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ENTOMOLOGY •3 or 4 Member Team• I. PURPOSE The insect contest introduces high school students to the fundamentals of entomology and develops skills in identification of common insects and their relatives using taxonomy and nomenclature used in industry and in the scientific community. Understanding insects and key species is of utmost importance to agriculture because of the significant ways insects affect crop and animal production. The basic entomological principles to be covered include: 1) insect structure and function, 2) metamorphosis, 3) insect identification, and 4) importance to people. The event is supported by curriculum of the following agricultural science and technology coursework: AgSc 102, Applied Agricultural Science and Technology; AgSc 231, Plant and Animal Production; AgSc 332, Animal Science; AgSc 333, Plant and Soil Science; AgSc 335, Applied Entomology; AgSc 336, Advanced Animal Science; AgSc 337, Advanced Plant and Soil Science; AgSc 161, Introductory Horticulture; AgSc 261, Introduction to Horticultural Science; AgSc 361, Landscape Design, Construction and Maintenance; AgSc 363, Floral Design and Interior Landscape Management and AgSc 364, Fruit, Nut and Vegetable Production. 1. Insect Structure and Function To identify insects and understand their role in the environment, one must be acquainted with basic anatomy. Important features include types of mouthparts (chewing, piercing-sucking, siphoning, cuttinglapping, sponging, etc.), types of legs (jumping, grasping, digging, swimming, running, etc.) and various modifications of wings, antennae, and other body parts. Anatomical features are useful in identifying habitat and food source. For example, we know that the preying mantis is an excellent predator because its front legs are modified to grasp prey and because of it has strong, chewing mouthparts. 2. Metamorphosis All insects undergo metamorphosis, a change in body form, as they develop from egg to adult. Some insects undergo more complex changes than others, and consequently, identification of certain insects can be confused by the total dissimilarity between young and adult. The caterpillar and butterfly are common examples. In general, insect metamorphosis can be categorized into one of four types. Students should know to what metamorphic type each insect order belongs. A. Ametabolous - no metamorphosis (wingless as adults) B. Hemimetabolous – incomplete metamorphosis (aquatic nymphs) C. Paurometabolous – gradual metamorphosis (nymph and adult live in same habitat) D. Holometabolous – complete metamorphosis (great differences in form) 3. Insect Identification The fundamental step in insect identification is recognition of order. All insects are classified into approximately 31 groups called orders. Each insect order shares a set of characteristic biological and anatomical features. Proper interpretation of mouthparts, leg types, etc. aid in order recognition. Entomology students should be able to identify and differentiate between insects and a variety of arthropods. 4. Significance to People The significance of any insect to people in agriculture, medicine, etc. is of great practical importance. Not all insects are harmful; in fact, many are considered quite beneficial. For this reason, people should know the difference between pest insects and beneficial insects. Also, some insects cannot be classified as either pest or beneficial. These insects are neutral or variable as far as people are concerned. Failure to discriminate among these insects can lead to serious economic losses and other problems. II. EVENT FORMAT A. Team Make-up Three or four individuals per school form a team. All members will be scored and the top three scores will count towards the team total. B. Event Format 1. The event will consist of 25 unlabeled, preserved specimens selected from a list of 150. 2. The student contestants will identify for each specimen, the order, common name, metamorphic type, mouthpart type, and significance to people. 3. Each student will be given a two-minute per specimen time limit. Time may be given to complete scan sheets. III. SCORING Order Common name Metamorphosis Type of mouthparts Significance to people Total Points Individual Team 2 points/specimen 3 points/specimen 1 point/specimen 1 point/specimen 1 point/specimen 200 points 600 points IV. TIEBREAKERS Team and individual ties will be broken using the following tiebreakers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. High score on orders If still tied, high score on common names. If still tied, high score on metamorphosis If still tied, high score on mouthparts If still tied, high score on significance to people If still tied, winner will be determined by coin toss. V. RESOURCES Each team should acquire a study list of 150 arthropods and their characteristics upon which the event will be based. Extensive entomological literature is available in school and public libraries. Field guides to the insects are particularly useful. Many insect images are also available on a variety of websites. Each local agricultural science and technology department should consider building their own insect reference collection. Collecting insects for study is an enjoyable activity and collections may be preserved for future instructional and chapter activities. Instructions for collecting and preserving insects are available in most entomological textbooks. The Texas Tech University entomology faculty recommends the following text as the standard for insect biology and identification: Triplehorn, C.A. and N.E. Johnson. 