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SOC101Y Introduction to Sociology Professor Adam Green Lecture #11 Gender Inequality 9 Jan 13 GENDER INEQUALITY in the LABOUR MARKET Inequalities in the labour market can take a number of forms: 1. Disparities in wages by sex 2. Vertical occupational segregation 3. Horizontal occupational segregation Ratio of female to male earnings Ratio of Female to Male Earnings, by Marital Status, Canada, 1976-2008 Never-married All Married 1976 1992 2008 Year Note: At the 1976-2008 rate of improvement, women’s earnings will equal men’s earnings in 2088. 2 Short Films http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/soc 101y/brym/movies.html THEORIES OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOUR MARKET 1. 2. 3. 4. OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION HUMAN CAPITAL DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL DIFFERENCES STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION/SEXISM OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION 1. Internal Labour Markets / Short promotion ladders 2. Horizontal Occupational Segregation / Incomparable Worth HUMAN CAPITAL A composite measure of a worker’s: a) Commitment to the job b) Educational attainment c) Job experience PENALTIES TO HUMAN CAPITAL FOR WOMEN 1. 2. 3. 4. Career disruptions owing to pregnancy Child & elderly care Domestic labour Non-standard work Percentage of Men and Women in Paid Labour Force Male-Female Difference, Rich Countries, 2008 Canada, 1946-2010 Percentage Men Women 1946 2010 Paid and Unpaid Work, Men and Women, 25-54 yrs., Canada, 1985 and 2005 Hours per day Men’s paid up 12 mins/day Men’s unpaid up 24 mins/day Women’s paid up 66 mins/day Women’s unpaid down 30 mins/day Men’s total up 36 min/day Public Spending on Family Benefits, 2005 (cash, services and family tax breaks as percent of GDP) Percent Percent of children between the ages of 0 and 12 for whom there is a regulated child care space Child Care in Canada, by Province, 2007-08 Province (government child care spending per child in parentheses) SHORT FILM: Statistical Discrimination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGc0Ko udrEA Women in National Parliaments, 2009, in percent (n=147) Women as percent of total USA 71st @ 16.8% World mean @ 18.6% Canada 47th @ 22.1% Women in Canadian Political Parties, 1992 (in percent) Percent Function