ktb are used to make the words write, type, book, writer, written, writing, office and desk. The exact meaning is affected by the vowels, prefixes and suffixes (extra bits at the beginning and the end). Here are some of the ways the exact meaning can change for verbs: tense - when something happens (past, present, future) case - who is doing it (I, you, he, etc) mode - must, could etc PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com pronouns - who is doing it, who is having it done to them negation - say something is NOT happening The examples that follow use the verb katab ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺐ‬, which means write: about 30% of verbs follow this pattern, and there are probably about three or four other patterns. The web site www.lisaanmasry.com and the windows and Android apps that you can download from the web site all provides full details for the majority of verbs. Pronouns There are three main types of pronouns that can be used with verbs: subject - I, we, you, he, she, it, they object - me, us, you, him, her, it, them indirect object - to me, to us, to you, to him, to her, to it, to them In Egyptian, the subject pronoun is a separate word before the verb: the object and indirect object pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. Here are a some examples: Pronoun English Subject I know Ahmed Subject, object I know him PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic 'ana Aaarif 'ahmad ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ 'ana Aaarifuh ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـُﻪ‬ pdfcrowd.com Object Ahmed saw her yesterday Object Sarah knows him 'ahmad shaefha 'imbaarih ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺷﺎ َﻓﻬﺎ َ إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ saara Aaarifah ‫ﺳﺎ َر َة ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﻪ‬ iddyhwly Object, Indirect give it to me! ‫ا ِدّﯾﻬﻮﻟﻲ‬ Subject pronoun The subject pronoun appears before the verb or participle. English Arabic I we you(m) you(f) you(pl) PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'ana ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu pdfcrowd.com you(pl) he/it(m) she/it(f) they ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻢ‬ Object pronoun You can attach an object pronoun (for example me or him) to the end of an imperative, verb or participle. See pronouns for more information. Ahmed envies me aacHmad biyiHsad-ny English me us PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Suffix -ny ‫ـﻨﻲ‬ -na ‫ـﻨَﺎ‬ pdfcrowd.com -ak you(m) ‫ــَك‬ -ik you(f) ‫ــِك‬ -kum you(pl) ‫ـﻜـُﻢ‬ him/it(m) her/it(f) them -uh ‫ــُه‬ -ha ‫ـﻬَﺎ‬ -hum ‫ـﻬـُﻢ‬ If there is an -i- ‫ ـِـ‬before the last consonant and the suffix starts with a vowel, the -i- ‫ ـِـ‬is dropped. If the verb requires a preposition (to, from etc) the object goes on the preposition. Here are some examples: English show me! PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian warryny ‫و َرّﯾﻨﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com nobody helped us mahaddish saeAidna ‫ﻣـَﺤَـ ّﺪ ِش ﺳﺎ َﻋـِﺪﻧَﺎ‬ 'ana shuftak I saw you(m) ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺷـُﻔﺘـَﻚ‬ 'ana bahibbik I love you(f) ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺑـَﺤِـﺒﱢـﻚ‬ 'ana Aaarifuh I know him ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـُﻪ‬ 'ana 'ultilhum I told them ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻗـُﻠﺘـِﻠﻬـُﻢ‬ Indirect object Some verbs require two objects- for example: give it(f) to me iiddy-haa-ly It is the direct object and to me is the indirect object. The indirect object suffixes are as follows: English PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Suffix pdfcrowd.com to me to us to you(m) to you(f) to you(pl) to him/it(m) to her/it(f) to them -ly ‫ـﻠﻲ‬ -lina ‫ـﻠـِﻨَﺎ‬ -lak ‫ـﻠـَﻚ‬ -lik ‫ـﻠـِﻚ‬ -luku ‫ﻚ‬ ُ ‫ـﻠُـ‬ -lu ‫ﻞ‬ ُ‫ـ‬ -laha ‫ـﻠـَﻬَﺎ‬ -luhum ‫ـﻠـُﻬـُﻢ‬ Tenses In both english and Egyptian, a verb has different tenses to indicate when something happens- in the past, now or in the future. The usage of each tense will be explained in more details later. Here PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com are some examples using katab ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺐ‬: Form perfect simple imperfect bi-imperfect ha-imperfect active participle passive participle imperative verbal noun PRO version Example Meaning katab ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺐ‬ yiktib ‫ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ biyiktib ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hayiktib ‫ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ kaetab ‫ﻛﺎ َﺗـَﺐ‬ maktub ‫ﻣـَﻜﺘﻮب‬ iktib ‫ا ِﻛﺘـِﺐ‬ kitaeba ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َﺑـَﺔ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API No of cases he wrote 8 (i/we/you, etc) used with modals - eg he must write and kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬- he used to write 8 (i/we/you, etc) he is writing he writes 8 (i/we/you, etc) he knows how to write used with kaen ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ he will write used with kaen ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ 8 (i/we/you, etc) (he is) writing 3 (m/f/pl) (it is) written 3 (m/f/pl) write! 3 (m/f/pl) (the box is covered with) writing 2 (s/pl) pdfcrowd.com place maktab ‫ﻣـَﻜﺘـَﺐ‬ writing place (desk or office) 2 (s/pl) Case The two main tenses of a verb are the perfect and the simple imperfect: the bi-and ha- imperfect just have prefixes added to the simple imperfect. The usage of these tenses will be explained in more detail the section on time. Here is the he case of each tense: Tense English perfect he wrote simple imperfect he must write bi-imperfect he writes ha-imperfect he will write Egyptian huwwa katab ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻛـَﺘـَﺐ‬ huwwa laezim yiktib ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻻ َز ِم ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ huwwa biyiktib ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ huwwa hayiktib ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ There are eight possible cases for each tense, corresponding to the eight pronoun forms (I/we/you/he, etc). Remember that the three imperfect forms are very similar. Perfect PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Perfect Here is an example of the perfect, which is used for things that occurred in the past. Perfect English I wrote we wrote you(m) wrote you(f) wrote you(pl) wrote he/it(m) wrote she/it(f) wrote they wrote PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Pronoun Verb 'ana katabt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒﺖ‬ katabna ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒﻨَﺎ‬ katabt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒﺖ‬ katabty ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒﺘﻲ‬ katabtu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒﺘﻮا‬ katab ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺐ‬ katabit ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒـِﺖ‬ katabu pdfcrowd.com they wrote ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺒﻮا‬ Simple imperfect The imperfect has no meaning on its own: it is used in four ways: with kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬for things that happened in the past with modals like must, could, should etc. with bi-prefix for things happening now with ha-prefix for things that will happen Here is an example with laazim, which means must. Simple Imperfect English I must write we must write you(m) must write you(f) must write PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Pronoun modal Verb 'ana laezim 'aktib ‫ﻻ َز ِم أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna laezim niktib ‫ﻻ َز ِم إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﻧـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ laezim tiktib ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻻ َز ِم إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫أﻛﺘـِﺐ‬ ‫ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ laezim tiktiby ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻲ ﻻ َز ِم إﻧ‬ pdfcrowd.com you(pl)must write he/it(m)must write she/it(f)must write they must write 'intu laezim tiktibu ‫ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا ﻻ َز ِم إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa laezim yiktib ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ laezim tiktib ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ laezim yiktibu ‫ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا ﻻ َز ِم ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ The english word must is a proper modal, it is the same for all cases. The Egyptian word laezim ‫ ﻻ َز ِم‬is a proper modal. Later on, you will learn how to use participles and verbs as modals, and you will see how they will change to match the case. bi-imperfect For the majority of verbs, the bi-imperfect is used to describe things happening now, and for habitual actions. See active participles for the exceptions It is the same as the simple imperfect, with a bi- ‫ ﺑِـ‬in front. Note that there are some small changes to the beginning of the imperfect when the prefix is added. bi-imperfect English PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Pronoun verb pdfcrowd.com I write we write you(m) write you(f) write you(pl) write he/it(m) writes she/it(f) writes they write 'ana baktib ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna ‫ﺑـَﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ biniktib ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﺑـِﻨـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ bitiktib ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ bitiktiby ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻲ‬ bitiktibu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ biyiktib ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ bitiktib ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ biyiktibu ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ ha-imperfect The ha-imperfect is used for things that will happen at some time in the future. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com It is the same as the simple imperfect, with ha- ‫ ﻫَـ‬in front. Note that there are some small changes to the beginning of the imperfect when the prefix is added. ha-imperfect English I will write we will write you(m) will write you(f) will write you(pl) will write he/it(m) will write she/it(f) will write Pronoun Verb 'ana haktib ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna haniktib ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﻫـَﻨـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hatiktib ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﻫـَﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hatiktiby ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu ‫ﻫـَﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻲ‬ hatiktibu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻫـَﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ hayiktib ‫ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hatiktib ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma PRO version ‫ﻫـَﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ ‫ﻫـَﺘـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hayiktibu pdfcrowd.com they will write humma ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ hayiktibu ‫ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ is/was/will be As mentioned earlier, there is no word for is in Egyptian. There are, however, words for was - kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬and will be - haykun ‫ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬. kaan kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬can be used on its own to talk about some situation in the past, or it can be used with the imperfect and bi-imperfect to move the meaning of the verb into the past, and with the ha-imperfect to indicate something that almost or nearly happened. kaan English I was we were you(m) were you(f) were PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Pronoun Verb ana kunt ‫ا َﻧَﺎ‬ ihna kunna ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﻛُـﻨﱠﺎ‬ kunt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ‬ kunty pdfcrowd.com you(f) were you(pl) were he/it(m) was she/it(f) was they were ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu ‫ﻛـُﻨﺘﻲ‬ kuntu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwa ‫ﻛـُﻨﺘﻮا‬ kaen ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ kaenit ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻛﺎ َﻧـِﺖ ﻫِـ‬ humma kanu ‫ﻛﺎ َﻧﻮا ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ Here are some examples: English he was here I was too tired Egyptian kaen hina ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ kunt taAbaen 'awy ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن ﻗـَﻮي‬ ilhafla kaenit kuwayisa the party was good PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ا ِﻟﺤـَﻔﻠـَﺔ ﻛﺎ َﻧـِﺖ ﻛـُﻮ‬ ‫َيـِسـَة‬ pdfcrowd.com preposition there was water, but it's finished preposition we had a house bi-imperfect he was smoking a cigarette bi-imperfect he used to smoke cigarettes kaen fy mayaeh wa chilsit ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻓﻲ ﻣـَﯿﺎ َه و َ ﺧـِﻠﺼـِﺖ‬ kaen Aandina biyt ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻋـَﻨﺪ ِﻧﺎ َ ﺑـِﯿﺖ‬ kaen biyishrab sygaara ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﺑـِﯿـِﺸﺮ َب ﺳﯿﺠﺎ َر َة‬ kaen biyishrab sigaeyar ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﺑـِﯿـِﺸﺮ َب ﺳـِﺠﺎ َﯾـَﺮ‬ kunt hadusuh ha-imperfect I almost ran him over ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ ﻫـَﺪوﺳـُﻪ‬ Note that, for prepositional sentences, kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬does not change with the subject of the sentence it is always kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬- it was. haykwn haykun ‫ ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬simply means will be. Here are some examples: haykwn English I will be PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Pronoun verb ana hakun ‫ا َﻧَﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـَﻜﻮن‬ pdfcrowd.com we will be you(m) will be you(f) will be you(pl) will be he/it(m) will be she/it will be(f) they will be ihna hankun ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﻫـَﻨﻜﻮن‬ hatkun ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮن‬ hatkuny ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬ hatkunu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwa ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮﻧﻮا‬ haykun ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬ hatkun ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮن‬ haykunu ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮﻧﻮا‬ Here are some examples: English the party will be good PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian ilhafla hatkun kuwayisa ‫ا ِﻟﺤـَﻔﻠـَﺔ ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮن ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺴـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com there will be a lot of wind tomorrow I will be free at five haykun fy hawaa' kityr bukra ‫ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻫـَﻮا َء ﻛـِﺘﯿﺮ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َة‬ 'ana hakun faady issaeAa chamsa ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻫـَﻜﻮن ﻓﺎ َﺿﻲ ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ Note that, for prepositional sentences, haykun ‫ ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬does not change with the subject of the sentence - it is always haykun ‫ ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬- it will be. Time Here is a summary of ways to express when something happens: Construction perfect kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬+ imperfect kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬+ bi-imperfect bi-imperfect PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Example katab ‫ﻛـَﺘـَﺐ‬ Meaning he wrote kaen yiktib ‫ ﻛﺎ َن ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬he was writing kaen biyiktib he used to write ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ biyiktib ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ he is writing he writes he can write pdfcrowd.com ha-imperfect hayiktib ‫ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ kaen hayiktib kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬+ ha-imperfect ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻫـَﯿـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ kaen haymut ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻫـَﯿﻤﻮت‬ raayih ‫ را َﯾـِﺢ‬+ imperfect hayruh ‫ ﺣـَﯿﺮوح‬+ imperfect he will write he intended to write he almost died raayih yiktib ‫را َﯾـِﺢ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hayruh yiktib he is going to write ‫ﻫـَﯿﺮوح ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ Participles In both English and Egyptian, a participle is derived from a verb, but is used like an adjective. There are two types of participle- active and passive. As they are adjectives, in Egyptian, there are three forms- masculine, feminine and plural. Participle English Masculine Feminine Plural -a -yn ‫ــَة‬ Active PRO version wanting Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Aaeyiz ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ‬ Aaeyiza ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ َة‬ ‫ـﯿﻦ‬ Aaeyizyn ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰﯾﻦ‬ pdfcrowd.com Active knowing Active understanding Active boiling Active daydreaming Passive bound Passive blessed Passive born Passive understood Aaarif Aaarifa ‫ﻋﺎ َر ِف‬ faehim ‫ﻓﺎ َﻫـِﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﺔ‬ faehima ‫ﻓﺎ َﻫـِﻤـَﺔ‬ Galayaen Galayaen ‫ﻏـَﻠـَﯿﺎ َن‬ sarhaen ‫ﺳـَﺮﺣﺎ َن‬ mitgalid ‫ﻣـِﺘﺠـَﻠـِﺪ‬ ‫ﻏـَﻠـَﯿﺎ َن‬ sarhaena ‫ﺳـَﺮﺣﺎ َﻧـَﺔ‬ mitgalida ‫ﻣـِﺘﺠـَﻠـِﺪ َة‬ Aaarifyn ‫ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓﯿﻦ‬ faehimyn ‫ﻓﺎ َﻫـِﻤﯿﻦ‬ Galayaen ‫ﻏـَﻠـَﯿﺎ َن‬ sarhanyn ‫ﺳـَﺮﺣﺎ َﻧﯿﻦ‬ mitgalidyn ‫ﻣـِﺘﺠـَﻠـِﺪﯾﻦ‬ mubaarak mubaaraka mubaarakyn ‫ﻣـُﺒﺎ َر َك‬ mawlud ‫ﻣـَﻮﻟﻮد‬ mafhum ‫ﻣـَﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﻣـُﺒﺎ َر َﻛـَﺔ‬ mawluda ‫ﻣـَﻮﻟﻮد َة‬ mafhuma ‫ﻣـَﻔﻬﻮﻣـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـُﺒﺎ َر َﻛﯿﻦ‬ mawludyn ‫ﻣـَﻮﻟﻮدﯾﻦ‬ mafhumyn ‫ﻣـَﻔﻬﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬ Active Participles In English, we can describe something happening now by using the present tense or the active participle: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com present I look a single event or habitual action present I am looking a continuous action In Egyptian, for some verbs, the active participle is the normal way of expressing what somebody is doing right now. For other verbs, the bi-imperfect is used. Generally, participles are used for verbs that relate to a state or continuous actions, but there is no flexibility: you have to use a participle for a particular verb whether the action is continuous or not. The four groups of verbs where the participle is used are: movement: going, coming etc senses: seeing, hearing states of mind: knowing, understanding, angry states of body: sleeping English put travel know PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Verb Active Participle hatt haatyt ‫ﻂ‬ ّ ‫ﺣﺎ َﻃﯿﺖ ﺣَـ‬ saefir misaefir ‫ﺳﺎ َﻓـِﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـِﺴﺎ َﻓـِﺮ‬ Airif Aaarif ‫ﻋـِﺮ ِف‬ ‫ﻋﺎ َر ِف‬ pdfcrowd.com understand sleep angry fihim faehim ‫ﻓـِﻬـِﻢ‬ naem ‫ﻓﺎ َﻫـِﻢ‬ naeyim ‫ﻧﺎ َم‬ ziAil ‫ﻧﺎ َﯾـِﻢ‬ zaAlaen ‫ز ِﻋـِﻞ‬ ‫ز َﻋﻼ َن‬ Active participles are like adjectives, and have masculine, feminine and plural forms. Here are some examples showing how the participle agrees with the subject English I(m) know Ahmed I(f) know Ahmed we know Ahmed you(m) know Ahmed you(f) know Ahmed PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Verb 'ana Aaarif 'ahmad ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ 'ana Aaarifa 'ahmad ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﺔ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ ihna Aaarifyn 'ahmad ‫ا ِﺣﻨﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓﯿﻦ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ 'inta Aaarif 'ahmad ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ 'inti Aaarifa 'ahmad ‫إﻧﺖ ِ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﺔ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ pdfcrowd.com you(pl) know Ahmed he knows Ahmed she knows Ahmed they know Ahmed 'intu Aaarifyn 'ahmad ‫إﻧﺘﻮ ا ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓﯿﻦ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ huwwa Aaarif 'ahmad ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ hiya Aaarifa 'ahmad ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﺔ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ humma Aaarifyn 'ahmad ‫ﻫُـﻤّﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓﯿﻦ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ The participle is also used for an action that took place in the past but whose effect is still in force, for example reserving a room: Element perfect participle English tabacht ilAasha ‫ﻃـَﺒـَﺨﺖ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸَﺎ‬ 'ana taabach Aasha ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻃﺎ َﺑـَﺦ ﻋـَﺸَﺎ‬ Arabic I cooked dinner (a long time ago) I cooked dinner (it is reaady now) Passive Participles A passive participle describes something that has had something done to it. In English it often ends with -ed, and in Egyptian, it often begins with ma- ‫ﻣَـ‬. Passive participles are like adjectives, and PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com have masculine, feminine and plural forms. English the food is cooked the bowl is broken the floors are washed I was married smoked salami Arabic Verb il'akl matbuch tabach ‫ا ِﻷﻛﻞ ﻣـَﻄﺒﻮخ‬ issultaniya maksura ‫ا ِﻟﺴـُﻠﻄـَﻨـِﯿـَﺔ ﻣـَﻜﺴﻮر َة‬ il'ardiyaet maGsulyn ‫ا ِﻷرﺿـِﯿﺎ َت ﻣـَﻐﺴﻮﻟﯿﻦ‬ kunt mitgawwiz ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ ﻣـِﺘﺠَـ ّﻮ ِز‬ salamy mudachan ‫ﺳـَﻼ َﻣﻲ ﻣـُﺪ َﺧـَﻦ‬ ‫ﻃـَﺒـَﺦ‬ kasar ‫ﻛـَﺴـَﺮ‬ Gasal ‫ﻏـَﺴـَﻞ‬ 'itgawwiz ‫إﺗﺠَـ ّﻮ ِز‬ dachchan ‫د َﺧﱠـﻦ‬ modals: possibility, preference etc You can use a modal together with the simple imperfect to indicate whether something must, may, could happen. Most proper modals are invariable- there is no I/you/he form. Here are some examples: PRO version Modal Example laezim laezim yiktib Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Meaning pdfcrowd.com laezim laezim yiktib ‫ﻻ َز ِم‬ mumkin ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ mumkin yiktib ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ‬ mihtaeg ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ mihtaeg yiktib ‫ﻣـِﺤﺘﺎ َج‬ yimkin ‫ﻣـِﺤﺘﺎ َج ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ yimkin yiktib ‫ﯾـِﻤﻜـِﻦ‬ ilmafrud ‫ﯾـِﻤﻜـِﻦ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ ilmafrud yiktib ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﻔﺮوض‬ darury ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﻔﺮوض ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ darury yiktib ‫ﺿـَﺮوري‬ ‫ﺿـَﺮوري ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ he must write he could write he needs to write he might write he should> write it is essential that he should write Aalashaen ‫ ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن‬Aalashaen yiktib in order to write ‫ِﺐ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ِﻜﺘ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫َن‬ ‫َﺸﺎ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫َﻠ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ pronounced Aashaen ‫ﻋـَﺸﺎ َن‬ There are also some verbs or participles that can be used as modals. Here are some examples: Type PRO version Modal Example Aaewiz Aaewiz yiktib Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Meaning pdfcrowd.com participle participle noun verb verb verb verb verb verb Aaewiz Aaewiz yiktib ‫ﻋﺎ َو ِز‬ naewy ‫ﻋﺎ َو ِز ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ naewy yiktib ‫ﻧﺎ َوي‬ nifs ‫ﻧﺎ َوي ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ nifsuh yiktib ‫ﻧـِﻔﺲ‬ 'idir, yi'dar ‫ ﯾـِﻘﺪ َر‬،‫ﻗـِﺪ ِر‬ Airif, yiAraf ‫ﻧـِﻔﺴـُﻪ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ yi'dar yiktib ‫ﯾـِﻘﺪ َر ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ yiAraf yiktib ‫ ﯾـِﻌﺮ َف‬،‫ﯾـِﻌﺮ َف ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ ﻋـِﺮ ِف‬ habb, yihibb ‫ﺐ‬ ّ ‫ ﯾـِﺤِـ‬،ّ‫ﺣَـﺐ‬ lihi', yihla' ‫ ﯾـِﺤﻠـَﻖ‬،‫ﻟـِﺤـِﻖ‬ raah, yiruh ‫ ﯾـِﺮوح‬،‫را َح‬ nisy, yinsa ‫ ﯾـِﻨﺴﻰ‬،‫ﻧـِﺴﻲ‬ yihibb yiktib ‫ﺐ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﯾـِﺤِـ‬ lihi' yiktib ‫ﻟـِﺤـِﻖ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ raah yiktib ‫را َح ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ nisi yiktib ‫ﻧـِﺲ ِ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ he wants to write he intends to write he wishes he could write he is able to write he knows how to write he likes to write he managed to write he went to write he forgot to write Participles must agree with the gender and number, and verbs must be the appropriate case. True modals like laezim ‫ ﻻ َز ِم‬do not change. Here are some examples. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Type English modal I must write modal you(m) must write modal he must write modal they must write participle I want to write participle she wants to write participle they want to write PRO version verb I like to write verb he likes to write Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic 'ana laezim 'aktib ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻻ َز ِم أﻛﺘـِﺐ‬ 'inta laezim tiktib ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﻻ َز ِم ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ huwwa laezim yiktib ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻻ َز ِم ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ humma laezim tiktibu ‫ﻫُـ ّﻢ َ ﻻ َز ِم ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ 'ana Aaeyiz 'aktib ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ أﻛﺘـِﺐ‬ hiya Aaeyiza tiktib ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ َة ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ humma Aaeyizyn yiktibu ‫ﻫُـ ّﻢ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰﯾﻦ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ ana baehibb 'aktib ‫ﺐ أﻛﺘـِﺐ‬ ّ ‫ا َﻧﺎ َ ﺑﺎ َﺣِـ‬ huwwa biyihibb yiktib ‫ﺐ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﯿـِﺤِـ‬ pdfcrowd.com verb she likes to write verb they like to write hiya bitihibb tiktib ‫ﺐ ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺑـِﺘـِﺤِـ‬ humma biyihibbu yiktibu ‫ﻫُـ ّﻢ َ ﺑـِﯿـِﺤِـﺒّﻮ ا ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺒﻮا‬ If the subject of the verb is not the same as the subject of the modal I want to go (same) I want him to go (different) in both english and egpytian you add an object pronoun to the modal: in Egyptian it is attached to the modal, or to any preposition associated with it. English she wants me to write she wants to write she wants him to write he wants her to write PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic hiya Aaeyizany 'aktib ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ َﻧﻲ أﻛﺘـِﺐ‬ hiya Aaeyiza tiktib ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ َة ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ hiya Aaeyizah yiktib ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ َه ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ huwwa Aaeyizha tiktib ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰﻫﺎ َ ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ pdfcrowd.com she likes him to write he likes her to write I let him write I asked him to write bitihibbuh yiktib ‫ﺑـِﺘـِﺤِـﺒﱡـﻪ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ biyihibbha tiktib ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﺤِـﺒّﻬﺎ َ ﺗـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ chalitw yiktib ‫ﺧـَﻠـِﺘﻮ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ talabt minnuh yiktib ‫ﻃـَﻠـَﺒﺖ ﻣِـﻨﱡـﻪ ﯾـِﻜﺘـِﺐ‬ Imperatives When you want to tell somebody to do something, you use an imperative. In Egyptian, there are three forms- masculine, feminine and plural. Here are some examples. English Verb Masculine Feminine Plural -y Imperfect look! go! PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API yibuss ‫ـﻲ‬ buss ‫ﺺ‬ ّ ‫ﯾـِﺒُـ‬ yiruh ‫ﯾـِﺮوح‬ -u bussy ‫ﺺ‬ ّ ‫ﺑُـ‬ ruwh ‫ﺑُـﺼّﻲ‬ ruwhy ‫ر ُوح‬ ‫ـﻮا‬ bussu ‫ﺑُـﺼّﻮا‬ ruwhu ‫ر ُوﺣﻮا ر ُوﺣﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com yiygy come! taAaly taAalu ‫ ﯾـِﯿﺠﻲ‬taAaela ‫ل‬ َ َ ‫ﺗـَﻌﺎ َﻟﻮا ﺗـَﻌﺎ َﻟﻲ ﺗـَﻌﺎ‬ irregular eat! shut up! calm down! walk! (go away) yaekul kul kuly ‫ﯾﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ yuskut ‫ﯾـُﺴﻜـُﺖ‬ yihda ‫ﯾـِﻬﺪى‬ yimshy ‫ﯾـِﻤﺸﻲ‬ kulu ‫ﻛـُﻞ‬ 'iskut ‫ﻛـُﻠﻲ‬ 'iskuty ‫إﺳﻜـُﺖ‬ 'ihda 'iskutu ‫إﺳﻜـُﺘﻮا إﺳﻜـُﺘﻲ‬ 'ihdy ‫إﻫﺪى‬ 'imshy ‫ﻛـُﻠﻮا‬ 'ihdu ‫إﻫﺪي‬ 'imshy ‫إﻣﺸﻲ‬ ‫إﻣﺸﻲ‬ ‫إﻫﺪوا‬ 'imshu ‫إﻣﺸﻮا‬ verbal nouns It is sometimes useful to make a noun from a verb. Here are some examples: English wash your hands before eating I have a reservation PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic Verb iGsil iydyk 'abl il'akl kal ‫ا ِﻏﺴـِﻞ ا ِﯾﺪﯾﻚ ﻗـَﺒﻞ ا ِﻷﻛﻞ‬ Aandy hagz ‫ﻛـَﻞ‬ haegiz ‫ﺣﺎ َﺟـِﺰ ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺣـَﺠﺰ‬ pdfcrowd.com illiaAba dih li'arbAa laAyba This game is for four players liAib ‫ا ِﻟﱢــَﻌﺒـَﺔ د ِه ﻟـِﺄرﺑﻊ َ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟـِﻌـِﺐ‬ ‫َعيبَا‬ Negation of verbs You can say that something is not happening using the word mish ‫ﻣـِﺶ‬. It can appear before a verb, or wrapped around it. Here are some examples: English he is not here he was not here I have not travelled outside egypt I do not know he was not able to come he will not come PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian huwwa mish hina ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ huwwa makansh hina ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻣـَﻜﺎ َﻧﺶ ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ masafirtish barra masr ‫ﻣـَﺴـَﻔـِﺮﺗـِﺶ ﺑَـﺮّا َ ﻣـَﺼﺮ‬ 'ana mish Aaarif ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻋﺎ َر ِف‬ ma'dirsh yigy ‫ﻣـَﻘﺪ ِرش ﯾـِﺠﻲ‬ mish hayigy pdfcrowd.com he will not come don't go! ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﻫـَﯿـِﺠﻲ‬ matimshysh ‫ﻣـَﺘـِﻤﺸﯿﺶ‬ See Negation for more details. Adverbs A verb explains what is being done: adverbs can be used to specify how, when, where and in what manner it is being done. There can be more than one adverb- they are placed after the verb. Here are some examples. English direction Ahmed is going up (stairs) position Ahmed is coming here time Ahmed will come tomorrow evening frequency Ahmed always walks quickly developer? Trywalks out the HTML to PDF API PRO quality version Are you aAhmed Egyptian 'ahmad taalaA fu' ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻃﺎ َﻟـَﻊ ﻓﻮق‬ 'ahmad gayy hina ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺟـَﯿﻲ ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ 'ahmad hayigy bukra biillyl ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺣـَﯿـِﺠﻲ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َة ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ 'ahmad biyimshy daymaen ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﻤﺸﻲ د َﯾﻤًﺎ‬ 'ahmad biyimshy bisuraAa pdfcrowd.com quality Ahmed walks quickly extent Ahmed walks extremely quickly ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﻤﺸﻲ ﺑـِﺴـُﺮ َﻋـَﺔ‬ 'ahmad biyimshy bisuraAa giddaen ‫ا‬‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﻤﺸﻲ ﺑـِﺴـُﺮ َﻋـَﺔ ﺟِـﺪ‬ 'ahmad biyitaalaA issalaelim daymaen Ahmed always walks slowly upstairs in bishwysh fy illyl ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﻄﺎ َﻟـَﻊ ا ِﻟﺴـَﻼ َﻟـِﻢ د َﯾﻤًﺎ ﺑـِﺸﻮﯾﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ the evening ‫ا ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ direction Direction adverbs can be used with verbs like go English up down left right PRO version Egyptian English example Egyptian example fu' 'ana taalaA fu' ‫ﻓﻮق‬ taht ‫ﺗـَﺤﺖ‬ shamael ‫ﺷـَﻤﺎ َل‬ yimyn Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﯾـِﻤﯿﻦ‬ I am going upstairs he dived down turn left! look right! ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻃﺎ َﻟـَﻊ ﻓﻮق‬ Gitis taht ‫ﻏـِﻄـِﺲ ﺗـَﺤﺖ‬ chushsh shamael ‫ﺶ ﺷـَﻤﺎ َل‬ ّ ‫ﺧُـ‬ buss yimyn ‫ﺺ ﯾـِﻤﯿﻦ‬ ّ ‫ﺑُـ‬ pdfcrowd.com Aala tul ‫ ﻋـَﻠﻰ‬go(walk) straight ahead ‫ﻃﻮل‬ straight ahead 'imshy Aala tul ‫إﻣﺸﻲ ﻋـَﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل‬ location Location adverbs can be used with verbs like go English Egyptian English example here there hina ‫ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ hinaek ‫ﻫـِﻨﺎ َك‬ come here! I have to go there tomorrow Egyptian example taAala hina ‫ﺗـَﻌﺎ َﻟﻰ ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ laezim 'aruwh hinaek bukrah ‫ﻻ َز ِم أر ُوح ﻫـِﻨﺎ َك ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ time Time adverbs are used to specify when you do something: they can be used with almost any verb. Here are some examples: English immediately Egyptian halaen ‫ﻻ‬ ً َ ‫ﺣﺎ‬ English example I will open it immediately dilwa'ty PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian example haftahuh halaen ‫ﻻ‬ ً َ ‫ﻫـَﻔﺘـَﺤـُﻪ ﺣﺎ‬ 'ihna gaehizyn dilwa'ty pdfcrowd.com dilwa'ty now ‫د ِﻟﻮ َﻗﺘﻲ‬ already innahaarda today ‫ا ِﻟﻨـَﻬﺎ َرد َة‬ tomorrow the day after tomorrow yesterday day before yesterday next week PRO version no equivalent bukrah ‫ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ we are ready now he (is) already here 'ihna gaehizyn dilwa'ty ‫إﺣﻨﺎ َ ﺟﺎ َﻫـِﺰﯾﻦ د ِﻟﻮ َﻗﺘﻲ‬ huwwa mawgwd ilhafla innahaarda biillyl the party is this evening I will go to Alexandria tomorrow ‫ا ِﻟﺤـَﻔﻠـَﺔ ا ِﻟﻨـَﻬﺎ َرد َة ﺑـِﺎ‬ ‫ِلّيل‬ haruwh il'iskandiraaya bukrah ‫ﻫـَﺮ ُوح ا ِﻹﺳﻜـَﻨﺪ ِرا َﯾـَﺔ‬ ‫ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ baAd bukrah I will come back the day after ‫ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬tomorrow 'ana hargaA baAd bukrah 'imbaarih wasalt 'imbaarih ‫إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ 'awil 'imbaarih ‫أو ِل إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ she arrived yesterday I bought it the day before yesterday il'usbwaA illigaey ‫ ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع‬we will go home next week Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻫـَﺮﺟـَﻊ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ ‫و َﺻـَﻠﺖ إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ 'ashtarytuh 'awil 'imbaarih ‫أﺷﺘـَﺮﯾﺘـُﻪ أو ِل إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ hanrawwah il'usbwaA illigaey ‫ﻫـَﻨﺮ َ ّو َح ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع ا ِﻟﱢـﺠﺎ‬ pdfcrowd.com ‫ا ِﻟﱢـﺠﺎ َي‬ ‫َي‬ il'usbwaA dih this week last week early evening later again ‫ ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع‬we are on holiday this week ‫د ِه‬ il'usbwaA 'illy faet ‫ ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع‬I saw her last week ‫إﻟّﻲ ﻓﺎ َت‬ badry ‫ﺑـَﺪري‬ biillyl ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ baAdyn ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ kamaen marrah ‫ﻛـَﻤﺎ َن ﻣَـ ّﺮ َه‬ we must get up early tomorrow there is a party this evening see you later play that song again baAd kida we will eat and afterwards we will afterwards PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ihna fy 'agaeza il'usbwaA dih ‫ا ِﺣﻨﺎ َ ﻓﻲ أﺟﺎ َز َة ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ‬ ‫َع د ِه‬ shuftaha il'usbwaA 'illy faet ‫ﺷـُﻔﺘـَﻬﺎ َ ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع إﻟّﻲ ﻓﺎ َت‬ laezim ni'um badry bukrah ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﻧـِﻘﻮم ﺑـَﺪري ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ fy hafla biillyl ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣـَﻔﻠـَﺔ ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ hashufak baAdyn ‫ﺣـَﺸﻮﻓـَﻚ ﺑـَﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ Ganny il'aGniya dih kamaen marrah ‫ﻏَـﻨّﻲ ا ِﻷﻏﻨـِﯿـَﺔ د ِه ﻛـَﻤﺎ َن‬ ‫ﻣَـ ّﺮ َه‬ hanaekul wa baAd kida hani'Aad fyilginyna pdfcrowd.com afterwards baAd kida ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﻛـِﺪ َة‬ we will eat and afterwards we will sit in the garden ‫ﻣـِﻦ‬ I have lived here for a long time (lit. since a long time ago min ago ‫ﻫـَﻨﺎ َﻛـُﻞ و َ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﻛـِﺪ َة ﻫـَﻨـِﻘﻌـَﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺎ ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ‬ sikint hina min zamaen ‫ﺳـِﻜـِﻨﺖ ﻫـِﻨﺎ َ ﻣـِﻦ ز َﻣﺎ َن‬ frequency This group of adverbs specifies how frequently you do something. Here are some examples: English usually always English example Aaedataen baechud Aadataen taAsylla baAd I usually take a nap after lunch ilGadaa' ‫ﻋﺎ َد َﺗًﺎ‬ daymaen ‫د َﯾﻤًﺎ‬ naediraan rarely ‫ﻧﺎ َد ِرًا‬ regularly recently PRO version Egyptian bi'intizaem ‫ﺑـِﺈﻧﺘـِﻈﺎ َم‬ min 'urayib ‫ﻣـِﻦ ﻗـُﺮ َﯾـِﺐ‬ Egyptian example ‫ﺑﺎ َﺧـُﺪ ﻋـَﺪ َﺗًﺎ ﺗـَﻌﺴﯿﻠﱠـﺔ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﻐـَﺪا َء‬ his office is always neat I rarely see Ahmed I go to the gym regularly maktabuh mitsattif daymaen ‫ﻣـَﻜﺘـَﺒـُﻪ ﻣـِﺘﺴَـﺘﱢـﻒ د َﯾﻤًﺎ‬ 'ana bashuf ahmad naediraan ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺑﺎ َﺷﻮف ا َﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻧﺎ َد ِرًا‬ baruh ilgym bi'intizaem ‫ﺑـَﺮوح ا ِﻟﺠﯿﻢ ﺑـِﺈﻧﺘـِﻈﺎ َم‬ hadd s'aalny Aanuh dih min somebody asked me about that 'urayib recently Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com recently 'abadaen at all ‫أﺑـَﺪًا‬ thany again ‫ﺛﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ Galibaen often forever finally I would like to go there again ‫ﻏـَﻠـِﺒًﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـِﻸﺑـَﺪ‬ nobody lives for ever lil'abad ‫ﻃﻮل ا ِﻟﯿﻮم‬ all (my/his/her) life I don't know him at all she is often tired tul ilyum all day firstly ‫ ﻣـِﻦ ﻗـُﺮ َﯾـِﺐ‬recently tul ilAumr ‫ﻃﻮل ا ِﻟﻌـُﻤﺮ‬ it rained all day he smoked cigarettes all his life mish Aaarifuh 'abadaen ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـُﻪ أﺑـَﺪًا‬ Aaeyiz 'aruh hinaek thany ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ أروح ﻫـِﻨﺎ َك ﺛﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ hiya taAbaena Galibaen ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َﻧـَﺔ ﻏـَﻠـِﺒًﺎ‬ mahaddish biyiAish lil'abad ‫ﻣـَﺤَـ ّﺪ ِش ﺑـِﯿـِﻌـِﺶ ﻟـِﻸﺑـَﺪ‬ mattar tul ilyum ‫ﻣَـﻄﱠـﺮ ﻃﻮل ا ِﻟﯿﻮم‬ kaen biyishrib sagaeyar tul Aumruh ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﺑـِﯿـِﺸﺮ ِب ﺳـَﺠﺎ َﯾـَﺮ ﻃﻮل ﻋـُﻤﺮ ُه‬ 'awilaen ‫ﻻ‬ ً ِ ‫أو‬ 'achyraan ‫أﺧﯿﺮًا‬ he finally visited london min wa't lilthany PRO version ‫ﺣَـ ّﺪ ﺳﺄ َﻟﻨﻲ ﻋـَﻨـُﻪ د ِه ﻣـِﻦ ﻗـُﺮ َﯾـِﺐ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API zaar lundun 'achyraan ‫زا َر ﻟـُﻨﺪ ُن أﺧﯿﺮًا‬ baruh ilginyna min wa't lilthany pdfcrowd.com occasionally lilthany ‫ ﻣـِﻦ و َﻗﺖ‬I go to the park occasionally ‫ﻟـِﻠﺜﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ biissaeAa hourly ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ‬ sometimes 'ahyanaen ‫أﺣﯿﺎ َﻧًﺎ‬ you must check hourly we sometimes see sharks here ‫ﺑـَﺮوح ا ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ ﻣـِﻦ و َﻗﺖ ﻟـِﻠﺜﺎ‬ ‫َني‬ laezim titammim biissaeAa ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﺗـِﺘَـﻤﱢـﻢ ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ‬ binishuf samak 'irsh 'ahyanaen hina ‫ﺑـِﻨـِﺸﻮف ﺳـَﻤـَﻚ ﻗـِﺮش أﺣﯿﺎ َﻧًﺎ ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ 'aw'aet bitmattar fy masr sometimes 'aw'aet ‫ أوﻗﺎ َت‬it sometimes rains in Egypt ‫أوﻗﺎ َت ﺑـِﺘﻤَـﻄﱠـﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣـَﺼﺮ‬ Note: always goes at beginning of sentence Extent The following adverbs can be placed after an adjective or another adverb to indicate the extent: English slightly reasonably PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian shwaya ‫ﺷﻮ َﯾـَﺔ‬ maA'ula ‫ﻣـَﻌﻘﻮﻟـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com 'awy very ‫ﻗـَﻮي‬ extremely chaalis ‫ﺧﺎ َﻟـِﺺ‬ giddaen ‫ا‬‫ﺟِـﺪ‬ Aail'achir ‫ﻋـَﺎ ِﻷﺧـِﺮ‬ too 'awy ‫ﻗـَﻮي‬ Derived adverbs Most adjectives in english can be converted to an adverb by adding the letters -ly, for example nice becomes nicely. In Egyptian, the adjective can be converted to an adverb by adding the ending -an ‫ـًﺎ‬ English officially theoretically PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API adjective adverb rasmy ‫ر َﺳﻤﻲ‬ nazary rasmyaen ‫ر َﺳﻤﯿًﺎ‬ nazariyaen pdfcrowd.com theoretically naturally literally generally normally slightly ‫ﻧـَﻈـَﺮي‬ tabyAy ‫ﻧـَﻈـَﺮ ِﯾًﺎ‬ tabyAyaen ‫ﻃـَﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬ harfy ‫ﻃـَﺒﯿﻌﯿًﺎ‬ harfyaen ‫ﺣـَﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣـَﺮﻓﯿًﺎ‬ Aumumy Aumumaen ‫ﻋـُﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ Aady ‫ﻋـُﻤﻮﻣًﺎ‬ Aadataen ‫ﻋﺎ َدي‬ 'ulayil ‫ﻋـَﺪ َﺗًﺎ‬ 'alayalaen ‫ﻗـُﻠـَﯿـِﻞ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ً ‫ﻗـَﻠـَﯿَـ‬ Similarly, a noun can be converted to an adverbal phrase by adding the word with, for example with care. In Egyptian, the same can be achieved by adding bi- ‫ ﺑِـ‬at the start of the word. English with care with speed PRO version Egyptian bihazar ‫ﺑـِﺤـَﺬ َر‬ bisurAa ‫ﺑـِﺴـُﺮﻋـَﺔ‬ biirraaha English he opened the box carefully Ahmed drives very fast Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian fatah ilAalba bihazar ‫ﻓـَﺘـَﺢ ا ِﻟﻌـَﻠﺒـَﺔ ﺑـِﺤـَﺬ َر‬ 'ahmad biyisu' bisurAa 'awy ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﺑـِﯿـِﺴﻮق ﺑـِﺴـُﺮﻋـَﺔ ﻗـَﻮي‬ 'ilaAbu biirraaha pdfcrowd.com with calm with precision with moderation in the evening biirraaha ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﺮا َﺣـَﺔ‬ biizzabt play (pl) quietly! the meeting took exactly one hour ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﻈـَﺒﻂ‬ bi'iAatidael ‫ﺑـِﺈﻋـَﺘـِﺪا َل‬ biillyl eat moderately there is a party this evening ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ 'ilaAbu biirraaha ‫إﻟـَﻌﺒﻮ ا ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﺮا َﺣـَﺔ‬ il'igtimaeA 'achad saeAa biizzabt ‫ا ِﻹﺟﺘـِﻤﺎ َع أﺧـَﺪ ﺳﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﻈـَﺒﻂ‬ 'akul bi'iAatidael ‫أﻛـُﻞ ﺑـِﺈﻋـَﺘـِﺪا َل‬ fy hafla biillyl ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣـَﻔﻠـَﺔ ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ Miscellaneous English Egyptian together (people) sawa together (people and things) maAa baAd separately well PRO version English example ‫ﺳـَﻮَا‬ we will travel together ‫ﻣـَﻊ َ ﺑـَﻌﺾ‬ we will travel together kul wahid liwahduh ‫ﻛـُﻞ و َﺣـِﺪ ﻟـِﻮ َﺣﺪ ُه‬ kuwayis Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API we will travel separately he sings very well Egyptian example 'ihna misaefiryn sawa ‫إﺣﻨﺎ َ ﻣـِﺴﺎ َﻓـِﺮﯾﻦ ﺳـَﻮَا‬ 'ihna misaefiryn maAa baAd ‫إﺣﻨﺎ َ ﻣـِﺴﺎ َﻓـِﺮﯾﻦ ﻣـَﻊ َ ﺑـَﻌﺾ‬ 'ihna misaefiryn kul wahid liwahduh ‫إﺣﻨﺎ َ ﻣـِﺴﺎ َﻓـِﺮﯾﻦ ﻛـُﻞ و َﺣـِﺪ ﻟـِﻮ َﺣﺪ ُه‬ huwwa biyiGanny kuwayis 'awy pdfcrowd.com well ‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺲ‬ he sings very well ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﯿـِﻐَـﻨّﻲ ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺲ ﻗـَﻮي‬ Prepositions Prepositions define a relationship (in time, space,etc) between a noun and something else. In both english and Egyptian, the preposition goes before the noun that it defines the relationship to. Here are some examples: Domain English time after space behind quality like reference Egyptian baAd hiya gaet baAd ilAashaa' ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ‬ wara ‫و َرَا‬ zayy ‫ز َﯾﻲ‬ she came after dinner Aand ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺟﺎ َت ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸﺎ َء‬ the garden is behind the house ilginyna wara ilbiyt I need another pen like this mihtaeg 'alam thany zayy dah according hasab according to the police, to ‫ ﺣـَﺴـَﺐ‬the riot started at 2am ownership have PRO version Egyptian English I have a house in Cairo ‫ا ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ و َرا َ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻣـِﺤﺘﺎ َج ﻗـَﻠـَﻢ ﺛﺎ َﻧﻲ ز َﯾﻲ د َه‬ hasab kalaem ilbulys, ishshaGab 'ibtada issaeAa ithnyn ‫ ا‬،‫ﺣـَﺴـَﺐ ﻛـَﻼ َم ا ِﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫ِلشـَغـَب إبتـَدى ا ِلسا َعـَة ا ِثنين‬ Aandy biyt fy il'aehira ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺑـِﯿﺖ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﻘﺎ َﻫـِﺮ َة‬ pdfcrowd.com The noun can be one of the following: Element Preposition English name Ahmed simple noun the house she is with Ahmed the cat is inside the house complex noun the man who... I arrived after the man who delivered the carpet object pronoun her I arrived after her qualifying pronoun this I need another pen like this Egyptian hiya maAa 'ahmad ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ ﻣـَﻊ َ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ il'utta guwwa ilbiyt ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ﺟُـﻮّا َ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ wasalt baAd irraagil illy wasal issigaeda ‫و َﺻـَﻠﺖ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ ا ِﻟّﻲ و‬ ‫َصـَل ا ِلسـِجا َد َة‬ wasalt baAdaha ‫و َﺻـَﻠﺖ ﺑـَﻌﺪ َ َه‬ mihtaeg 'alam thany zayy dah ‫ﻣـِﺤﺘﺎ َج ﻗـَﻠـَﻢ ﺛﺎ َﻧﻲ ز َﯾﻲ د َه‬ Be careful! If it's not a noun, but a complete clause (ie it has a verb), you have to use a conjunction. In english, it's confusing because the preposition and conjunction are often the same word: in Egyptian it is necessary to insert the word maa to convert a preposition ot a conjunction. See more about this below. Prepositions of time PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English Egyptian English baAd after ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ‬ 'abl before ‫ﻗـَﺒﻞ‬ athnaa' during ‫ا َﺛﻨﺎ َء‬ lihadd till ‫ﻟـِﺤَـ ّﺪ‬ liGaeyit till ‫ﻟـِﻐﺎ َﯾـِﺔ‬ we will start after the feast I must paint the house before summer smoking is forbidden during dinner I will be here till dinner they are busy until 8pm Egyptian hanibtidy baAd ilAiyd ‫ﻫـَﻨـِﺒﺘـِﺪي ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﻌـِﯿﺪ‬ laezim 'adhin ilbiyt 'abl issyf ‫ﻻ َز ِم أدﻫـِﻦ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ ﻗـَﺒﻞ ا ِﻟﺼﯿﻒ‬ ittadchyn mamnuA 'athnaa' ilAashaa' ‫ا ِﻟﺘـَﺪﺧﯿﻦ ﻣـَﻤﻨﻮع أﺛﻨﺎ َء ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸﺎ َء‬ 'ana mawgud lihadd ilAashaa' ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـَﻮﺟﻮد ﻟـِﺤَـ ّﺪ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸﺎ َء‬ humma mawgudyn liGaeyit saeAa tamanya ‫ﻫُـ ّﻢ َ ﻣـَﻮﺟﻮدﯾﻦ ﻟـِﻐﺎ َﯾـِﺔ ﺳﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ‬ Prepositions of space English from away from PRO version Egyptian English Egyptian min huwwa min ilqaahira ‫ﻣـِﻦ‬ he is from Cairo ‫ﻋـَﻦ‬ the dog ran away from me Aan Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻣـِﻦ ا ِﻟﻘﺎ َﻫـِﺮ َة‬ ilkalb garry minny ‫ا ِﻟﻜـَﻠﺐ ﺟَـﺮّي ﻣِـﻨّﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com at/toward ‫ﻓﻲ‬ fu' above ‫ﻓﻮق‬ taht below ‫ﺗـَﺤﺖ‬ opposite opposite at PRO version ‫ﻋـَﻠﻰ‬ fy at facing Aala 'usaad ‫ﻗـُﺼﺎ َد‬ that man is looking at us my husband is at home my apartment is above the laundry there are many many fish under the water the restaurant is opposite the railway station irraagil dah bass Aalyna ‫ﺺ ﻋـَﻠﯿﻨَﺎ‬ ّ ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ د َه ﺑَـ‬ guzy fy ilbiyt ‫ﺟﻮزي ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ sha''aty fu' ilmaGsala ‫ﺷَـﻘﱠـﺘﻲ ﻓﻮق ا ِﻟﻤـَﻐﺴـَﻠـَﺔ‬ fy samak kityr taht ilmayaeh ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳـَﻤـَﻚ ﻛـِﺘﯿﺮ ﺗـَﺤﺖ ا ِﻟﻤـَﯿﺎ َه‬ ilmataAm 'usaad mahattit il'ataar ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﻄـَﻌﻢ ﻗـُﺼﺎ َد ﻣـَﺤَـﻄﱢـﺔ ا ِﻟﻘـَﻄﺎ‬ ‫َر‬ 'ubael ‫ﻗـُﺒﺎ َل‬ fy wishsh ‫ش‬ ّ ِ ‫ﻓﻲ و‬ the house is facing the desert Aand ‫ ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬the customs office is at the airport Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ilbiyt fy wishsh issaharaa' ‫ش ا ِﻟﺼـَﺤـَﺮا َء‬ ّ ِ ‫ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ ﻓﻲ و‬ maktab ilgamaarik Aand ilmataar ‫ﻣـَﻜﺘـَﺐ ا ِﻟﺠـَﻤﺎ َر ِك ﻋـَﻨﺪ ا ِﻟﻤـَﻄﺎ َر‬ pdfcrowd.com Aand at behind beside turn right at the pharmacy ‫و َرَا‬ the cat is behind you (f) wara gamb ‫ﺟـَﻤﺐ‬ fy in ‫ﻓﻲ‬ guwa inside outside the dog is in the garden ‫ﺟـُﻮَا‬ ‫ﺑـَﺮَا‬ do you want anything from outside? bara ‫ﻋـَﻠﻰ‬ between there was an accident beside the mosque we must stay inside the house Aala on PRO version ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬ byn ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ biittul the bread is on the table Hurghada is between the desert and the sea Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API chushsh yimyn Aand issayidaliya ‫ﺶ ﯾـِﻤﯿﻦ ﻋـَﻨﺪ ا ِﻟﺼـَﯿـِﺪ َﻟـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ّ ‫ﺧُـ‬ il'utta waraaky ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ و َرا َﻛﻲ‬ kaen fy hadtha ganb ilgamAa ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎ َدﺛـَﺔ ﺟـَﻨﺐ ا ِﻟﺠﺎ َﻣ َﻊ‬ ilkalb fy ilginyna ‫ا ِﻟﻜـَﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ‬ laezim ni'Aud guwa ilbiyt ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﻧـِﻘﻌـُﺪ ﺟـُﻮا َ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ Aaeyiz haga min baraa? ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﺣـَﺠـَﺔ ﻣـِﻦ ﺑـَﺮا َ؟‬ ilAysh Aala ittarabyza ‫ا ِﻟﻌﯿﺶ ﻋـَﻠﻰ ا ِﻟﺘـَﺮ َﺑﯿﺰ َة‬ ilGarda'a byn issaharaa' wa ilbahr ‫ا ِﻟﻐـَﺮد َﻗـَﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ا ِﻟﺼـَﺤـَﺮا َء و َ ا‬ ‫ِلبـَحر‬ fy Aawamyd nur biittul ishshaariA pdfcrowd.com biittul along ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﻄﻮل‬ surrounding there are lamp posts all along the street hawalyn The view surrounding the house is ‫ ﺣـَﻮ َﻟﯿﻦ‬very beautiful ishshaariA ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋـَﻮا َﻣﯿﺪ ﻧﻮر ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﻄﻮل ا ِﻟﺸﺎ‬ ‫َر ِع‬ ilmanzar hawalyn ilbiyt gamyl 'awy ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﻨﻈـَﺮ ﺣـَﻮ َﻟﯿﻦ ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺟـَﻤﯿﻞ ﻗـَﻮي‬ Note that you don't need a prepositional to after words like raah ‫ را َح‬- go. I am going to Cairo aacnaa raayiH iil-Qaahirao Miscellaneous Prepositions English concerning ٫٫٫َ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ٫٫٫َ‫ﻓـ‬ ‫ز َﯾﻲ‬ there is Egyptian 'amae... fa... zayy like PRO version Egyptian English fy do you have something like this? there is a stain on this shirt Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Aandak haega zayy dih? ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك ﺣﺎ َﺟـَﺔ ز َﯾﻲ د ِه؟‬ fy bu'Aa Aala il'amys dih pdfcrowd.com there is ‫ﻓﻲ‬ Aan about ‫ﻋـَﻦ‬ according to contrary hasab ‫ﺣـَﺴـَﺐ‬ Aaks ‫ﻋـَﻜﺲ‬ 'ila except ‫ﻻ‬ َ‫إ‬ there is a stain on this shirt I am reading a book about the revolution according to Ahmed, it will be windy tomorrow my opinion is contrary to yours there is no food except this bread ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑـُﻘﻌـَﺔ ﻋـَﻠﻰ ا ِﻟﻘـَﻤﯿﺺ د ِه‬ ba'ra kitaeb Aan iththura ‫ﺑـَﻘﺮا َ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب ﻋـَﻦ ا ِﻟﺜﻮر َة‬ hasab kalaem 'ahmad, haykun fy hawaa' kityr bukrah ‫ ﺣـَﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻫـَﻮا َء‬،‫ﺣـَﺴـَﺐ ﻛـَﻼ َم أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ ‫ﻛـِﺘﯿﺮ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ r'ayy Aaks r'ayak ‫رأﯾﻲ ﻋـَﻜﺲ رأﯾـَﻚ‬ mafish akl 'ila ilAayshsh dah ‫ﺶ د َه‬ ّ ‫ﻣـَﻔـِﺶ ا َﻛﻞ إﻻ َ ا ِﻟﻌـَﯿ‬ maAada except ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﺪَا‬ instead of despite baddal ‫ﺑَـ ّﺪ َل‬ biirraGm min ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﺮ َﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣـِﻦ‬ give us chicken instead of beef he succeeded despite his injuries 'idyna firaach baddal illahma ‫إدﯾﻨﺎ َ ﻓـِﺮا َخ ﺑَـ ّﺪ َل ا ِﻟﱠـﺤﻤـَﺔ‬ nigih biirraGm min ziraaAuh ilmaksur ‫ﻧـِﺠـِﺢ ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﺮ َﻏﻢ ﻣـِﻦ ذ ِرا َﻋـُﻪ ا ِﻟﻤـَﻜﺴﻮر‬ fy Aashara duyuf zae'yid 'ithnyn PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com zae'yid plus ‫زا َﺋـِﺪ‬ there are ten guests plus two staff muwazafyn ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ َة ﺿـُﯿﻮف زا َﺋـِﺪ إﺛﻨﯿﻦ ﻣـُﻮ‬ ‫َظـَفين‬ Prepositions of ownership This important group is discussed in more detail in the section on ownership. English own have with you have got for Egyptian Aand ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬ maAa ‫ﻣَـ َﻊ‬ ly ‫ﻟﻲ‬ Aalashaen ‫ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن‬ English I own a car I have a cigarette lighter I have two legs there was a phone call for you Egyptian Aandy Aarabiya ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﻋـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﺔ‬ maAayah walaeAa ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﯿـَﻪ و َﻻ َﻋـَﺔ‬ ly riglyn ‫ﻟﻲ ر ِﺟﻠﯿﻦ‬ kaen fy mukalma Aalashaenak ‫ﻛﺎ َن ﻓﻲ ﻣـُﻜـَﻠﻤـَﺔ ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َﻧـَﻚ‬ Subordinate clauses: maa A preposition connects a noun to a sentence. If you want to connect a clause (something with a verb) to a sentence, you need to use a conjunction. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com In English, many conjunctions are the same as prepositions: In Egyptian, some prepositions can be converted to a conjunction by adding the word ma ‫ﻣَﺎ‬. Here are some examples: Element English preposition wash your hands before dinner conjunction wash your hands before you eat preposition she arrived after the bus conjunction she arrived after the bus had gone preposition he acts like the owner conjunction he acts as if he owns the place Egyptian 'iGsil iydyk 'abl ilAashaa' ‫إﻏﺴـِﻞ ا ِﯾﺪﯾﻚ ﻗـَﺒﻞ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸﺎ َء‬ 'iGsil iydyk 'abl ma taekul ‫إﻏﺴـِﻞ ا ِﯾﺪﯾﻚ ﻗـَﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ َ ﺗﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ hiya wasalit baAd ilmasarahiya ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ و َﺻـَﻠـِﺖ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﻤـَﺴـَﺮ َﺣـِﯿـَﺔ‬ hiya wasalit baAd ma ilmasrahiya 'ibtadit ‫ﻫـِﻲ َ و َﺻـَﻠـِﺖ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ َ ا ِﻟﻤـَﺴﺮ َﺣـِﯿـَﺔ إﺑﺘـَﺪ ِت‬ biyitsarraf zayy ilmaelik ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﺘﺼَـ ّﺮ َف ز َﯾﻲ ا ِﻟﻤﺎ َﻟـِﻚ‬ biyitsarraf zayy ma yikun ilmakaen bitaeAuh ‫ﺑـِﯿـِﺘﺼَـ ّﺮ َف ز َﯾﻲ ﻣﺎ َ ﯾـِﻜﻮن ا ِﻟﻤـَﻜﺎ َن ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـُﻪ‬ yikun ‫ ﯾـِﻜﻮن‬is added in the last example because it is something that is unlikely to happen. See kaan for more details. Conjunctions PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Conjunctions are the useful little words that join clauses together to make more complex sentences. I want to make bread but I don't have enough flour Aaayiz aacAamil Aiysh lakin maAandysh diqyq kifaayao Part English Main clause I want to make bread Conjunction but Second clause I don't have enough flour Egyptian Aaeyiz 'aAamil Aiysh ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ أﻋـَﻤـِﻞ ﻋـِﯿﺶ‬ lakin ‫ﻟـَﻜـِﻦ‬ maAandysh di'y' kifaeya ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﻨﺪﯾﺶ د ِﻗﯿﻖ ﻛـِﻔﺎ َﯾـَﺔ‬ If you just want to attach a noun, you should use a preposition, but if you want to attach a clause (ie, there is a verb on both sides), then a conjunction is required. In English, the same word is often used for both preposition and conjunction, but there are differences in Egyptian: see prepositions and conjunctions for more details. If there is a subject pronoun in the second clause, it becomes an object pronoun attached to the conjunction. For example: I feared that she was lost aanaa Kuft iinnahaa tikwn taahit The following table lists most of the common conjunctions, and gives examples how they can be PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com used. English Egyptian English Example 'inn that ‫ن‬ ّ‫إ‬ as long as tul ma ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣَﺎ‬ Aalashaen ‫ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن‬ because pronounced Aashaen in order to after and PRO version I feared that she was lost as long as you water the garden, the plants will grow Egyptian Example ana chuft 'innaha tikun taehit ‫ا َﻧﺎ َ ﺧـُﻔﺖ إﻧﱠـﻬﺎ َ ﺗـِﻜﻮن ﺗﺎ َﻫـِﺖ‬ tul ma bitis'y ilginyna, izzaraA hayikbar ‫ ا ِﻟﺰ َر‬،‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺎ َ ﺑـِﺘـِﺴﻘﻲ ا ِﻟﺠـِﻨﯿﻨـَﺔ‬ ‫َع حـَيـِكبـَر‬ maAndysh Aarabiya Aalashaen I don't have a car because there is mafiysh filus kifaeya ‫ﻣـَﻌﻨﺪﯾﺶ ﻋـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﺔ ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن ﻣـَﻔـِﯿﺶ‬ not enough money ‫ﻓـِﻠﻮس ﻛـِﻔﺎ َﯾـَﺔ‬ Aalashaen ‫ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن‬ baAd ma ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﻣَﺎ‬ wi ‫ِو‬ mihtaeg filus Aalashaen 'ashtiry I need money in order to buy food 'akl ‫ﻣـِﺤﺘﺎ َج ﻓـِﻠﻮس ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن أﺷﺘـِﺮي أﻛﻞ‬ we will leave after the movie has finished hanimshy bAad ma ilfylm yichlas I went to the bank and it was closed raht ilbank wi kaen ma'ful Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﺣـَﻨـِﻤﺸﻲ ﺑﻌـَﺪ ﻣﺎ َ ا ِﻟﻔﯿﻠﻢ ﯾـِﺨﻠـَﺺ‬ ‫ر َﺣﺖ ا ِﻟﺒـَﻨﻚ و ِ ﻛﺎ َن ﻣـَﻘﻔﻮل‬ pdfcrowd.com Aala 'inn as if ‫ن‬ ّ ‫ﻋـَﻠﻰ إ‬ kae'inn as if ‫ن‬ ّ ‫ﻛﺎ َإ‬ ‫ز َﯾﻲ ﻣَﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـِﯿـُﺼﺮ ِف ﻓـِﻠﻮس ﻛﺎ َإﻧﱡـﻪ ﻏـَﻨﻲ‬ he spends money as if he is rich ‫ﺑـِﯿـُﺼﺮ ِف ﻓـِﻠﻮس ز َﯾﻲ ﻣﺎ َ ﯾـِﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻏـَﻨﻲ‬ 'abl ma before ‫ﻗـَﺒﻞ ﻣَﺎ‬ bass but ‫ﺲ‬ ّ ‫ﺑَـ‬ lakin but ‫ﻟـَﻜـِﻦ‬ 'in if ‫إن‬ 'iza if ‫إذَا‬ instead PRO version biyusrif filus kae'innuh Gany biyusrif filus zayy ma yikun Gany zayy ma as if he spends money as if he is rich badal ma I would like to go but I don't have time nifsy aaruh bass maAandysh wa't ‫ﺲ ﻣـَﻌـَﻨﺪﯾﺶ و َﻗﺖ‬ ّ ‫ﻧـِﻔﺴﻲ ا َروح ﺑَـ‬ ditto If you go, you will get into a fight if you have some money, lend me fifty pounds instead of going, call them Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'inn ruht hinaek, haetit chaani' ‫ ﺣﺎ َﺗـِﺖ ﺧﺎ َﻧـِﻖ‬،‫ن روﺣﺖ ﻫـِﻨﺎ َك‬ ّ‫إ‬ 'iza kaen maAaek filus, salifny chamsyn ginya ‫ ﺳـَﻠـِﻔﻨﻲ‬،‫إذا َ ﻛﺎ َن ﻣـَﻌﺎ َك ﻓـِﻠﻮس‬ ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟـِﻨﯿـَﺔ‬ badal ma matruh, kalimhum pdfcrowd.com instead of ‫ﺑـَﺪ َل ﻣَﺎ‬ zay ma like ‫ز َي ﻣَﺎ‬ neither.. nor.. lae... walaeh.. ٫٫‫ و َﻻ َه‬٫٫٫َ ‫ﻻ‬ 'aw or ‫أو‬ wala or (in question) 'ahsan rather than ‫أﺣﺴـَﻦ‬ otherwise unless PRO version ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ‫و‬ wa 'illa ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وَ إ ﱠ‬ 'ila 'iza ‫إﻻ َ إذَا‬ instead of going, call them as you did for him, he will do for you neither this is working nor is this working we can eat fish or chicken would you like fish or chicken? I would prefer to eat fish rather than chicken shut up otherwise we go home! don't give him any money unless I allow you to Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ ﻛـَﻠـِﻤﻬـُﻢ‬،‫ﺑـَﺪ َل ﻣﺎ َ ﻣـَﺘﺮوح‬ zayy ma Aamalt fyh hayitAamil fyk ‫ز َﯾﻲ ﻣﺎ َ ﻋـَﻤـَﻠﺖ ﻓﯿﻪ ﻫـَﯿـِﺘﻌـَﻤـِﻞ ﻓﯿﻚ‬ la dah naefaA walaeh dah biyinfaA ‫ﻻ َ د َه ﻧﺎ َﻓـَﻊ و َﻻ َه د َه ﺑـِﯿـِﻨﻔـَﻊ‬ mumkin naekul samak 'aw firaach ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ ﻧﺎ َﻛـُﻞ ﺳـَﻤـَﻚ أو ﻓـِﺮا َخ‬ Aaewiz taekul samak wala firaach? ‫ﻋﺎ َو ِز ﺗﺎ َﻛـُﻞ ﺳـَﻤـَﻚ و َﻻ َ ﻓـِﺮا َخ؟‬ 'akul issamak 'ahsan min ilfiraach ‫أﻛـُﻞ ا ِﻟﺴـَﻤـَﻚ أﺣﺴـَﻦ ﻣـِﻦ ا ِﻟﻔـِﺮا َخ‬ 'ichrassy wa 'illa haarawahik ‫ﻻ َ ﻫﺎ َر َو َﺣـِﻚ‬ ّ ‫إﺧﺮ َﺳّﻲ و َ إ‬ matidyhush filus 'ila 'iza 'ana samahtylak َ ‫ﻣـَﺘـِﺪﯾﻬﻮش ﻓـِﻠﻮس إﻻ َ إذا َ أﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺳـَﻤـَﺤﺘﯿﻠـَﻚ‬ pdfcrowd.com conditional clauses (if.. then...) There are two words meaning if: they are 'iza ‫ إذَا‬and law ‫ﻟـَﻮ‬. 'iza ‫ إذَا‬can be used under all circumstances: law ‫ ﻟـَﻮ‬cannot be used with the imperfect form of a verb or a preposition. In English, the word then is occasionally used to complement if In Egyptian, there is no equivalent word. If I were rich... If an event or situation is improbable or impossible, in English we use modals like 'would' and 'were'. In Egyptian, the word kaen ‫ ﻛﺎ َن‬is used after law ‫ﻟـَﻮ‬. Compare these two sentences: if I have time, I will read the book iicdhaa Aandy waqt, haaqraac iil-kitaab if I had time, I would read the book law kaan Aandy waqt, kunt qaryt iil-kitaab When conditional clause past 'iza kaen ‫ إذا َ ﻛﺎ َن‬+ perfect present 'iza kaen ‫ إذا َ ﻛﺎ َن‬+ imperfect future PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'iza kaen ‫ إذا َ ﻛﺎ َن‬+ imperfect pdfcrowd.com Courtesies This section summarises the expressions that are used daily to greet and say goodbye to people, ask for things and thank people on a day to day basis. Religion Religion is very important in Egypt. There are several phrases that you will hear regularly in any conversation. Egyptian English ilhamdu lillah ‫ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺪ ُ ﻟِـﻠﱠـﻪ‬ 'allah yisalaemak ‫أﻟﱠـﻪ ﯾـِﺴـَﻼ َﻣـَﻚ‬ 'allah yisalaemik ‫أﻟﱠـﻪ ﯾـِﺴـَﻼ َﻣـِﻚ‬ 'inn shaa' 'allah ‫ن ﺷﺎ َء أﻟﱠـﻪ‬ ّ‫إ‬ ya rab ‫ﯾﺎ َ ر َب‬ thanks to Allah may god protect you m may god protect you f god willing Oh god! rabbina PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com rabbina ‫ر َﺑﱢـﻨَﺎ‬ our god! issalaem Aalykum greeting ‫ا ِﻟﺴـَﻼ َم ﻋـَﻠﯿﻜـُﻢ‬ Aalykum issalaem response peace be with you m/f ‫ﻋـَﻠﯿﻜـُﻢ ا ِﻟﺴـَﻼ َم‬ Addressing somebody ya ‫ ﯾَﺎ‬is often used before somebody's name or title as a greeting Egyptian ya 'ahmad ‫ﯾﺎ َ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ ya rayis ‫ﯾﺎ َ ر َﯾـِﺲ‬ ya 'ustah ‫ﯾﺎ َ أ ُﺳﻄـَﻪ‬ ya 'ustaez ‫ﯾﺎ َ أ ُﺳﺘﺎ َذ‬ English hey, Ahmad! hey, boss! driver! hey mister(teacher)! to a respectable person ya 'ustaeza ‫ﯾﺎ َ أ ُﺳﺘﺎ َذ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com ‫ ﯾﺎ َ أ ُﺳﺘﺎ َذ‬hey madam! ‫َة‬ basha ‫ﺑﺎ َﺷَﺎ‬ pasha m/f In addition to the standard pronouns for you, there are some more formal versions: Egyptian 'inta informal English ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ you m ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ you f ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ you pl 'inti 'intu hadritak ‫ ﺣـَﻀﺮ‬sir ‫ِتـَك‬ hadritik ‫ ﺣـَﻀﺮ‬madam ‫ِتـِك‬ formal PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API siyadtak pdfcrowd.com siyadtak ‫ﺳـِﯿـَﺪﺗـَﻚ‬ siyadtik ‫ﺳـِﯿـَﺪﺗـِﻚ‬ 'afandim ‫أﻓـَﻨﺪ ِم‬ sir madam Sir/Madam Greetings To welcome somebody, you can use one of these phrases... Egyptian greeting response response response greeting PRO version English 'ahlaen wa sahlaen ‫ﻼ‬ ً ‫ﻼ و َ ﺳـَﻬ‬ ً ‫أﻫ‬ 'ahlaen wa sahlaen ‫ﻼ‬ ً ‫ﻼ و َ ﺳـَﻬ‬ ً ‫أﻫ‬ welcome and ease ‫ﻼ ﺑﯿﻚ‬ ً ‫أﻫ‬ welcome to you m ‫ﻼ ﺑﯿﻜﻲ‬ ً ‫أﻫ‬ welcome to you f 'ahlaen byk 'ahlaen byky hamd illah Aala salamtak Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API welcome and ease thank god for protecting you m pdfcrowd.com greeting greeting ‫لـَه عـَلى سـَلا َمتـَك‬ ّ ِ ‫ﺣـَﻤﺪ‬ hamd illah Aala salamtik ‫لـَه عـَلى سـَلا َمتـِك‬ ّ ِ ‫ﺣـَﻤﺪ‬ thank god for protecting you m thank god for protecting you f Whenever you meet somebody that you already know, you should shake hands (very gently) and use one of the following greetings. Before sunset, the following informal greetings are used: Egyptian greeting response response response English sabaeh ilchyr ‫ﺻـَﺒﺎ َح ا ِﻟﺨﯿﺮ‬ sabaeh innur ‫ﺻـَﺒﺎ َح ا ِﻟﻨﻮر‬ sabaeh il'ishta ‫ﺻـَﺒﺎ َح ا ِﻟﻘـِﺸﻄـَﺔ‬ sabaeh ilful ‫ﺻـَﺒﺎ َح ا ِﻟﻔـُﻞ‬ a day of wellbeing a day of light a day of cream a day of daisies After sunset, the following informal greetings may be used: I have heard them very rarely, though. Egyptian PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API English pdfcrowd.com greeting response response misaa' ilchyr ‫ﻣـِﺴﺎ َء ا ِﻟﺨﯿﺮ‬ misaa' ilchyr ‫ﻣـِﺴﺎ َء ا ِﻟﺨﯿﺮ‬ misaa' ilful ‫ﻣـِﺴﺎ َء ا ِﻟﻔـُﻞ‬ an evening of wellbeing an evening of wellbeing an evening of daisies Next, you should ask how they are: Egyptian question question question question question PRO version English Aaemil 'iyh? ‫ﻋﺎ َﻣـِﻞ إﯾﻪ؟‬ Aaemila 'iyh? ‫ﻋﺎ َﻣـِﻠـَﺔ إﯾﻪ؟‬ 'izayak? what are you f doing? ‫إز َﯾـَﻚ؟‬ how are you m ‫إز َﯾـِﻚ؟‬ how are you f 'izayik? il'achbaar 'iyh? Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API what are you m doing? ‫ا ِﻷﺧﺒﺎ َر إﯾﻪ؟‬ what's new? pdfcrowd.com response response response response response response question question kuluh tamaem, ilhamdu lillah ‫ ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺪ ُ ﻟِـﻠﱠـﻪ‬،‫ﻛـُﻠـُﻪ ﺗـَﻤﺎ َم‬ miya miya, ilhamdu lillah ‫ ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺪ ُ ﻟِـﻠﱠـﻪ‬،‫ﻣـِﯿـَﺔ ﻣـِﯿـَﺔ‬ kuwayis, ilhamdu lillah ‫ ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺪ ُ ﻟِـﻠﱠـﻪ‬،‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺲ‬ kuwayisa, ilhamdu lillah ‫ ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺪ ُ ﻟِـﻠﱠـﻪ‬،‫ﻛـُﻮ َﯾـِﺴـَﺔ‬ nus nus ‫ﻧـُﺺ ﻧـُﺺ‬ mish battaal ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﺑَـﻄّﺎ َل‬ wa 'inta? all ok, thank god 100% thank god I m am good, thank god I fgood, thank god half and half not bad ‫و َ إﻧﺖ َ؟‬ and you m? ‫و َ إﻧﺖ ِ؟‬ and you f? wa 'inti? If you know them well, you should ask how their wives, children, etc... Introductions PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Egyptian English 'ismak 'iyh? ‫إﺳﻤـَﻚ إﯾﻪ؟‬ 'ismik 'iyh? ‫إﺳﻤـِﻚ إﯾﻪ؟‬ 'ismy ... ٫٫٫ ‫إﺳﻤﻲ‬ tisharrafna ‫ﺗـِﺸَـ ّﺮ َﻓﻨَﺎ‬ what is your m name? what is your f name? my name is ... pleased to meet you Making you comfortable Egyptian 'istirayah ‫إﺳﺘـِﺮ َﯾـَﺢ‬ 'istirayahy ‫إﺳﺘـِﺮ َﯾـَﺤﻲ‬ tishrab 'iyh? ‫ﺗـِﺸﺮ َب إﯾﻪ؟‬ tishraby 'iyh? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API English make yourself m comfortable make yourself f comfortable what will you m drink? what will you f drink? pdfcrowd.com ‫ﺗـِﺸﺮ َﺑﻲ إﯾﻪ؟‬ what will you f drink? Meal time Egyptians normally have two big meals a day, plus a snack before bedtime. English Time Types of food Egyptian breakfast 11-12am bread with salads, dips, luncheon meats, omelette with bastirma, tamiyya fitaar breakfast sunset (Ramadan) cooked meat, rice and vegetables, juice, sweet things lunch 5-8pm cooked meat or fish, rice and vegetables dinner before sleeping yogurt, fruit ‫ﻓـِﻄﺎ َر‬ 'iftaar ‫إﻓﻄﺎ َر‬ Gada ‫ﻏـَﺪَا‬ Aasha ‫ﻋـَﺸَﺎ‬ Here are some expressions that are often used around meal times Egyptian remark PRO version biilhanna wa ishshiffa ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﻬَـﻨّﺎ َ و َ ا ِﻟﺸِـﻔﱠﺎ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API When to say it before or after eating pdfcrowd.com remark response sufrah daeymaen ‫ﺳـُﻔﺮ َه دا َﯾﻤًﺎ‬ say to host before leaving table like "thanks for the meal" biilhanna wa ishshiffa ‫ﺑـِﺎ ِﻟﻬَـﻨّﺎ َ و َ ا ِﻟﺸِـﻔﱠﺎ‬ Please Egyptian to m to f to m to f to m to f PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API English Aan 'iznak ‫ ﻋـَﻦ إذﻧـَﻚ‬excuse me Aan 'iznik to get past someone ‫ﻋـَﻦ إذﻧـِﻚ‬ law samaht ‫ﻟـَﻮ ﺳـَﻤـَﺤﺖ‬ law samahty please ‫ﻟـَﻮ ﺳـَﻤـَﺤﺘﻲ‬ min fadlak ‫ﻣـِﻦ ﻓـَﻀﻠـَﻚ‬ min fadlik please ‫ﻣـِﻦ ﻓـَﻀﻠـِﻚ‬ pdfcrowd.com request response mumkin... ٫٫٫‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ‬ mumkin ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ‬ Please could you/I..... Yes (it's possible) Thank you Egyptian remark remark remark reply reply English shukraan ‫ﺷـُﻜﺮًا‬ 'alf shukr ‫أﻟﻒ ﺷـُﻜﺮ‬ mutshakir a'wy ‫ﻣـُﺘﺸـَﻜـِﺮ ا َ ي‬ Aafwaen ‫ﻋـَﻔﻮًا‬ ilAafw ‫ا ِﻟﻌـَﻔﻮ‬ don't mention it you are welcome you are welcome Goodbyes PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Egyptian remark reply English maAa issalaema ‫ﻣـَﻊ َ ا ِﻟﺴـَﻼ َﻣـَﺔ‬ maAa issalaema ‫ﻣـَﻊ َ ا ِﻟﺴـَﻼ َﻣـَﺔ‬ hashufak 'imtae? ‫ﻫـَﺸﻮﻓـَﻚ إﻣﺘﺎ َ؟‬ hashufik 'imtae? ‫ﻫـَﺸﻮﻓـِﻚ إﻣﺘﺎ َ؟‬ hashufak baAdyn ‫ﻫـَﺸﻮﻓـَﻚ ﺑـَﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ hashufik baAdyn ‫ﻫـَﺸﻮﻓـِﻚ ﺑـَﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ with safety with safety When will I see you f? When will I see you f? See you m later See you f later Achievement Egyptian English hazz saAyd ‫ﻆ ﺳـَﻌﯿﺪ‬ ّ ‫ﺣَـ‬ remark PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API mabruk good luck! congratulations pdfcrowd.com remark ‫ﻣـَﺒﺮوك‬ response response 'allah yibaarak fyk ‫أﻟﱠـﻪ ﯾـِﺒﺎ َر َك ﻓﯿﻚ‬ 'allah yibaarik fyky ‫أﻟﱠـﻪ ﯾـِﺒﺎ َر ِك ﻓﯿﻜﻲ‬ congratulations god bless you m god bless you f Occasions Egyptian English kul sana wa 'inta tayib every year and you are happy ‫ ﻛـُﻞ ﺳـَﻨـَﺔ و َ إﻧﺖ َ ﻃـَﯿـِﺐ‬birthdays, new year, feasts remark response ramadaan karym ‫ر َﻣـَﻀﺎ َن ﻛـَﺮﯾﻢ‬ 'allah 'akram ‫أﻟﱠـﻪ أﻛﺮ َم‬ during ramadan during ramadan Opinions Egyptian question PRO version English 'iyh r'ayak? Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫إﯾﻪ رأﯾـَﻚ؟‬ what do you m think? pdfcrowd.com question question question response response response response response response response PRO version 'iyh r'ayik? ‫إﯾﻪ رأﯾـِﻚ؟‬ tamaem? ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َم؟‬ tamaem kidah? ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َم ﻛـِﺪ َه؟‬ 'aywa ‫أﯾﻮَا‬ mashy ‫ﻣﺎ َﺷﻲ‬ tamaem ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َم‬ tayib ‫ﻃـَﯿـِﺐ‬ haadir ‫ﺣﺎ َﺿـِﺮ‬ mayinfaAsh ‫ﻣـَﯿـِﻨﻔـَﻌﺶ‬ mish mumkin Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ‬ what do you f think? OK? Ok like this? yes It goes ok good fine right away it's no use not possible pdfcrowd.com response response response response response response response response response laa' ‫ﻻ َء‬ laa' 'abadaen ‫ﻻ َء أﺑـَﺪًا‬ 'aha ‫أﺣَﺎ‬ Aafwaen? ‫ﻋـَﻔﻮاً؟‬ 'ana mish 'akyd ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ أﻛﯿﺪ‬ 'ana mish Aaarif ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻋﺎ َر ِف‬ 'ana mish Aaarifa ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻋﺎ َر ِﻓـَﺔ‬ 'ana mish faehim ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻓﺎ َﻫـِﻢ‬ 'ana mish faehima ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻓﺎ َﻫـِﻤـَﺔ‬ no never! offensive way of disagreeing Pardon? if you didn't hear I m/f am not sure I m don't know I f don't know I m don't understand I f don't understand Hassle PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 'imshy ‫إﻣﺸﻲ‬ chalaas kidah ‫ﺧـَﻼ َص ﻛـِﺪ َه‬ haraam Aalyk ‫ﺣـَﺮا َم ﻋـَﻠﯿﻚ‬ haraam Aalyky ‫ﺣـَﺮا َم ﻋـَﻠﯿﻜﻲ‬ go away! stop this shame on you m! shame on you f! chalyk muhtaram ‫ ﺧـَﻠﯿﻚ ﻣـُﺤﺘـَﺮ َم‬be respectful! 'ihtirim nafsak ‫إﺣﺘـِﺮ ِم ﻧـَﻔﺴـَﻚ‬ if a man gets over-friendly to a woman Insults remark remark PRO version remark Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API humaar ‫ﺣـُﻤﺎ َر‬ 'ibn marah ‫إﺑﻦ ﻣـَﺮ َه‬ donkey offensive your father is a woman very offensive 'ibn sharmuta son of a whore/bitch pdfcrowd.com remark response ‫ إﺑﻦ ﺷـَﺮﻣﻮﻃـَﺔ‬very offensive 'ifandim??? ‫إﻓـَﻨﺪ ِم؟؟؟‬ pardon???? Negation The word mish ‫ ﻣـِﺶ‬is used to negate a phrase. It is either placed in front of the verb or preposition, or wrapped around it. Structure English I have cigarettes I don't have any cigarettes Preposition There is water There is no water I was there kaan PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic Aandy sagaeyar ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺳـَﺠﺎ َﯾـَﺮ‬ maAandysh sagaeyar ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﻨﺪﯾﺶ ﺳـَﺠﺎ َﯾـَﺮ‬ fy mayaeh ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣـَﯿﺎ َه‬ mafysh mayaeh ‫ﻣـَﻔﯿﺶ ﻣـَﯿﺎ َه‬ 'ana kunt hinaek ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻛـُﻨﺖ ﻫـِﻨﺎ َك‬ 'ana makuntish hinaek pdfcrowd.com I was not there I saw Ahmed perfect I did not see Ahmed I know 'ana makuntish hinaek ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـَﻜـُﻨﺘـِﺶ ﻫـِﻨﺎ َك‬ 'ana shuft 'ahmad ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺷـُﻔﺖ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ 'ana mashuftish 'ahmad ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـَﺸـُﻔﺘـِﺶ أﺣﻤـَﺪ‬ 'ana Aaarif ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف‬ 'ana mish Aaarif participle I do not know ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﻋﺎ َر ِف‬ aacnaa maAaarifsh He wants to eat imperfect He does not want to eat he must not eat I like this book PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Aaeyiz yaekul ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﯾﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ mish Aaeyiz yaekul ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﯾﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ mayaekulsh ‫ﻣـَﯿﺎ َﻛـُﻠﺶ‬ bahibb ilkitaeb dah ‫ﺐ ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب د َه‬ ّ ‫ﺑـَﺤِـ‬ pdfcrowd.com mabahibbsh ilkitaeb dah ‫ﻣـَﺒـَﺤِـﺒّﺶ ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب د َه‬ bi-imperfect I do not like this book less common... mish bahibb ilkitaeb dah ‫ﺐ ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب د َه‬ ّ ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﺑـَﺤِـ‬ ] I will buy the book Ha-imperfect I will not buy the book imperative hashtiry ilkitaeb ‫ﻫﺎ َﺷﺘـِﺮي ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب‬ mish hashtiry ilkitaeb ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﻫﺎ َﺷﺘـِﺮي ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب‬ go away! iimshy! don't go! use mish+you-imperfect matimshysh ‫ﻣـَﺘـِﻤﺸﯿﺶ‬ Sometimes ma- is used on it own- the -sh does not appear after the word. There are no rules about when this can happen. Numbers Arabic digits are not the same as Roman digits: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Digit English Egyptian 0 ٠ 1 ١ 2 ٢ 3 ٣ 4 ٤ 5 ٥ 6 ٦ 7 ٧ 8 ٨ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API zero one two three four five six seven eight sifr ‫ﺻـِﻔﺮ‬ waehid ‫وا َﺣـِﺪ‬ 'itnyn ‫إﺗﻨﯿﻦ‬ talaeta ‫ﺗـَﻼ َﺗـَﺔ‬ 'arbaAa ‫أرﺑـَﻌـَﺔ‬ chamsa ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ sitta ‫ﺳِـﺘﱠـﺔ‬ sabAa ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ‬ tamanya ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com 9 ٩ nine 10 ten ١٠ tisAa ‫ﺗـِﺴﻌـَﺔ‬ Aashara ‫ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ َة‬ Cardinals and Ordinals In both English and egyptian, there are two forms of number- cardinals and ordinals. Cardinals are used to count things (one, two, three), Ordinals are used to describe sequence (first, second, etc). Example Function Cardinal five used to count things Ordinal used to describe the order, or position in sequence, of something fifth Cardinals Cardinals are used for counting and specifying how many of something. Usage of the first few numbers is complicated, but it gets easier after that :-). There are special rules for: People of a particular nationality (eg one englishman) Quantities- weight, money, and when you are ordering something (eg teas) People in general (men, women etc) Things - everything else PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The following table gives an overview of the situation: Number Form Nationals Egyptians Quantities Things People weight books men money chairs women tea minutes sifr ‫ﺻـِﻔﺮ‬ wazn zero mafysh ‫ ﻣـَﻔﯿﺶ‬masriyyin ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮ ِﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ +plural noun kutub ‫ و َزن‬rigala ‫ﻛـُﺘﻮب‬ ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ ‫ ر ِﺟﺎ‬karasy filus ‫ ﻓـِﻠﻮس‬sittaet ‫ﻛـَﺮا َﺳﻲ‬ ‫ ﺳِـﺘّﺎ َت‬da'aeyi' shaey ‫ﺷﺎ َي‬ ‫د َﻗﺎ َﯾـِﻖ‬ kylw ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬ waehid ‫ وا َﺣـِﺪ‬masry ginyh ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﺟـِﻨﯿﻪ‬ +sing noun PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API shaey pdfcrowd.com ‫ﺷﺎ َي‬ wahda one ‫ وا َﺣﺪ َة‬masriya ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮ ِﯾـَﺔ‬ +sing noun kitaeb raagil ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ ‫ را َﺟـِﻞ‬kursy ‫ﻛـُﺮﺳﻲ‬ sitt ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ ﺳِـ‬di'y'a ns on its own ‫د ِﻗﯿﻘـَﺔ‬ rigala 'itnyn ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ ‫ر ِﺟﺎ‬ ‫ إﺗﻨﯿﻦ‬masriyyin ‫ﻣـَﺼﺮ ِﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ sittaet +plural noun ‫ﺳِـﺘّﺎ َت‬ kylw ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬ 'itnyn ‫إﺗﻨﯿﻦ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API gynyh pdfcrowd.com two ‫ﺟﯿﻨﯿﻪ‬ +sing noun shaey ‫ﺷﺎ َي‬ kitabyn ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َﺑﯿﻦ‬ kursiyyin ‫ﻛـُﺮﺳـِﯿﯿـِﻦ‬ noun-yn di'i'tyn ‫د‬ ‫ِقـِقتين‬ kylw talaeta ‫ﺗـَﻼ َﺗـَﺔ‬ +sing noun ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬ ‫ ﻣـَﺼﺮي‬gynyh masrya ‫ﺟﯿﻨﯿﻪ‬ ‫ ﻣـَﺼﺮﯾـَﺔ‬shaey ‫ﺷﺎ َي‬ three kutub talat PRO version masry Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API rigala ‫ﻛـُﺘﻮب‬ pdfcrowd.com rigala talat ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ ‫ ر ِﺟﺎ‬karasy ‫ﻛـَﺮا َﺳﻲ‬ sittaet ‫ ﺳِـﺘّﺎ َت‬da'aeyi' ‫ﺗـَﻠـَﺖ‬ +plural noun ‫د َﻗﺎ َﯾـِﻖ‬ four thru nine, same as 3 Zero For zero, there is no equivalent of no as in no books. Instead, the verb or preposition is negated with mish ‫ﻣـِﺶ‬. As in english, the noun is a plural. Alternatively, you can use or without- min Gyr ‫ﻣـِﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬. English zero no egyptians (m/f) no weight no money PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian sifr ‫ﺻـِﻔﺮ‬ mafysh masriyyin ‫ﻣـَﻔﯿﺶ ﻣـَﺼﺮ ِﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ wazn ‫و َزن‬ filus pdfcrowd.com no money no tea no men no women no books no chairs no seconds ‫ﻓـِﻠﻮس‬ shaey ‫ﺷﺎ َي‬ ragala ‫ﻻ‬ َ َ ‫را َﺟﺎ‬ sittaet ‫ﺳِـﺘّﺎ َت‬ kutub ‫ﻛـُﺘﻮب‬ karasy ‫ﻛـَﺮا َﺳﻲ‬ da'aeyi' ‫د َﻗﺎ َﯾـِﻖ‬ One The number one has a masculine and feminine form. Both forms are used for people of a particular nationality eg an englishman. For weights, money and when ordering things, the masculine form only is used. In English, we would usually say a book rather than one book: the same is true in Egyptian, but PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com there is no word for a - the noun is simply used on its own. English one one egyptian (m) Egyptian waehid ‫وا َﺣـِﺪ‬ waehid masry ‫وا َﺣـِﺪ ﻣـَﺼﺮي‬ one egyptian (f) waHdao maSriyao a kilo waaHid kylw a guinea waaHid ginyh one tea waaHid shaay a man raagil a woman sitt a book kitaab a chair kursy a minute diqyqao Two For people of a particular nationality, eg two englishmen or two egyptians, use the number 'itnyn ‫إﺗﻨﯿﻦ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com followed by a plural noun. For weights, money and orders, use the number 'itnyn ‫ إﺗﻨﯿﻦ‬followed by a singular noun. For things, you should use the suffix -yn ‫ ـﯿﻦ‬for masculine nouns and -tyn ‫ ـﺘﯿﻦ‬for feminine nouns. Nouns ending in -y ‫ ـﻲ‬take the ending -iyyin ‫ــِييـِن‬. This is equivalent to a couple which can mean exactly two, or approximately two. English two two egyptians (m/f) PRO version Egyptian 'itnyn ‫إﺗﻨﯿﻦ‬ 'itnyn masryyin ‫إﺗﻨﯿﻦ ﻣـَﺼﺮﯾﯿـِﻦ‬ two kilos iictnyn kylw two guineas iictnyn ginyh two teas iictnyn shaay two men iictnyn ragaalaa two women iictnyn sittaat two books kitaabyn two chair kursiyyin two minutes diqiqtyn Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Three to Ten For People of nationalities, use the number followed by a plural noun. For weights, money and when ordering things, use the number followed by a singular noun. For people and things, use the short form listed below followed by a plural noun: Digit English Egyptian English 3 ٣ 4 ٤ 5 ٥ 6 ٦ 7 ٧ 8 ٨ PRO version three four five six seven eight Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API talaeta ‫ﺗـَﻼ َﺗـَﺔ‬ 'arbaAa ‫أرﺑـَﻌـَﺔ‬ chamsa ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ sitta ‫ﺳِـﺘﱠـﺔ‬ sabAa ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ‬ tamanya ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ‬ three books four books five books six books seven books eight books Egyptian talat kutub ‫ﺗـَﻠـَﺖ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ 'arbaAa kutub ‫أرﺑـَﻊ َ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ chamas kutub ‫ﺧـَﻤـَﺲ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ sitt kutub ‫ﺖ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ ّ ‫ﺳِـ‬ sabaA kutub ‫ﺳـَﺒـَﻊ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ taman kutub ‫ﺗـَﻤـَﻦ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ pdfcrowd.com 9 ٩ tisAa nine ‫ﺗـِﺴﻌـَﺔ‬ Aashara 10 ten ١٠ ‫ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ َة‬ nine books ten books tisAa kutub ‫ﺗـِﺴﻊ َ ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ Aashara kutub ‫ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ َة ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ‬ Eleven to Ninety Nine From 11 onwards, if the number is followed by a noun, the noun must be singular: English eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen PRO version Egyptian hidaeshar ‫ﺣـِﺪا َﺷـَﺮ‬ 'itnaeshar ‫إﺗﻨﺎ َﺷـَﺮ‬ talatshar ‫ﺗـَﻼ َﺗﺸـَﺮ‬ 'arbaAtashar ‫أرﺑـَﻌﺘـَﺸـَﺮ‬ chamastashar ‫ﺧـَﻤـَﺴﺘـَﺸـَﺮ‬ sittashar Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API English eleven books twelve books thirteen books fourteen books fifteen books sixteen books Egyptian hidaeshar kitaeb ‫ﺣـِﺪا َﺷـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ 'itnaeshar kitaeb ‫إﺗﻨﺎ َﺷـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ talatshar kitaeb ‫ﺗـَﻼ َﺗﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ 'arbatAshar kitaeb ‫أرﺑـَﺘﻌﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ chamastashar kitaeb ‫ﺧـَﻤـَﺴﺘـَﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ sittashar kitaeb pdfcrowd.com sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen ‫ﺳِـﺘﱠـﺸـَﺮ‬ sabaAtashar ‫ﺳـَﺒـَﻌﺘـَﺸـَﺮ‬ tamantashar ‫ﺗـَﻤـَﻨﺘـَﺸـَﺮ‬ tisAatashar ‫ﺗـِﺴﻌـَﺘـَﺸـَﺮ‬ sixteen books seventeen books eighteen books nineteen books ‫ﺳِـﺘﱠـﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ sabaAtashar kitaeb ‫ﺳـَﺒـَﻌﺘـَﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ tamantashar kitaeb ‫ﺗـَﻤـَﻨﺘـَﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ tisAatashar kitaeb ‫ﺗـِﺴﻌـَﺘـَﺸـَﺮ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ The digits in Egyptian numbers are written in the same order as in European numbers. When expressed as words, however, the two digits are stated as units and tens, as in german not english, with wa ‫ َو‬in between: 35 ٣٥ thirty five Kamsao wa talatyn Here are the numbers from 20 to 90: English Egyptian twenty Aasharyn ‫ﻋـَﺸـَﺮﯾﻦ‬ talatyn PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety talatyn ‫ﺗـَﻠـَﺘﯿﻦ‬ 'arbaAyn ‫أرﺑـَﻌﯿﻦ‬ chamsyn ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴﯿﻦ‬ sittyn ‫ﺳِـﺘّﯿﻦ‬ sabaAyn ‫ﺳـَﺒـَﻌﯿﻦ‬ tamanyn ‫ﺗـَﻤـَﻨﯿﻦ‬ tisAyn ‫ﺗـِﺴﻌﯿﻦ‬ Hundreds Here are the numbers from one to nine hundred. Note that the short form myt ‫ ﻣﯿﺖ‬is used when hundreds are followed by a noun (which must be singular): English PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian short form + singular noun pdfcrowd.com one hundred two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred six hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine hundred miya myt kitaeb ‫ﻣـِﯿـَﺔ‬ mityn ‫ﻣﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ mityn kitaeb ‫ﻣـِﺘﯿﻦ‬ tultumiya ‫ﺗـُﻠﺘـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـِﺘﯿﻦ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ tultumyt kitaeb ‫ﺗـُﻠﺘـُﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ rubAumiya rubAumyt kitaeb ‫ر ُﺑﻌـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ر ُﺑﻌـُﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ chamsumiya chamsamyt kitaeb ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ suttumiya ‫ﺳُـﺘﱡـﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ subuAmiya ‫ﺳـُﺒـُﻌﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ suttumyt kitaeb ‫ﺳُـﺘﱡـﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ subuAamyt kitaeb ‫ﺳـُﺒـُﻌـَﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ tumunumiya tumunumyt kitaeb ‫ﺗـُﻤـُﻨـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ tusAumiya ‫ﺗـُﺴﻌـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـُﻤـُﻨـُﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ tusAumyt kitaeb ‫ﺗـُﺴﻌـُﻤﯿﺖ ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ Thousands PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Here are the numbers from one to nine thousand. Five thousand should really be chamsaet 'alf ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴﺎ‬ ‫َت ألف‬, but it is pronounced as below. English one thousand two thousand three thousand four thousand five thousand six thousand seven thousand eight thousand PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian alf ‫ا َﻟﻒ‬ alfyn ‫ا َﻟﻔﯿﻦ‬ talat talaef ‫ﺗـَﻠـَﺖ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ 'arbaA talaef ‫أرﺑـَﻊ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ chamas talaef ‫ﺧـَﻤـَﺲ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ sit talaef ‫ﺳـِﺖ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ sabaA talaef ‫ﺳـَﺒـَﻊ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ taman talaef ‫ﺗـَﻤـَﻦ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ pdfcrowd.com nine thousand ten thousand tisaA talaef ‫ﺗـِﺴـَﻊ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ Aashar talaef ‫ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ ﺗـَﻼ َف‬ Ordinals To explain the sequence of things (first, second, third), you use the ordinal. It can be either as an adjective or as a noun in the genitive form: As an adjective, the ordinal be preceded by il ‫ ا ِل‬and, for 1 to 9, must agree with the gender of the noun. From 11 onwards, the cardinal numbers are the same as ordinals, and are used as adjectives only. English the third day third day the third time third time PRO version the tenth day Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian ilyum ittaelit ‫ا ِﻟﯿﻮم ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻟـِﺖ‬ taelit yum ‫ﺗﺎ َﻟـِﺖ ﯾﻮم‬ ilmarra ittalta ‫ا ِﻟﻤَـ ّﺮ َة ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻟﺘـَﺔ‬ taelit marra ‫ﺗﺎ َﻟـِﺖ ﻣَـ ّﺮ َة‬ ilyum ilAaeshir pdfcrowd.com the tenth day tenth day the tenth time tenth time the eleventh day eleventh time the twentieth day twentieh time ‫ا ِﻟﯿﻮم ا ِﻟﻌﺎ َﺷـِﺮ‬ Aaeshir yum ‫ﻋﺎ َﺷـِﺮ ﯾﻮم‬ ilmarra ilAaeshira ‫ا ِﻟﻤَـ ّﺮ َة ا ِﻟﻌﺎ َﺷـِﺮ َة‬ Aaeshir marra ‫ﻋﺎ َﺷـِﺮ ﻣَـ ّﺮ َة‬ ilyum ilhidaeshar ‫ا ِﻟﯿﻮم ا ِﻟﺤـِﺪا َﺷـَﺮ‬ ilmarra ilhidaeshar ‫ا ِﻟﻤَـ ّﺮ َة ا ِﻟﺤـِﺪا َﺷـَﺮ‬ ilyum ilAasharyn ‫ا ِﻟﯿﻮم ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸـَﺮﯾﻦ‬ ilmarra ilAasharyn ‫ا ِﻟﻤَـ ّﺮ َة ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸـَﺮﯾﻦ‬ Here are the first ten ordinals: English Egyptian English first PRO version awwil Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API the first book Egyptian ilkitaeb il'awwil pdfcrowd.com first ‫ا َ ّو ِل‬ 'uula ‫ﻻ‬ َ ‫أ ُو‬ second tany ‫ﺗﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ tanya ‫ﺗﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ‬ third taelit ‫ﺗﺎ َﻟـِﺖ‬ talta ‫ﺗﺎ َﻟﺘـَﺔ‬ fourth rabAa ‫را َﺑ َﻊ‬ rabAa ‫ر َﺑﻌـَﺔ‬ fifth chams ‫ﺧﺎ َﻣﺲ‬ chamsa ‫ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API the first book the first cat the second book the second cat the third book the third cat the fourth book the fourth cat the fifth book the fifth cat ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻷ ّو ِل‬ il'utta il'uula ‫ﻻ‬ َ ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻷ ُو‬ ilkitaeb ittany ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻧﻲ‬ il'utta ittanya ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb ittaelit ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻟـِﺖ‬ il'utta ittalta ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻟﺘـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb irrabAa ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺮا َﺑ َﻊ‬ il'utta irrabAa ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺮ َﺑﻌـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb ilchaamis ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺨﺎ َﻣـِﺲ‬ il'utta ilchamsa ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺨـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com sixth saedis ‫ﺳﺎ َد ِس‬ saetit ‫ﺳﺎ َﺗـِﺔ‬ seventh seventh eighth eighth ninth ninth tenth PRO version saebiA ‫ﺳﺎ َﺑـِﻊ‬ saebiAa ‫ﺳﺎ َﺑـِﻌـَﺔ‬ taemin ‫ﺗﺎ َﻣـِﻦ‬ tamna ‫ﺗـَﻤﻨـَﺔ‬ the sixth book the sixth cat the seventh book the seventh cat the eighth book the eighth cat ‫ ﺗﺎ َﺳـِﻊ‬the ninth book ‫ﺗﺎ َﺳﻌـَﺔ‬ Aaeshir ‫ﻋﺎ َﺷـِﺮ‬ ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َد ِس‬ il'utta issaetit ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﺗـِﺔ‬ ilkitaeb issaebiA ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﺑـِﻊ‬ il'utta issaebiAa ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﺑـِﻌـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb ittaemin ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﻣـِﻦ‬ il'utta ittamna ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺘـَﻤﻨـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb ittaesiA taesiA tasAa ilkitaeb issaedis the ninth cat the tenth book Aaeshira tenth the tenth cat Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘﺎ‬ ‫َسـِع‬ il'utta ittaesiAa ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﺘﺎ َﺳـِﻌـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb ilAaeshir ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﻌﺎ َﺷـِﺮ‬ il'utta ilAaeshira pdfcrowd.com tenth ‫ﻋﺎ َﺷـِﺮ َة‬ the tenth cat ‫ا ِﻟﻘُـﻄﱠـﺔ ا ِﻟﻌﺎ َﺷـِﺮ َة‬ From the eleventh onwards, the cardinal and ordinal are the same. Here are some examples: Number eleven twelve thirteen twenty thirty forty one hundred two hundred PRO version Ordinal English hidaeshar ‫ﺣـِﺪا َﺷـَﺮ‬ 'itnaeshar ‫إﺗﻨﺎ َﺷـَﺮ‬ talaetashar ‫ﺗـَﻼ َﺗـَﺸـَﺮ‬ Aasharyn ‫ﻋـَﺸـَﺮﯾﻦ‬ thalatyn ‫ﺛـَﻠـَﺘﯿﻦ‬ 'arbaAyn ‫أرﺑـَﻌﯿﻦ‬ miya ‫ﻣـِﯿـَﺔ‬ mityn Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API the eleventh book the twelfth book the thirteenth book the twentieth book the thirtieth book the fortieth book the hundredth book the two hundredth book Egyptian ilkitaeb ilhidaeshar ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺤـِﺪا َﺷـَﺮ‬ ilkitaeb il'itnashar ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻹﺗﻨـَﺸـَﺮ‬ ilkitaeb ittalaetashar ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘـَﻼ َﺗـَﺸـَﺮ‬ ilkitaeb ilAasharyn ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﻌـَﺸـَﺮﯾﻦ‬ ilkitaeb ittalatyn ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘـَﻠـَﺘﯿﻦ‬ ilkitaeb il'arbaAyn ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻷرﺑـَﻌﯿﻦ‬ ilkitaeb ilmiya ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb ilmityn pdfcrowd.com two hundred three hundred one thousand ‫ﻣـِﺘﯿﻦ‬ tultumiya ‫ﺗـُﻠﺘـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ 'alf ‫أﻟﻒ‬ the two hundredth book the three hundredth book ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﻤـِﺘﯿﻦ‬ ilkitaeb ittultumiya ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻟﺘـُﻠﺘـُﻤـِﯿـَﺔ‬ ilkitaeb il'alf the thousandth book ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ا ِﻷﻟﻒ‬ Fractions The following fractions are widely used: English half a third a quarter three quarters Egyptian nus ‫ﻧﻮص‬ tilt ‫ﺗـِﻠﺖ‬ rubaA ‫ر ُﺑـَﻊ‬ talaet 'arbaAa ‫ﺗـَﻼ َت أرﺑَـ َﻊ‬ Questions PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com To ask how many people or things, you should use kam ‫ ﻛـَﻢ‬before the noun. To ask for a sequence or reference number (what or which, you put the kam ‫ ﻛـَﻢ‬after the noun. In all of these cases, the noun is singular. Type English count How many children do you have? count How many days will you stay? count How many guests tomorrow? what What is your telephone number? what What time is it? what What time is the meeting? what What is your apartment number? which Which floor do you want? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian Aandak kam walad? ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك ﻛـَﻢ و َﻟـَﺪ؟‬ kam yum hatinizil? ‫ﻛـَﻢ ﯾﻮم ﻫـَﺘـِﻨـِﺰ ِل؟‬ kam zibun bukrah? ‫ﻛـَﻢ ز ِﺑﻮن ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه؟‬ nimritak kaem? ‫ﻧـِﻤﺮ ِﺗـَﻚ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ issaeAa kaem? ‫ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ il'igtimaeA issaeAa kaem? ‫ا ِﻹﺟﺘـِﻤﺎ َع ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ sha''ytak raqam kaem? ‫ﺷَـﻘﱠﯿﺘـﻚ ر َﻗـَﻢ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ Aaeyiz dur kaem? pdfcrowd.com which Which floor do you want? ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ دور ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ Ownership There are several different ways to indicate ownership and belonging. These are: Egyptian Meaning Egyptian English possessive my/your/his pronoun 'ismuh simple genitive ism ilwalad bitaeA of ‫ا ِﺳﻢ ا ِﻟﻮ َﻟـَﺪ‬ his name the name of the boy ilbasbur bitaeAy ‫ ﺑـِﺘﺎ َع‬belonging Aand ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬ maAa ‫ﻣَـ َﻊ‬ ly ‫ﻟﻲ‬ PRO version ‫إﺳﻤـُﻪ‬ ownership have with you having for a purpose intended for attached Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ ا ِﻟﺒـَﺴﺒﻮر ﺑـِﺘﺎ‬my passport ‫َعي‬ Aandy biyt ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺑـِﯿﺖ‬ maAaek kabryt? ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َك ﻛـَﺒﺮﯾﺖ؟‬ I have a house Do you have matches (on you)? fy busta lyk ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻄـَﺔ ﻟﯿﻚ‬there is some post for you pdfcrowd.com milk ‫ﻣـِﻠﻚ‬ (my/your/his) property ilbiyt dah milkuh ‫ا ِﻟﺒـِﯿﺖ د َه ﻣـِﻠﻜـُﻪ‬ that house is his property possessive pronoun In both english and arabic, the most common way of expressing ownership is with a posessive pronoun (my, your... etc). In egyptian, this is a suffix attached to the noun. Here are some examples: English my name your(m) name your(f) name my house his house my father PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic 'ismy ‫إﺳﻤﻲ‬ 'ismak ‫إﺳﻤـَﻚ‬ 'ismik ‫إﺳﻤـِﻚ‬ biyty ‫ﺑـِﯿﺘﻲ‬ biytuh ‫ﺑـِﯿﺘـُﻪ‬ 'abwya ‫أﺑﻮﯾَﺎ‬ pdfcrowd.com your(f) father his father our god 'abuha ‫أﺑﻮﻫَﺎ‬ 'abuh ‫أﺑﻮه‬ rabbina ‫ر َﺑﱢـﻨَﺎ‬ The posessive pronouns themselves are pretty easy to learn, but when the pronouns are attached to nouns, the vowels do a little dance to make sure that you don't get three consonants in a row. See pronouns for more information. simple genitive In english, the simple genitive can take two forms: both are expressed in the same way in arabic. English Egyptian 'ism irraagil the man's name ‫إﺳﻢ ا ِﻟﺮا‬ ‫َجـِل‬ 'ism irraagil the name of the man PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫إﺳﻢ ا ِﻟﺮا‬ ‫َجـِل‬ pdfcrowd.com il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬can be attached to the second noun if required, but must never be attached to the first noun. If the first noun is feminine, the -a ‫ ــَة‬ending changes to -it ‫ــِت‬. Nothing must be placed between the two nouns. Adjectives go after the second noun, but must agree in gender and number with the first noun. If a possessive suffix is required, it must go on the second word (or use bitaeA ‫)ﺑـِﺘﺎ َع‬. Here are some examples: English the boy's name is strange I have her telephone number Where is the railway station? Do you know my cousin? (uncle's son) Do you know my cousin? (uncle's son) Have you seen the boss's new car? Egyptian 'ism ilwalad Garyb ‫إﺳﻢ ا ِﻟﻮ َﻟـَﺪ ﻏـَﺮﯾﺐ‬ Aandy nimrit tilyfunha ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﻧـِﻤﺮ ِة ﺗـِﻠﯿﻔﻮﻧﻬَﺎ‬ mahatit il'atr fyn? ‫ﻣـَﺤـَﻄـِﺔ ا ِﻟﻘـَﻄﺮ ﻓﯿﻦ؟‬ 'inta Aaarif 'ibn Aammy? ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف إﺑﻦ ﻋَـﻤّﻲ؟‬ tiAarif 'ibn Aammy? ‫ﺗـِﻌـَﺮ ِف إﺑﻦ ﻋَـﻤّﻲ؟‬ 'inta shuft Aarabiyit ilmudyr ilgidyda? ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﺷﻮﻓﺖ ﻋـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـِﺔ ا ِﻟﻤـُﺪﯾﺮ ا ِﻟﺠـِﺪﯾﺪ َة؟‬ 'inta shuft ilAarabiya 'illy maAa ilmudyr ilgidyd? Have you seen the new boss's car? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﺷﻮﻓﺖ ا ِﻟﻌـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﺔ إﻟّﻲ ﻣـَﻊ َ ا ِﻟﻤـُﺪﯾﺮ ا‬ pdfcrowd.com ‫ِلجـِديد؟‬ I want a bottle of water Aaeyiz 'izzaezit mayaeh ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ إزّا َز ِة ﻣـَﯿﺎ َه‬ iddyny 'izzaezit ilmayaeh ‫ا ِدّﯾﻨﻲ إزّا َز ِة ا ِﻟﻤـَﯿﺎ َه‬ give me this bottle of water dyh Belonging- bitaA ‫ﺑـِﺘـَﻊ‬ bitaA ‫ ﺑـِﺘـَﻊ‬is used in several ways: noun + noun + bitaA + bitaA + bitaA + possessive suffix, to indicate ownership bitaA + possessive suffix, as an alternative to a genitive product (milk, onions, tyres etc), to indicate somebody who sells the product possessive suffix, to refer to a man's or woman's private parts bitaA ‫ ﺑـِﺘـَﻊ‬is always used for ownership when the noun ends in -yn ‫ ـﯿﻦ‬and for imported words (my villa). It is not used for parts of the body (my leg). English I have lost my passport Egyptian 'ana daayAt ilbasbur bitaAy ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﺿﺎ َﯾﻌﺖ ا ِﻟﺒـَﺴﺒﻮر ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﻲ‬ Aandak kam 'uuda fy ilvyla bitaAtak? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك ﻛـَﻢ أ ُوﺿـَﺔ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟڤﯿﻼ َ ﺑـِﺘﺎ‬ ‫َعتـَك؟‬ how many rooms does your villa have? fyn ilmudarrisyn bitwaAak? Where are your teachers? ‫ﻓﯿﻦ ا ِﻟﻤـُﺪ َ ّر ِﺳﯿﻦ ﺑـِﺘﻮ َﻋـَﻚ؟‬ huwwa bitaeA chudaar He is a vegetable seller ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﺘﺎ َع ﺧـُﻀﺎ َر‬ huwwa bitaeA laban He is a milk seller means he's a ladies' man ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺑـِﺘﺎ َع ﻟـَﺒـَﻦ‬ battal tuhrush fy bitaeAak Stop scratching yourself! ‫ﺑَـﻄﱠـﻞ ﺗـُﻬﺮ ُش ﻓﻲ ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـَﻚ‬ bitaeA ‫ ﺑـِﺘﺎ َع‬is like a participle, so it has to agree in gender and number with the noun. Here are all of the possible endings: English belonging to me PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API m f pl the book the bag the books ilkitaeb bitaeA- ishshanta bitaAt- ilkutub bituA- ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـ‬ ‫ا ِﻟﺸـَﻨﻄـَﺔ ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﺘـ‬ ‫ا ِﻟﻜـُﺘﻮب ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋـ‬ bitaAy bitaAty bituAy ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﻲ‬ bitaAna ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﺘﻲ‬ bitaeAitna ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋﻲ‬ bituAna pdfcrowd.com bitaAna belonging to us bitaeAitna ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﻨَﺎ‬ belonging to you(m) belonging to you(f) belonging to you(pl) belonging to him belonging to her belonging to them bitaeAak bituAna ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـِﺘﻨَﺎ‬ bitaAtak ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـَﻚ‬ bitaeAik bituAak ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﺘـَﻚ‬ bitaAtik ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﺘـِﻚ‬ bitaeAitkum ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﻜـُﻢ‬ bitaeAuh ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋـُﻪ‬ bituAha ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـِﺘﻬَﺎ‬ bitaeAithum ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﻬـُﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋﻜـُﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﺘـُﻪ‬ bitaeAitha bitaAhum bituAkum bituAuh ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـُﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋﻬَﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋـِﻚ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـِﺘﻜـُﻢ‬ bitaAtuh bitaAha ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋـَﻚ‬ bituAik ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـِﻚ‬ bitaAkum ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋﻨَﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﺎ َﻋـِﺘﻬـُﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋﻬَﺎ‬ bituAhum ‫ﺑـِﺘﻮﻋﻬـُﻢ‬ Ownership - Aand ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬ Aand ‫ ﻋـَﻨﺪ‬means that you own something but don't necessarily have with you. It can also be used about members of your family. An object pronoun can be added to indicate who owns something. Here are some examples: English PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian pdfcrowd.com Aandy Aarabiya I have a car ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﻋـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﺔ‬ Aanduh waladyn he has two children ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ُه و َﻟـَﺪﯾﻦ‬ do you have any books? Aandak kutub? ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك ﻛـُﺘـُﺐ؟‬ Here are all of the possible forms. English I have we have you(m) have you(f) have you(pl) have PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic Aandy ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي‬ Aandina ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ِﻧَﺎ‬ Aandak ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك‬ Aandik ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ِك‬ Aandukum ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ُﻛـُﻢ‬ Aanduh pdfcrowd.com he has she has they have Aanduh ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ُه‬ Aandaha ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َﻫَﺎ‬ Aanduhum ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ُﻫـُﻢ‬ Having with you maAa ‫ﻣَـ َﻊ‬ maAa means that you have something or somebody with you. It takes an object suffix to say who it is with. English Egyptian maAak ilmafatyh? Do you have the keys? ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﻚ ا ِﻟﻤـَﻔﺎ َﺗﯿﺢ؟‬ 'ana haaruh maAaak I will go with you ‫أﻧﺎ َ ﻫﺎ َروح ﻣـَﻌَــَﻚ‬ Do you have any change? maAak fakka? ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﻚ ﻓَـﻜﱠـﺔ؟‬ Here are all of the possible forms: English PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Egyptian pdfcrowd.com I have we have you(m) have you(f) have you(pl) have he has she has they have maAaeya ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َﯾَﺎ‬ maAana ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َﻧَﺎ‬ maAaek ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َك‬ maAaky ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َﻛﻲ‬ maAaekum ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َﻛـُﻢ‬ maAaeh ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َه‬ maAaha ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َﻫَﺎ‬ maAaehum ‫ﻣـَﻌﺎ َﻫـُﻢ‬ intended for - ly- ‫ﻟﯿـ‬ ly ‫ ﻟﻲ‬can be used for parts of the body, members of your family, for something that is attached, and PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com for something that is intended for somebody or something. It is also used when an inanimate object has something. Here are some examples: English he has only one leg she has two children there is mail for you (f) I owe you five pounds Lit: I have five founds for you(m) this present is for (all of) you(pl) I want a garden seat A seat intended for the garden the flat has a garage Egyptian lyh rigl wahda bas ‫ﻟﯿﻪ ر ِﺟﻞ وا َﺣﺪ َة ﺑـَﺲ‬ lyha waladyn ‫ﻟﯿﻬﺎ َ و َﻟـَﺪﯾﻦ‬ fy busta lyky ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻄـَﺔ ﻟﯿﻜﻲ‬ Aandy chamsa giny lyk ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ ﺟـِﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﻚ‬ ilhidaya dy lykum ‫ا ِﻟﻬـِﺪ َﯾـَﺔ دي ﻟﯿﻜـُﻢ‬ Aaeyiz kursy lilginiyna ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﻛـُﺮﺳﻲ ﻟـِﻠﺠـِﻨـِﯿﻨـَﺔ‬ ishsha''a lyha garaaj ‫ا ِﻟﺸَـﻘﱠـﺔ ﻟﯿﻬﺎ َ ﺟـَﺮا َچ‬ ishsha''a fyhae'uudtyn the flat has two bedrooms use fy ‫ ﻓﻲ‬because rooms are inside ‫ا ِﻟﺸَـﻘﱠـﺔ ﻓﯿﻬﺎ َأ ُوﺿﺘﯿﻦ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Here are all of the possible forms: English I have we have you(m) have you(f) have you(pl) have he has she has they have PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API m liya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻟِـ‬ lyna ‫ﻟﯿﻨَﺎ‬ lyk ‫ﻟﯿﻚ‬ lyky ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻲ‬ lykum ‫ﻟﯿﻜـُﻢ‬ lyh ‫ﻟﯿﻪ‬ lyha ‫ﻟﯿﻬَﺎ‬ lyhum ‫ﻟﯿﻬـُﻢ‬ pdfcrowd.com Possession property milk ‫ﻣـِﻠﻚ‬ Ownership of real estate - houses, land etc, can be expressed with milk- ‫ ﻣـِﻠﻜـ‬plus a suffix. English He has his own house Egyptian Aanduh biyt milkuh ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ُه ﺑـِﯿﺖ ﻣـِﻠﻜـُﻪ‬ Aandy 'ard milk fy ilGarda'a I own land in Hurghada ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪي أرض ﻣـِﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﻐـَﺮد‬ ‫َقـَة‬ Quantities You can specify a quantity in several ways: measures - metres, kilos etc numbers containers - packs, bottles etc approximate amounts - a little, a lot etc Measures For weights, lengths and other measurements, you use a number followed by a singular noun. 'ahmad tuluh mitr 1 wa 90 santy PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Ahmed is 1m90 tall this bag is 20 pounds 2 kilos of potatoes, please I want a hundred grams of salami I need a quarter kilo of butter 'ahmad tuluh mitr 1 wa 90 santy ‫ ﺳـَﻨﺘﻲ‬٩٠ َ ‫ و‬١ ‫أﺣﻤـَﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﻮه ﻣـِﺘﺮ‬ ishshanta dih bi Aishryn ginyh ‫ا ِﻟﺸـَﻨﻄـَﺔ د ِه ب ِ ﻋـِﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﺟـِﻨﯿﻪ‬ 'itnyn kylw bataatis, law samaht ‫ ﻟـَﻮ ﺳـَﻤـَﺤﺖ‬،‫إﺗﻨﯿﻦ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﺑـَﻄﺎ َﻃـِﺲ‬ Aaeyiz myt garam salamy ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﻣﯿﺖ ﺟـَﺮ َم ﺳـَﻼ َﻣﻲ‬ mihtaeg rubaA kylw zibda ‫ﻣـِﺤﺘﺎ َج ر ُﺑـَﻊ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ز ِﺑﺪ َة‬ ilAarabiya gaebit tamanya tun mayae the truck brought eight tonnes of water ‫ا ِﻟﻌـَﺮ َﺑـِﯿـَﺔ ﺟﺎ َﺑـِﺖ ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ ﻃـُﻦ ﻣـَﯿﺎ‬ ‫َة‬ Numbers See the section in numbers for more information about this. Containers If you want something in a container of some sort: carton, bottle, etc, you use the genitive of the container. The main effect of this is that words ending in tee-marbuta -a ‫ ــَة‬are pronounced -it ‫ــِت‬. Here are some examples: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com you must take one spoonful of medicine I want a pack of cigarettes a bottle of water, please laezim tachuz maAla'it dawaa' ‫ﻻ َز ِم ﺗـَﺨـُﺬ ﻣـَﻌﻠـَﻘـِﺔ د َوا َء‬ Aaeyiz Aalbit sagaeyar ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﻋـَﻠﺒـِﺔ ﺳـَﺠﺎ َﯾـَﺮ‬ 'izzaezit maeya, law samaht ‫ ﻟـَﻮ ﺳـَﻤـَﺤﺖ‬،‫إزّا َز ِة ﻣﺎ َﯾـَﺔ‬ Approximate measures tea without sugar normal tea (with three sugar) weak tea strong tea a little milk I don't have enough money PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API shaey myn Gyr sukkar ‫ﺷﺎ َي ﻣﯿﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺳُـﻜﱠـﺮ‬ shaey mazbut ‫ﺷﺎ َي ﻣـَﺰﺑﻮط‬ shaey chafyf ‫ﺷﺎ َي ﺧـَﻔﯿﻒ‬ shaey ti'yl ‫ﺷﺎ َي ﺗـِﻘﯿﻞ‬ shuwayit laban ‫ﺷـُﻮ َﯾـِﺔ ﻟـَﺒـَﻦ‬ maAandysh filus kifaeya pdfcrowd.com I don't have enough money he has a lot of money you have a lot of friends informal ‫ﻣـَﻌـَﻨﺪﯾﺶ ﻓـِﻠﻮس ﻛـِﻔﺎ َﯾـَﺔ‬ Aanduh filus kityr ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ ُه ﻓـِﻠﻮس ﻛـِﺘﯿﺮ‬ Aandak 'ashaeb yama ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك أﺻﺤﺎ َب ﯾﺎ َﻣَﺎ‬ Questions There are four main groups of questions. Direct- what, when, why Indirect- courteous question and whether Confirmation - isn't it so? Rhetorical- you are making a point and don't expect an answer English quirks In english, it is possible to ask a question in many different ways. some of these translate easily into Egyptian: others require a little thought. The ones you need to watch out for are: sentences with 'do' where you are not doing anything sentences with 'got' where you are not getting anything sentences with how followed by an adverb or adjective (see adverbal question) For all english verbs except is and have, you can turn a statement into a question by putting do in PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com front of it. you know John do you know John? . In egyptian, you can either add huwwa ‫ ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬at the start of the sentence or use inflection you know john? The word have is somewhat overused in english, and English speakers often reduce the risk of confusion by saying have you got rather than the older form, still used by most americans, do you have...?. There is no equivalent in egyptian, so inflection is used Direct questions It is possible to frame a direct question in several ways: using a query word at the end of the sentence preceding a sentence with huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ by inflection Query words In english, a query word normally start the sentence: in egyptian it is normally at the end of the sentence. For example where are you going? raayiH fyn? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The following query words can be used: English what when where where from how which Egyptian 'iyh ‫إﯾﻪ‬ 'imta ‫إﻣﺘﻰ‬ fyn ‫ﻓﯿﻦ‬ minyn ‫ﻣـِﻨﯿﻦ‬ 'izzay ‫إ ّز َي‬ 'anhw ‫أﻧﻬﻮ‬ kaem ‫ﻛﺎ َم‬ how many followed by singular noun kaem PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com what (number) how much (of something) how much (money) why kaem ‫ﻛﺎ َم‬ 'add iyh ‫ﻗَـ ّﺪ ا ِﯾﻪ‬ bikaem ‫ﺑـِﻜﺎ َم‬ lyh ‫ﻟﯿﻪ‬ The simple imperfect ('aAamil, tiAuz, yiruh ‫ ﯾـِﺮوه‬،‫ ﺗـِﻌﻮز‬،‫ أﻋـَﻤـِﻞ‬is often used in questions. Here are some examples: English how are you? how are you? lit. what are you doing? what are you doing? Egyptian 'izzayak? ‫إ ّز َﯾـَﻚ؟‬ 'aAamil 'iyh? ‫أﻋـَﻤـِﻞ إﯾﻪ؟‬ bitaAamil 'iyh? ‫ﺑـِﺘـَﻌـَﻤـِﻞ إﯾﻪ؟‬ 'ashufak 'imta? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com when will I see you? where is the station? where can I buy flowers from? where can I buy flowers from? where are you from? how do I charge this phone? which book (m) do you(m) want? which glass (f) is yours(m)? how much milk would you like? how much is this bag? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API 'ashufak 'imta? ‫أﺷﻮﻓـَﻚ إﻣﺘﻰ؟‬ ilmahatta fyn? ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﺤَـﻄﱠـﺔ ﻓﯿﻦ؟‬ mumkin 'ashtiry ward min fyn? ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ أﺷﺘـِﺮي و َرد ﻣـِﻦ ﻓﯿﻦ؟‬ minyn mumkin 'ashtiry ward? ‫ﻣـِﻨﯿﻦ ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ أﺷﺘـِﺮي و َرد؟‬ 'inta minyn? ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﻣـِﻨﯿﻦ؟‬ 'ashhan ittilyfun dah 'izzay? ‫أﺷﺤـَﻦ ا ِﻟﺘـِﻠﯿﻔﻮن د َه إ ّز َي؟‬ Aaewiz ilkitaeb 'anhw? ‫ﻋﺎ َو ِز ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب أﻧﻬﻮ؟‬ 'anhw ilkubaeya bitaAitak? ‫أﻧﻬﻮ ا ِﻟﻜـُﺒﺎ َﯾـَﺔ ﺑـِﺘـَﻌـِﺘـَﻚ؟‬ Aaewiz laban 'add iyh? ‫ﻋﺎ َو ِز ﻟـَﺒـَﻦ ﻗَـ ّﺪ ا ِﯾﻪ؟‬ ishshanta dy bikaem? ‫ا ِﻟﺸـَﻨﻄـَﺔ دي ﺑـِﻜﺎ َم؟‬ pdfcrowd.com why is he going? huwwa raayih lyh? ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ را َﯾـِﺢ ﻟﯿﻪ؟‬ Here are some common answers to questions English How much? This much Why? Because. Why? It's like that Why? Better like this Why? Why not? Egyptian 'add iyh? 'add kidah ‫ﻗَـ ّﺪ ا ِﯾﻪ؟ ﻗَـ ّﺪ ﻛـِﺪ َه‬ lyh? Aalashaen ‫ﻟﯿﻪ؟ ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن‬ lyh? kidah ‫ﻟﯿﻪ؟ ﻛـِﺪ َه‬ lyh? 'ahsan kidah ‫ﻟﯿﻪ؟ أﺣﺴـَﻦ ﻛـِﺪ َه‬ lyh? lyh laa'? ‫ﻟﯿﻪ؟ ﻟﯿﻪ ﻻ َء؟‬ To ask how many people or things, you should use kaem ‫ ﻛﺎ َم‬before the noun. To ask for a sequence or reference number (what or which, you put the kaem ‫ ﻛﺎ َم‬after the noun. In all of these PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com cases, the noun is singular. English How many children do you have? How many days will you stay? How many guests tomorrow? What is your telephone number? What time is it? What time is the meeting? What is your apartment number? Which is your apartment? Egyptian Aandak kaem walad? ‫ﻋـَﻨﺪ َك ﻛﺎ َم و َﻟـَﺪ؟‬ hatinizil kaem yum? ‫ﻫـَﺘـِﻨـِﺰ ِل ﻛﺎ َم ﯾﻮم؟‬ kaem zibun bukrah? ‫ﻛﺎ َم ز ِﺑﻮن ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه؟‬ nimritak kaem? ‫ﻧـِﻤﺮ ِﺗـَﻚ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ issaeAa kaem? ‫ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ il'igtimaeA issaeAa kaem? ‫ا ِﻹﺟﺘـِﻤﺎ َع ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ sha''itak ra'am kaem? ‫ﺷَـﻘﱢـﺘـَﻚ ر َﻗـَﻢ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ sha''itak 'anhw? ‫ﺷَـﻘﱢـﺘـَﻚ أﻧﻬﻮ؟‬ Aaeyiz dur kaem? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Which floor do you want? Aaeyiz dur kaem? ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ دور ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ Pronoun questions In english, it is possible to make a question by swapping the subject and verb. For example, he is english is he english? The equivalent in Egyptian arabic is to put the query pronoun huwwa ‫ ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬at the start of the sentence. You should think of this as "Is it so that..." huwwa iicnta gaay maAa-naa? Is it so that you are coming with us? Inflection In english, you can make a statement by saying she is coming. or turn it into a question, she is coming? just by the tone of your voice: the pitch rises a little at the end of the sentence to indicate a question. You can do exactly the same thing in Arabic. hiya gayya ‫ ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺟـَﯿﯿـَﺔ‬is a statement nd hiya gayya? ‫ ﻫـِﻲ َ ﺟـَﯿﯿـَﺔ؟‬is a question. Indirect questions (whether) An indirect question is made up of two clauses: the first clause is often a courtesy clause "Could you possibly..." and the second clause is the real question. Here are some examples of direct and indirect questions. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Direct Indirect where is the station? Can you tell me where the station is? what is the time? Do you know what the time is? is he coming? Do you know whether he is coming? The query-word whether is used only in indirect questions: in egyptian, 'iza ‫ إذَا‬is used for this. English Can you tell me where the station is? Do you know what the time is? Do you know whether he is coming? Egyptian mumkin ti'uly fyn ilmahatta? ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ ﺗـِﻘـُﻠﻲ ﻓﯿﻦ ا ِﻟﻤـَﺤَـﻄﱠـﺔ؟‬ 'inta Aaarif issaeAa kaem? ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ ﻛﺎ َم؟‬ 'inta Aaarif 'iza huwwa gayy? ‫إﻧﺖ َ ﻋﺎ َر ِف إذا َ ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺟـَﯿﻲ؟‬ Confirmation questions If you are pretty sure about something but want to check, you can use one of the following methods: PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English he's coming, isn't he? he's coming, isn't that so? he's coming, right? Arabic huwwa mish gaey? ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﻣـِﺶ ﺟﺎ َي؟‬ huwwa gaey, mish kidah? ‫ ﻣـِﺶ ﻛـِﺪ َه؟‬،‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺟﺎ َي‬ huwwa gaey, sahh? ‫ ﺻَـﺢّ؟‬،‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ﺟﺎ َي‬ Rhetorical questions A rhetorical question is used to make a point: you don't expect an answer. Any of the above methods can be used to ask rhetorical questions. English wouldn't it be better if you(m) shut up? you(m) must be kidding! you(m) are an idiot, right? PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic mish tiskut 'ahsan? ‫ﻣـِﺶ ﺗـِﺴﻜـُﺖ أﺣﺴـَﻦ؟‬ bithazzar, mish kidah? ‫ ﻣـِﺶ ﻛـِﺪ َه؟‬،‫ﺑـِﺘﻬَـ ّﺰ َر‬ 'inta 'ahbal, sahh? ‫ ﺻَـﺢّ؟‬،‫إﻧﺖ َ أﻫﺒـَﻞ‬ pdfcrowd.com Adverbal and adjectival questions In english, it is possible to ask a question using how followed by an adjective or adverb. There is no similar construction in Egyptian, so it is necessary to re-phrase the question, usually so that you are asking for a number. Here are some examples: English re-phrased Egyptian How fast were you driving? how many kilometers an hour.. kaem kylumitr fy issaeAa How often do you go to the gym? how many times a week... How hot is the oven? what is the temperature? How difficult was the exam? was the exam difficult ‫ﻛﺎ َم ﻛﯿﻠﻮﻣـِﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﺴﺎ َﻋـَﺔ‬ kaem marra fy il'usbwaA... ٫٫٫‫ﻛﺎ َم ﻣَـ ّﺮ َة ﻓﻲ ا ِﻷ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع‬ ilharraara kaem ‫ا ِﻟﺤَـﺮّا َر َة ﻛﺎ َم‬ huwwa il'imtihaen kaen saAb? ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ ا ِﻹﻣﺘـِﺤﺎ َن ﻛﺎ َن ﺻـَﻌﺐ؟‬ Time Time can be expressed in several different ways: units of time - days, weeks etc parts of the day - morning/afternoon PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com time of day - 6.30 relative time (before/after) - today/yesterday etc days of the week dates Units of time English Egyptian Plural moment second minute hour day week month PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API lahza lahzaet ‫ﻟـَﺤﻈـَﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـَﺤﻈﺎ َت‬ thanya thawany ‫ﺛﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ‬ ‫ﺛـَﻮا َﻧﻲ‬ di'y'a da'aeyi' ‫د ِﻗﯿﻘـَﺔ‬ saeAa ‫ﺳﺎ َﻋـَﺔ‬ yum ‫د َﻗﺎ َﯾـِﻖ‬ saAaet ‫ﺳﺎ َﻋﺎ َت‬ 'ayaem ‫ﯾﻮم‬ ‫أﯾﺎ َم‬ 'usbuA 'asaebiyA ‫أ ُﺳﺒﻮع‬ ‫أﺳﺎ َﺑـِﯿﻊ‬ shahr shuhur pdfcrowd.com month year lifetime ‫ﺷـَﻬﺮ‬ sana ‫ﺷـُﻬﻮر‬ sinyn ‫ﺳـَﻨـَﺔ‬ Aumr ‫ﺳـِﻨﯿﻦ‬ 'aAmaar ‫ﻋـُﻤﺮ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎ َر‬ Parts of the day The main events in the day are sunrise and sunset. Midnight, noon and the six prayer times can also be used to specify an approximate time. English last prayers till dawn dawn until sunset after sunset dawn Arabic illyl ‫ا ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ issubh ‫ا ِﻟﺼـُﺒﺢ‬ masaa' ‫ﻣـَﺴﺎ َء‬ fagr ‫ﻓـَﺠﺮ‬ idduhr PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com idduhr noon ‫ا ِﻟﻀـُﻬﺮ‬ baAd idduhr after noon ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ ا ِﻟﻀـُﻬﺮ‬ ilmaGrib sunset ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﻐﺮ ِب‬ nus illyl midnight ‫ﻧـُﺺ ا ِﻟّﯿﻞ‬ Time of day In English, it is normal to use half and quarter hours to describe time. In addition, in Egyptian, thirds are used. Here is a list of the words that can be used: English half a third a quarter PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic nus ‫ﻧـُﺺ‬ tilt ‫ﺗـِﻠﺖ‬ rubA ‫ر ُﺑﻊ‬ pdfcrowd.com and less wa ‫َو‬ 'ila ‫ﻻ‬ َ‫إ‬ Here are all the times at five minute intervals: English seven o'clock five past seven past ten past seven quarter past seven twenty past seven twenty five past seven PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic sabAa ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ‬ sabAa wa chamsa ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ sabAa wa Aashara ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ َة‬ sabAa wa rubA ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ر ُﺑﻊ‬ sabAa wa tilt ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ﺗـِﻠﺖ‬ sabAa wa nus 'ila chamsa ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ﻧـُﺺ إﻻ َ ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ pdfcrowd.com half past seven twenty-five to eight twenty to eight quarter to eight ten to eight five to eight sabAa wa nus ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ﻧـُﺺ‬ sabAa wa nus wa chamsa ‫ﺳـَﺒﻌـَﺔ و َ ﻧـُﺺ و َ ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ tamanya 'ila tilt ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ إﻻ َ ﺗـِﻠﺖ‬ tamaanyao iiclaa rubaA tamanya 'ila Aashara ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ إﻻ َ ﻋـَﺸـَﺮ َة‬ tamanya 'ila chamsa ‫ﺗـَﻤﺎ َﻧﯿـَﺔ إﻻ َ ﺧـَﻤﺴـَﺔ‬ Relative time English the day before yesterday yesterday today PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic 'awil 'imbaarih ‫أو ِل إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ 'imbaarih ‫إﻣﺒﺎ َر ِح‬ innahaarda pdfcrowd.com today ‫ا ِﻟﻨـَﻬﺎ َرد َة‬ bukrah tomorrow ‫ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ baAd bukrah the day after tomorrow English last week this week next week English now soon later PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﺑـُﻜﺮ َه‬ Arabic iluusbwaA 'ily faet ‫ا ِﻻ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع إﻟﻲ ﻓﺎ َت‬ iluusbwaA dih ‫ا ِﻻ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع د ِه‬ iluusbwaA 'ily gaey ‫ا ِﻻ ُﺳﺒﻮ َع إﻟﻲ ﺟﺎ َي‬ Arabic dilwa'ty ‫د ِﻟﻮ َﻗﺘﻲ‬ baAd shuwayao baAdyn ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ pdfcrowd.com not yet early late (at night) lissah ‫ﻟِـﺴﱠـﻪ‬ badry ‫ﺑـَﺪري‬ wachry ‫و َﺧﺮي‬ Days of week English Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Arabic yum ilaahad ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻻ َ َﺣـَﺪ‬ yum il'ithnyn ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻹﺛﻨﯿﻦ‬ yum ittalaet ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻟﺘـَﻼ َت‬ yum il'arbaAa ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻷرﺑَـ َﻊ‬ yum ilchamys ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻟﺨـَﻤﯿﺲ‬ pdfcrowd.com Friday Saturday yum ilgumaAa ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻟﺠـُﻤـَﻌـَﺔ‬ yum issabt ‫ﯾﻮم ا ِﻟﺴـَﺒﺖ‬ Dates Which one? This section explains how to specify which of several things we are interested in, or talking about. Definite article To talk about a particular man, we say 'the man' in english. In arabic, we attach il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬to the front of the noun. the man is reading his book iil-raagil biyiqraac kitaab-uh Note that adding il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬to a word affects the pronunciation if it begins with a sun letter. Indefinite article If we don't want to refer to any man in particular, we say 'a man' in english. There is no equivalent of PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com a in arabic, you just use the noun on its own. I want a dog aacnaa Aaayiz kalb If you want to make it clear that you are talking about just one, you can use the word waaHid- one. When used for emphasis like this, you place it after the noun. I want (just) one dog aacnaa Aaayiz kalb waaHid You also use it with nationalities to indicate that you are talking about a person, rather than (for example) the language. an English man (or woman) waaHid iingilyzy waaHdao iingilyziyao Adjectives In both English an Egyptian, you can use an adjective to specify which one you are interested in: you simply put the - il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬in front of the adjective. Note that, in Egyptian, the noun still retains its il‫ ا ِﻟـ‬prefix. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com English Egyptian Aaeyiz kura hamra describe I want a red ball specify ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ﻛﻮر َة ﺣـَﻤﺮ َة‬ I want the red ball Aaeyiz ilkura ilhamra ‫ﻋﺎ َﯾـِﺰ ا ِﻟﻜﻮر َة ا ِﻟﺤـَﻤﺮ َة‬ 'araa't ilkitab ilkibyr specify ‫ﻗـَﺮا َءت ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘـَﺐ ا‬ ‫ِلكـِبير‬ I have read the big book Demonstrative adjectives One particular type of adjective is a demonstrative adjective. These are almost the same as the demonstrative pronouns. this man iil-raagil dah The demonstrative adjectives are: English this (man) Arabic irraagil dah ‫ا ِﻟﺮا َﺟـِﻞ د َه‬ ilkitaeb dah PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com this (thing, m) this (thing, f) this (woman) these (men) these (men) nearer these (women) these (things,m) these (things,f) over there (m) over there [f] PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ilkitaeb dah ‫ا ِﻟﻜـِﺘﺎ َب د َه‬ ilhaga dah ‫ا ِﻟﻬـَﺠـَﺔ د َه‬ issitt dy ‫ﺖ دي‬ ّ ‫ا ِﻟﺴِـ‬ irragala dul ‫ا ِﻟﺮ َﺟﺎ َﻻ َ دول‬ irragala dy ‫ا ِﻟﺮ َﺟﺎ َﻻ َ دي‬ issittaet dul ‫ا ِﻟﺴِـﺘّﺎ َت دول‬ ilkutub dy ‫ا ِﻟﻜـُﺘﻮب دي‬ ilhagaet dy ‫ا ِﻟﻬـَﺠﺎ َت دي‬ 'ahw ‫أﻫﻮ‬ 'ahy ‫أﻫﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com over there (pl) 'ahum ‫أﻫﻮم‬ Comparatives You can use a comparative in the same was as an adjective to specify which one you mean: English mohammed is the tallest student he is the youngest boy Egyptian muhammad 'atwal taalib ‫ﻣـُﺤَـﻤﱠـﺪ أﻃﻮ َل ﻃﺎ َﻟـِﺐ‬ huwwa 'asGar walad ‫ﻫُـ ّﻮ َ أﺻﻐـَﺮ و َﻟـَﺪ‬ ittaalib il'atwal tuluh mitr 1 wa 90 santy the tallest student is 1m90 the most expensive drink is 20 pounds this is the prettiest dress in the shop it was the best day in my life PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ٩٠ َ ‫ و‬١ ‫ا ِﻟﻄﺎ َﻟـِﺐ ا ِﻷﻃﻮ َل ﻃﻮﻟﻮه ﻣـِﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳـَﻨﺘﻲ‬ ilmashrab il'aGla 20 ginyh ‫ ﺟـِﻨﯿﻪ‬٢٠ ‫ا ِﻟﻤـَﺸﺮ َب ا ِﻷﻏﻠﻰ‬ dih 'ahla fustaen fy ilmahal ‫د ِه أﺣﻠﻰ ﻓـُﺴﺘﺎ َن ﻓﻲ ا ِﻟﻤـَﺤـَﻞ‬ kaen 'ahsan yum fy hayaty ‫ﻛﺎ َن أﺣﺴـَﻦ ﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ ﺣـَﯿﺎ َﺗﻲ‬ pdfcrowd.com Arabic Writing and pronunciation This chapter describes the arabic alphabet, and how it can be written using roman letters, then goes on to explain the general pronunciation rules of the language. Please remember that Egyptian Arabic is an oral language. When people are asked to write it, some write in Modern Standard Arabic and then pronounce it the Egyptian way, others write it as an Egyptian would say it. As a result, there may some variation in the way things are spelt. Arabic script There are 28 basic letters in Egyptian arabic, and about a dozen modifiers. Writing goes from right to left, and the majority of arabic letters join onto the following letter and so there are therefore four forms of each letter: solitary, initial, middle and final. For the six letters that do not join, there are just two forms- solitary and final. position normal letter non-joining letter solitary ‫ج‬ initial ‫ﺟـ‬ middle ‫ـﺠـ‬ final ‫ـﺞ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ـﺪ‬ The three short vowels a , i and u and shadda , which doubles the length of a consonant, are PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com collectively called tashkyl ‫ ﺗـَﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬or vowellization. Tashkyl is not normally used in written arabic apart from in the Quran. If they are used, they are written above a consonant but pronounced after it: for the convenience of non-arabic readers, I have included the tashkyl, but written it after the consonant. Transliterated arabic The transliterated form is an exact representation of the arabic script in roman letters: this is not always straightforward, as there are a lot more letters and modifiers in arabic than there are in the roman alphabet. If you want to be able to say words accurately, you need to be able to read either arabic or the transliterated form- for example, so that you can see the difference between syn and saad. Here is a summary of the less obvious features of the system: Letter Transliterated Pronounced/arabic short vowel a [e] i u long vowel (alif) aa ee ii uu alif with hamza aac iic uuc aeiu َ ُِ a 'e i uu ‫ا َ آ ا ِ ُا‬ 'a 'i 'u ‫أ إ ُأ‬ yw PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com other long vowels yw other long vowels with hamza yc wc gluttal stop qaf q voiced qaf Q soft consonant dhstz hard consonant DHSTZ double-letter consonants dh sh th t-marbuta o alif-layena Y yw ‫يو‬ 'y 'w ‫ئ‬ ' ‫ق‬ q ‫ق‬ dhstz ‫دهستز‬ dhstz ‫ضحصطظ‬ z sh th ‫ذشث‬ -a ‫ــَة‬ -a ‫ـﻰ‬ It is readable if you ignore hamza ' ‫ ء‬and tee-marbuta - ‫ـﺔ‬, and read atif-layena a ‫ ى‬as a. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Pronounced arabic The pronounced form is supposed to be how an english person would write a word or phrase. For ease of reading, the pronounced arabic in this document does not follow the rules that join words together, for example sun letters and consonant clusters. the alphabet This table shows how to read and pronounce the arabic letters, and how they are written in roman letters throughout the dictionary. name arabic trans pronounced literated examples Notes 'aywa ‫أﯾﻮَا‬ alif ‫أ‬ hamza above ‫ـــــﺄ‬ aac 'a mas'ala ‫ﻣـَﺴﺄﻟـَﺔ‬ bad'a ‫ﺑـَﺪأ‬ 'intaeg ‫إﻧﺘﺎ َج‬ ae as in aeroplane luGaet ‫ﻟـُﻐﺎ َت‬ after soft consonant makaen PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﻣـَﻜﺎ َن‬ pdfcrowd.com alif fatha ‫َا‬ ‫ـــــَﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـَﻜﺎ َن‬ aa hamraa' ‫ﺣـَﻤﺮا َء‬ aa as in hard faar ‫ﻓﺎ َر‬ after hard consonant before r Gata ‫ﻏـَﻄَﺎ‬ alif kasra ‫ِا‬ ‫ـــــِﺎ‬ ii i ilwalad ‫ا ِﻟﻮ َﻟـَﺪ‬ 'ism ‫إﺳﻢ‬ alif ‫إ‬ hamza below iic 'i 'istanna ‫إﺳﺘَـﻨّﻰ‬ 'itfaehim ‫إﺗﻔﺎ َﻫـِﻢ‬ 'umm alif damma ‫ُأ‬ uuc 'u ‫أ ُ ّم‬ 'ustaez ‫أ ُﺳﺘﺎ َذ‬ 'esif ‫آﺳـِﻒ‬ alif PRO version ‫آ‬ ee Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ee mut'ekil ‫ﻣـُﺘﺂﻛـِﻞ‬ pdfcrowd.com madda ‫ـــــﺂ‬ ee ee ‫ﻣـُﺘﺂﻛـِﻞ‬ 'echir ‫آﺧـِﺮ‬ baAd by ‫ب‬ ‫ﺑـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺒـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ‬ b b kibyr ‫ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ‬ gawaeb ‫ﺟـَﻮا َب‬ taht ty ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺘـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺖ‬ ‫ﺗـَﻬﺖ‬ t t 'aktar ‫أﻛﺘـَﺮ‬ kursaet ‫ﻛـُﺮﺳﺎ َت‬ thabbit thy ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺜـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺚ‬ ‫ﺛَـﺒﱢـﺖ‬ th th mathal ‫ﻣـَﺜـَﻞ‬ bahth ‫ﺑـَﺤﺚ‬ gaeb PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com gyn ‫ج‬ ‫ﺟـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺠـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ َب‬ g g magmuAa ‫ع‬ َ ‫ﻣـَﺠﻤﻮ‬ churraag ‫ﺧﻮرّا َج‬ jaekit jyn ‫چ‬ ‫ﭼـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﭽـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﭻ‬ ‫ﭼﺎ َﻛـِﺖ‬ j j 'ajinda ‫أﭼـِﻨﺪَا‬ not arabic borrowed from farsi byj ‫ﺑﯿﭻ‬ haedith ha ‫ح‬ ‫ﺣـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺤـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺣـَـ ﺪ ِث‬ H h 'ihna ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ yiruh ‫ﯾـِﺮوح‬ chaaf kha ‫خ‬ ‫ﺧـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺨـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎ َف‬ K ch as in loch achaz ‫ا َﺧـَﺬ‬ taarych ‫ﺗﺎ َرﯾﺦ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com daem ‫دا َم‬ dal ‫د‬ ‫ـــــﺪ‬ d d nady ‫ﻧﺎ َدي‬ zaed ‫زا َد‬ zaekar ‫ذا َﻛـَﺮ‬ thal ‫ذ‬ ‫ـــــﺬ‬ dh z th as in there kizb ‫ﻛـِﺬب‬ 'ustaez ‫أ ُﺳﺘﺎ َذ‬ raah ‫را َح‬ ray ‫ر‬ ‫ـــــﺮ‬ r r tary' ‫ﻃـَﺮﯾﻖ‬ 'iftakar ‫إﻓﺘـَﻜـَﺮ‬ zayy ‫ز َﯾﻲ‬ zyn PRO version ‫ز‬ ‫ـــــﺰ‬ z Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API z gazar ‫ﺟـَﺰ َر‬ pdfcrowd.com gahhiz ‫ﺟَـﻬﱢـﺰ‬ sitt syn ‫س‬ ‫ﺳـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺴـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺲ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ّ ‫ﺳِـ‬ s s masaa' ‫ﻣـَﺴﺎ َء‬ dars ‫د َرس‬ shaef shyn ‫ش‬ ‫ﺷـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺸـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺎ َف‬ sh sh rashwa ‫ر َﺷﻮ َة‬ mish ‫ﻣـِﺶ‬ sanf saad ‫ص‬ ‫ﺻـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺼـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺺ‬ ‫ﺻـَﻨﻒ‬ S s 'asad ‫ﻗـَﺼـَﺪ‬ chaalis ‫ﺧﺎ َﻟـِﺺ‬ dahr PRO version ‫ض‬ ‫ﺿـــــ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﺿـَﻬﺮ‬ hadritak pdfcrowd.com ‫‪hadritak‬‬ ‫ﺣـَﻀﺮ ِﺗـَﻚ‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪'abyad‬‬ ‫ﺿـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻀـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺾ‬ ‫‪daad‬‬ ‫أﺑﯿـَﺾ‬ ‫‪taba'a‬‬ ‫ﻃـَﺒـَﻘـَﺔ‬ ‫‪batal‬‬ ‫ﺑـَﻄـَﻞ‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Galat‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻃـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻄـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻂ‬ ‫‪taa‬‬ ‫ﻏـَﻠـَﻂ‬ ‫‪zarf‬‬ ‫ﻇـَﺮف‬ ‫‪yizhar‬‬ ‫ﯾـِﻈﻬـَﺮ‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪hazz‬‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻇـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻈـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻆ‬ ‫‪zaa‬‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ﺣَـ ّ‬ ‫‪Aala‬‬ ‫ﻋـَﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪baAd‬‬ ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪taebiA‬‬ ‫‪A - nasal a‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﻋـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻌـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻊ‬ ‫‪ain‬‬ ‫ﺗـَـ ﺒـِﻊ‬ ‫‪Galab‬‬ ‫‪pdfcrowd.com‬‬ ‫‪Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API‬‬ ‫‪PRO version‬‬ gin ‫غ‬ ‫ﻏـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻐـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻎ‬ ‫ﻏـَﻠـَﺐ‬ G G - gargling noise suGayar ‫ﺻـُﻐـَﯿـَﺮ‬ baeliG ‫ﺑﺎ َﻟـِﻎ‬ fiAlaen fah ‫ف‬ ‫ﻓـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻔـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻒ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ً ‫ﻓـِﻌ‬ f f mifalis ‫ﻣـِﻔـَﻠـِﺲ‬ nidyf ‫ﻧـِﻀﯿﻒ‬ veh ‫ڤ‬ ‫ڤـــــ‬ ‫ـــــڤـــــ‬ ‫ـــــڤ‬ vyla v ‫ﻼ‬ َ ‫ ڤﯿ‬not arabic v nuvimbir borrowed from farsi ‫ﻧﻮڤـِﻤﺒـِﺮ‬ 'udaem ‫ﻗـُﺪا َم‬ q qaf PRO version ‫ق‬ ‫ﻗـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻘـــــ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ' nu'ta as in cockney bottle ‫ﻧـُﻘﻄـَﺔ‬ (bo'le) sadda' ‫ ﺻَـ ّﺪ َق‬cannot tell from arabic qana whether qaf is pronounced pdfcrowd.com ‫ـــــﻘـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻖ‬ qana ‫ﻗـَﻨَﺎ‬ q k sounds swallowed upper egyptians say g raqam ‫ر َﻗـَﻢ‬ sadyq ‫ﺻـَﺪﯾﻖ‬ kaen kef ‫ك‬ ‫ﻛـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻜـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ k k 'aktar ‫أﻛﺘـَﺮ‬ hadritak ‫ﺣـَﻀﺮ ِﺗـَﻚ‬ lakin lem ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻠـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟـَﻜـِﻦ‬ l l Aala ‫ﻋـَﻠﻰ‬ ful ‫ﻓﻮل‬ mumkin mym PRO version ‫م‬ ‫ﻣـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻤـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻣـُﻤﻜـِﻦ‬ m Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API m Aaemil ‫ﻋﺎ َﻣـِﻞ‬ naem pdfcrowd.com ‫ﻧﺎ َم‬ nashaat ‫ن‬ ‫ﻧـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻨـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻦ‬ nwn ‫ﻧـَﺸﺎ َط‬ n n 'ihna ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ sinyn ‫ﺳـِﻨﯿﻦ‬ hey hina ‫ه‬ ‫ﻫـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻬـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻪ‬ h ‫ــــــَة‬ _ah a ‫ــــــِة‬ _it it h ‫ﻫـِﻨَﺎ‬ zahar ‫ز َﻫـَﺮ‬ tee-marbuta sura ‫ﺻﻮر َة‬ 'izzaezit zyt genitive ‫ إزّا َز ِة زﯾﺖ‬bottle of oil wishsh ‫ش‬ ّ ِ‫و‬ wow ‫و‬ ‫ـــــﻮ‬ w w yum ‫ﯾﻮم‬ Audw ‫ﻋـُﺪو‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com s'wael wow-hamza ‫ـــــ‬ wc 'w ‫ﺳ ا َل‬ mas'wliya ‫ﻣـَﺴ ﻟـِﯿـَﺔ‬ wow-alif ‫وا‬ ‫ـــــﻮا‬ oo u 'intu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ unusual pronunciation for verb endings yizhar ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﯿـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﻲ‬ yeh ‫ﯾـِﻈﻬـَﺮ‬ y y taarych ‫ﺗﺎ َرﯾﺦ‬ zayy ‫ز َﯾﻲ‬ yeh-hamza ‫ئ‬ ‫ـــــﺌـــــ‬ ‫ـــــﺊ‬ ra'yys yc 'y ‫ر َﺋﯿﺲ‬ daf'y ‫دا َﻓﺊ‬ Aala alif-layena ‫ى‬ ‫ـــــﻰ‬ Y a nada ‫ ﻋـَﻠﻰ‬used at end of words ‫ﻧﺎ َدى‬ alif-layena madda PRO version ‫ ى ـــــﻰ‬Ye Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API e muthannae ‫ﻣـُﺜَـﻨّﻰ‬ pdfcrowd.com short vowels dawla ‫د َوﻟـَﺔ‬ basal ‫ﺑـَﺼـَﻞ‬ fatha a a 'inta ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'arbaAa ‫أرﺑَـ َﻊ‬ madda e e short e rarely used min ‫ﻣـِﻦ‬ kasra i i kibyr ‫ﻛـِﺒﯿﺮ‬ 'inti ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ sufrah ‫ﺳـُﻔﺮ َه‬ damma u u tulaeb ‫ﻃـُﻼ َب‬ 'anhuh PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com ‫أﻧﻬﻮه‬ sukun silent means that there is no vowel other symbols sadda' ‫ ﺻَـ ّﺪ َق‬doubles the letter shadda hadd it is above ‫ﺣَـ ّﺪ‬ fathatan tanwyn tatwyl N n daeymaen ‫دا َﯾﻤًﺎ‬ ‫ـ‬ used on alif at end of word used for spacing 'ana ‫أ‬ ‫ـﺌـ‬ ‫ـ‬ aac yc wc hamza ‫ء‬ PRO version C Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ r'ya ‫رﺋـَﺔ‬ ' s'wael as in cockney bottle ‫ا َل‬ (bo'le) hawaa' small above alif, yeh, wow ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ ﻫـَﻮا َء‬full size, on its own laa' ‫ﻻ َء‬ pdfcrowd.com ©Copyright Mike Green 2010-2012 You can print out this table and keep it handy for reference. Stress In most words, the second to last syllable is usually stressed. 'iftakar ‫إﻓﺘـَﻜـَﺮ‬ kitaeb ‫ﻛـِﺘﺎ َب‬ mudachan ‫ﻣـُﺪ َﺧـَﻦ‬ The stress moves to the last syllable if it contains a long vowel (alif, wow, yeh) or ends with a double consonant. Remember that the letter AIN is treated as a consonant. taAbaen ‫ﺗـَﻌﺒﺎ َن‬ maftuh ‫ﻣـَﻔﺘﻮح‬ yidu'' ‫ق‬ ّ ُ ‫ﯾـِﺪ‬ This means that the stress will move if suffixes are added to a word. Feminine endings When a word ends in _aaCiC (where C is any consonant) has a feminine ending attached, the i disappears and the aa is pronounced as an a. waehid ‫ وا َﺣـِﺪ‬-> wahda ‫وا َﺣﺪ َة‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Elision If a word ends with a vowel and the first vowel of the next word is either an i or a u, the words are run together (elided) and the i or u omitted. 'inta minyn? ‫ إﻧﺖ َ ﻣـِﻨﯿﻦ؟‬-> 'intamnyn? ‫إﻧﺘـَﻤﻨﯿﻦ؟‬ This also happens if you attach an object suffix that begins with an i. consonant clusters If putting two words next to each other makes more than two consonants in a row, a shwa (which sounds like a short a) is inserted between the words. baAd kidah ‫ ﺑـَﻌﺪ ﻛـِﺪ َه‬-> baAdakidah ‫ﺑـَﻌﺪ َﻛـِﺪ َه‬ Sun letters If the definite article, il- ‫ ا ِﻟـ‬, is attached to a word that begins with a sun-letter (t t d d l r n s s z z ‫ت ط‬ ‫ )د ض ل ر ن س ص ز ظ‬the l is dropped and the sun-letter is doubled: il- shams ‫ ا ِﻟـ ﺷـَﻤﺲ‬-> ishshams ‫ا ِﺷﱠـﻤﺲ‬ Pronunciation exceptions PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The pronunciation of some pronoun and verb endings is a little unusual. For the you(pl) 'intu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ subject pronoun and for you(pl) and they in the verb perfect, the ending is written -w a ‫ ـﻮ َا‬but pronounced -uh ‫ــُه‬. The word because is written Aalashaen ‫ ﻋـَﻠـَﺸﺎ َن‬but pronounced Aashaen ‫ﻋـَﺸﺎ َن‬. The word orange is written burtu'ael ‫ ﺑـُﺮﺗـُﻘﺎ َل‬but pronounced burtu'aen ‫ﺑـُﺮﺗـُﻘﺎ َن‬. Irregular verbs There are very few irregular verbs in Egyptian: here are all the ones that I know of: be/was - kaen ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ eat - kul ‫ﻛـُﻞ‬ take - chud ‫ﺧـُﺪ‬ come - gih ‫ﺟـِﻪ‬ give - idda ‫ﱠِد‬ fall - wi'iA ‫و ِﻗـِﻊ‬ stop - wi'if ‫و ِﻗـِﻒ‬ Be - kaen ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ The verb 'to be' does not exist in the present tense. It is used only in the perfect and Ha-imperfect forms. English Pronoun Perfect Ha-Imperfect PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com I we you (m) you (f) you (pl) he she they 'ana kunt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ 'ihna ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ‬ kunna ‫إﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻛُـ ﱠ‬ kunt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inti ‫ﻛـُﻨﺖ‬ kunty ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫إﻧ‬ 'intu hakun ‫ﻛـُﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـَﻜﻮن‬ hankun ‫ﻫـَﻨﻜﻮن‬ hatkun ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮن‬ hatkuny ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬ kuntuh hatkunuh ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwwa ‫ﻫُـ ﱠﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻛـُﻨﺘـُﻪ‬ kaen ‫ﻛﺎ َن‬ kaenit ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻛﺎ َﻧـِﺖ ﻫِـ‬ humma kanuh ‫ﻛﺎ َﻧﻮه ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮﻧـُﻪ‬ haykun ‫ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮن‬ hatkun ‫ﻫـَﺘﻜﻮن‬ haykunuh ‫ﻫـَﯿﻜﻮﻧـُﻪ‬ Eat- kul ‫ﻛـُﻞ‬ kul has irregular imperfect froms PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperative 'ana kalt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ ihna akul ‫ﻛـَﻠﺖ‬ kalna ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﻛـَﻠﻨَﺎ‬ kalt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inty 'intu ‫ﻛـَﻠﺖ‬ huwa ‫ﻛـَﻠﺘﻮا‬ kal ‫ﻛـَﻞ‬ kalit ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ kul ‫ﺗﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ takly ‫ﻛـُﻞ‬ kuly ‫ﺗـَﻜﻠﻲ‬ kalu ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻲ‬ kulw ‫ﻛـَﻠﻮا‬ ‫ﻛـُﻠﻮ‬ yaekul ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya naekul ‫ﻛـَﻠﺘﻲ‬ kaltu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ ‫ا َﻛـُﻞ‬ taekul kalty ‫إﻧﺘﻲ‬ Active Participle ‫ﻛـَﻠـِﺖ‬ kalw ‫ﻛـَﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ taekul ‫ﺗﺎ َﻛـُﻞ‬ yakluh ‫ﯾـَﻜﻠﻮه‬ Take- chud ‫ﺧـُﺪ‬ PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Kud has irregular imperfect froms Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperative 'ana chudt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ ihna ‫ﺧـُﺪت‬ achud ‫ا َﺧـُﺪ‬ chadna naechud ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﺧـَﺪﻧَﺎ‬ chudt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inty ‫ﺧـُﺪت‬ chady ‫إﻧﺘﻲ‬ 'intu ‫ﺧـَﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﺎ َﺧـُﺪ‬ taechud huwa ‫ﺧـَﺪﺗﻮ‬ achad ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya ‫ا َﺧـَﺪ‬ chadit ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﺧـَﺪ ِت‬ tachdy ‫ﺗـَﺨﺪي‬ ‫ﺧـَﺪﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺧـُﺪ‬ chudty ‫ﺧـُﺪﺗﻲ‬ chudw ‫ﺧـُﺪو‬ yaechud ‫ﯾﺎ َﺧـُﺪ‬ taechud ‫ﺗﺎ َﺧـُﺪ‬ achadu yachduh ‫ا َﺧـَﺪوا ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API chud ‫ﺗﺎ َﺧـُﺪ‬ chadtw chadtw ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ PRO version Active Participle ‫ﯾـَﺨﺪ ُه‬ pdfcrowd.com Come- gih ‫ﺟـِﻪ‬ Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperative 'ana gyt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ ihna gyna 'inta 'inty 'intu huwa hiya humma ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API tygy ‫ل‬ َ َ ‫ﺗـَﻌﺎ‬ taAaly ‫ﺗﯿﺠﻲ‬ tygu ‫ﺟﯿﺘﻮا‬ ‫ﺗـَﻌﺎ َﻟﻲ‬ taAalu ‫ﺗﯿﺠﻮا‬ ‫ﺗـَﻌﺎ َﻟﻮا‬ gaey ‫ﺟﺎ َي‬ gaeya ‫ﺟﺎ َﯾَﺎ‬ gayyin ‫ﺟـَﯿﯿـِﻦ‬ yigy ‫ﺟـِﻪ‬ gaet ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ taAaela ‫ﺗﯿﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺘﻲ‬ gih ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺖ‬ gytu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ nygy tygy gyty ‫إﻧﺘﻲ‬ ‫آﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﻨَﺎ‬ gyt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ PRO version 'egy ‫ﺟﯿﺖ‬ ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ Active Participle ‫ﯾـِﺠﻲ‬ tigy ‫ﺟﺎ َت‬ gum ‫ﺟﻮم‬ ‫ﺗـِﺠﻲ‬ yigu ‫ﯾـِﺠﻮا‬ pdfcrowd.com Give- idda ِ‫ّدى‬ Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperative 'ana 'idyt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ ihna addy ‫إدﯾﺖ‬ ‫ا َدّي‬ 'iddyna niddy ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫إدﱠﯾﻨﺎ‬ 'iddyt ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inty 'intu ‫ﻧِـﺪّي‬ tiddy ‫إدّﯾﺖ‬ 'iddyty ‫إﻧﺘﻲ‬ 'iddy ‫ﺗِـﺪّي‬ tiddy ‫إدّﯾﺘﻲ‬ huwa ‫ﺗِـﺪّي‬ ‫إدّﯾﺘﻮا‬ 'idda ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫إدّﯾﺖ‬ 'iddu ‫إدّوا‬ ‫إ ّد ِت‬ 'iddu ‫ﺗِـﺪّوا‬ ‫إدّوا‬ yiddy ‫إدّى‬ 'iddyt ‫إدّي‬ 'iddit 'iddytu tiddu ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ PRO version Active Participle ‫ﯾِـﺪّي‬ tiddy ‫ﺗِـﺪّي‬ yiddu ‫ﯾِـﺪّوا‬ pdfcrowd.com fall- wi'iA ‫و ِﻗـِﻊ‬ Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperative 'ana a'aA wi'iAt ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ ihna ‫و ِﻗـِﻌﺖ‬ wi'iAna ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ 'inty ‫و ِﻗـِﻌﺘﻲ إﻧﺘﻲ‬ wi'iAtu ‫و ِﻗـِﻌﺘﻮا إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwa wi'iA ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya humma PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API ‫ﻧـُﻘـَﻊ‬ tu'aA ‫و ِﻗﻌـِﺖ‬ wi'Au wae'iA ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻊ‬ tu'aAy ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻌﻲ‬ tu'aAu ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻌﻮا‬ ‫وا َﻗـِﻊ‬ wa'Ait ‫وا َﻗﻌـِﺖ‬ wa'Ayn ‫وا َﻗﻌﯿﻦ‬ yu'aA ‫و ِﻗـِﻊ‬ wi'Ait ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ nu'aA ‫و ِﻗـِﻌﺖ‬ wi'iAty 'intu ‫ا َﻗـَﻊ‬ ‫و ِﻗـِﻌﻨَﺎ‬ wi'iAt Active Participle ‫ﯾـُﻘـَﻊ‬ tu'aA ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻊ‬ yu'aAu pdfcrowd.com ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫و ِﻗﻌﻮا‬ ‫ﯾـُﻘـَﻌﻮا‬ stand- wi'if ‫و ِﻗـِﻒ‬ Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperative 'ana a'af wi'ift ‫أﻧَﺎ‬ ihna ‫و ِﻗـِﻔﺖ‬ wi'ifna ‫ا ِﺣﻨَﺎ‬ 'inta ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫إﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِقـِفتي‬ ‫إﻧﺘﻲ‬ wi'iftu 'intu ‫و‬ ‫ِقـِفتوا‬ ‫إﻧﺘﻮا‬ huwa wi'if ‫ﻫُـ َﻮ‬ hiya PRO version nu'af ‫ﻧـُﻘـَﻒ‬ tu'af ‫و ِﻗـِﻔﺖ‬ wi'ifty 'inty ‫ا َﻗـَﻒ‬ ‫و ِﻗـِﻔﻨَﺎ‬ wi'ift uu'af ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻒ‬ tu'afy ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻔﻲ‬ tu'afu ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻔﻮا‬ ‫ا ُﻗـَﻒ‬ uu'afy ‫ا ُﻗـَﻔﻲ‬ uu'afu ‫ا ُﻗـَﻔﻮا‬ wae'if ‫وا َﻗـِﻒ‬ wae'ifty ‫وا‬ ‫َقـِفتي‬ wae'ifyn ‫وا َﻗـِﻔﯿﻦ‬ yu'af ‫و ِﻗـِﻒ‬ wi'fit Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API Active Participle ‫ﯾـُﻘـَﻒ‬ tu'af pdfcrowd.com ‫ﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫِـ‬ humma ‫و ِﻗﻔـِﺖ‬ wi'fu ‫ﻫُـﻤﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـُﻘـَﻒ‬ yu'afu ‫و ِﻗﻔﻮا‬ ‫ﯾـُﻘـَﻔﻮا‬ Verbs: Root and Stem A verb is made up of a root (a set of consonants) and a stem (a prefix and the vowels between). There may be more than one verb derived from the same root- for example, starting with fhm, you can make fihim (to understand) and fahhim (to make somebody understand). Most roots have three consonants: it is conventional to describe this type of verb using the letters K, T and B, as in kitab ‫ﻛـِﺘـَﺐ‬, write. For words with four consonants, the letter L is used as well. A small number of roots have two or four consonants. There are five main roots, and each of these can make three main stem types, as per the following table. Note that, in arabic, AIN is treated a consonant, so Airif is of the form KiTiB. A 1 KVT B C D E KvTv KvTT KvTvB KvTBvL 2 KvVVvT KvTTv KvTTvT KvTTvB 3 KaaViT KaaTi KvTT KaaTiB KvTBvL KTBL=root consonants v=aiu V=wy From any of these main stems, it is possible to derive more stems by adding prefixes. Here are PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com some examples: Prefix Main stem Derived stem Meaning iit- KvTvB iitKvTvB yitKvTvB passive (be *-ed) reflexive (* oneself) iit- KvTTvB iitKaTTaB yitKvTTvB passive (be *-ed) reflexive (* oneself) iit- KaaTiB yiKTvB iitKaaTiB yitKaaTiB each other iiKt- KvTvB iiKtvTvB yiKtvTvB as iit- iin- KvTvB iinKvTvB yinKvTvB as iit- iista- KvTvB iistaKvTvB yistaKvTvB consider or seek There are also some verbs that are derived from classical arabic- the perfect genarally begins with aa-, and the imperfect with yu-. About this document I would like to thank the residents of the White House, Suze Labib and Rana el Hindy for helping me to make this possible. PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The logo was designed by Khaled Adel of Absolute Studios. This document is a work in progress. It was developed and revised over several years as a study aid for my own use: It has been extensively checked, but I am sure that there are still mistakes and omissions. The dictionary and grammar are supplied 'as is': you are welcome to use them on condition that you do not hold me responsible for any loss, injury or embarrassment that may result from their use. See the copyright notice if you wish to publish any part of this document. If you notice any errors or omissions or have suggestions for improvements, you can contact me using the Contact us page. Cookies You were probably wondering about cookies. Or maybe not. The web and android versions of this document use cookies to remember your preferences for transliterated, pronounced and show arabic. No personal data, nothing sinister. Copyright This material is Copyright © 2007-2012 Mike Green. You may distribute the documents and applications free of charge if it is strictly for non-commercial use, and: either the material is supplied complete and in its existing form PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com or extracts from the material are attributed to www.lisaanmasry.com and carry the original copyright details of the document If you need to access the entire dictionary database for any reason, please ask and maybe I can supply it in a more convenient form. Mike Green PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com

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