2005. Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition; Thomson Learning, Inc., Belmont, CA The Texas Tech University insect collection will not be available for study for the state entomology CDE. TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY STATE FFA ENTOMOLOGY CONTEST 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 Common Name American cockroach antlion antlion larva** aphid armored scale assassin bug backswimmer bagworm** beet armyworm larva** big-eyed bug biting louse black widow spider blister beetle blow fly boll weevil bollworm** boxelder bug brown dog tick brown lacewing brown recluse spider brown stink bug bumble bee cabbage looper** carpet beetle carrion beetle cattle grub** centipede cicada cicada killer cigarette beetle click beetle Colorado potato beetle crab spider crane fly damsel bug damselfly damselfly nymph** darkling beetle deer fly dobsonfly dragonfly dragonfly nymph** dung beetle ear tick earwig elm leaf beetle fall webworm** field cricket firefly Order Blattodea Neuroptera Neuroptera Homoptera Homoptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Hemiptera Phthiraptera non-insect Coleoptera Diptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Hemiptera non-insect Neuroptera non-insect Hemiptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Diptera non-insect Homoptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera non-insect Diptera Hemiptera Odonata Odonata Coleoptera Diptera Neuroptera Odonata Odonata Coleoptera non-insect Dermaptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Orthoptera Coleoptera Metamorphosis paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous omit holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous omit holometabolous omit paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous omit paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous omit holometabolous paurometabolous hemimetabolous hemimetabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous hemimetabolous hemimetabolous holometabolous omit paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous Mouth Part chewing chewing chewing piercing-sucking piercing-sucking piercing-sucking piercing-sucking chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing omit chewing sponging chewing chewing piercing-sucking piercing-sucking chewing omit piercing-sucking chewing-lapping chewing chewing chewing chewing omit piercing-sucking chewing chewing chewing chewing omit piercing-sucking piercing-sucking chewing chewing chewing cutting-sponging chewing chewing chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing chewing chewing chewing Significance pest beneficial beneficial pest pest beneficial beneficial pest pest beneficial pest pest pest pest pest pest pest pest beneficial pest beneficial variable pest pest beneficial pest variable variable beneficial pest variable pest beneficial variable beneficial beneficial beneficial variable pest beneficial beneficial beneficial beneficial pest beneficial pest pest pest beneficial 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 flea flea beetle flesh fly garden spider German cockroach giant water bug grasshopper gray hairstreak green June beetle green lacewing green stink bug ground beetle harlequin bug red harvester ant harvestman hellgrammite** honey bee horn fly horntail wasp horse fly house fly ichneumon wasp imported fire ant Indian meal moth ironclad beetle Jerusalem cricket jumping spider katydid lace bug lacewing larva** ladybird beetle ladybird beetle larva** leafhopper longhorned beetle luna moth mantidfly May beetle mayfly mealybug metallic woodboring beetle midge milkweed bug millipede minute pirate bug mole cricket Monarch butterfly sweet potato weevil mosquito mud-dauber wasp Oriental cockroach painted lady paper wasp peach tree borer** Siphonaptera Coleoptera Diptera non-insect Blattodea Hemiptera Orhoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Neuroptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera non-insect Neuroptera Hymenoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Diptera Diptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Orthoptera non-insect Orthoptera Hemiptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Homoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Ephemeroptera Homoptera holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous omit paurometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous omit holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous omit paurometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous hemimetabolous paurometabolous piercing-sucking chewing sponging omit chewing piercing-sucking chewing siphoning chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing piercing-sucking chewing omit chewing chewing-lapping cutting-lapping chewing cutting-sponging sponging chewing chewing siphoning chewing chewing omit chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing siphoning chewing chewing vestigial piercing-sucking pest pest pest beneficial pest beneficial pest pest pest beneficial pest beneficial pest pest variable beneficial beneficial pest pest pest pest beneficial pest pest variable variable beneficial variable pest beneficial beneficial beneficial pest pest beneficial beneficial pest beneficial pest Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera non-insect Hemiptera Orthoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Blattodea Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous omit paurometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous chewing piercing-sucking piercing-sucking chewing piercing-sucking chewing siphoning Chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing siphoning chewing chewing pest pest pest beneficial beneficial pest beneficial pest pest variable pest beneficial variable pest 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 pillbug non-insect praying mantis Mantodea predaceous diving beetle Coleoptera red admiral Lepidoptera red flour beetle Coleoptera rice weevil Coleoptera robber fly Diptera rove beetle Coleoptera sawtoothed grain beetle Coleoptera scorpion non-insect scorpionfly Mecoptera sheep ked Diptera silverfish Thysanura snakefly Neuroptera soft scale Homoptera soldier beetle Coleoptera southwestern corn borer** Lepidoptera sphinx moth Lepidoptera spider mite non-insect spittlebug Homoptera spotted cucumber beetle Coleoptera springtail Collembola squash bug Hemiptera stag beetle Coleoptera stonefly Plecoptera sucking louse Phthiraptera sulphur butterfly Lepidoptera swallowtail butterfly Lepidoptera syrphid fly Diptera tarantula hawk Hymenoptera tarnished plant bug Hemiptera termite Isoptera thrips Thysanoptera tiger beetle Coleoptera toad bug Hemiptera tobacco hornworm** Lepidoptera tree cricket Orthoptera treehopper Homoptera velvet ant Hymenoptera viceroy butterfly Lepidoptera vinegaroon non-insect walkingstick Phasmatodea water boatmen Hemiptera water strider Hemiptera whirligig beetle Coleoptera white grub larva** Coleoptera whitefly Homoptera windscorpion non-insect ** Denotes larval or nymph forms omit paurometabolous chewing chewing variable beneficial holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous omit holometabolous holometabolous ametabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous chewing siphoning chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing omit chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing beneficial beneficial pest pest beneficial beneficial pest pest beneficial pest pest beneficial pest beneficial holometabolous holometabolous omit paurometabolous chewing siphoning piercing-sucking piercing-sucking pest variable pest pest holometablolous ametabolous paurometabolous holometabolous hemimetabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous paurometablolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous omit paurometabolous paurometabolous paurometabolous holometabolous holometabolous paurometabolous omit chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing piercing-sucking siphoning siphoning sponging chewing piercing-sucking chewing rasping-sucking chewing piercing-sucking chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing siphoning chewing chewing piercing-sucking piercing-sucking chewing chewing piercing-sucking chewing pest variable pest variable beneficial pest pest beneficial variable variable pest pest variable beneficial beneficial pest variable pest variable beneficial variable variable beneficial beneficial beneficial pest pest variable COMMON INSECT ORDERS AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (01) Order: Blattodea Common name: Cockroach Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Flattened body, head concealed by pronotum Significance: Pest (02) Order: Coleoptera Common name: Beetles Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Elytra are hard and shield-like, meeting in a straight midline Significance: Pest, beneficial, and variable (03) Order: Collembola Common name: Springtail Metamorphosis: Ametabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Minute, wingless, with spring-like apparatus on abdomen Significance: Variable (04) Order: Dermaptera Common name: Earwig Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Forceps-like cerci at the tip of the abdomen Significance: Beneficial (05) Order: Diptera Common name: Fly, midge, mosquito, etc. Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Piercing-sucking, cutting-sponging, sponging, chewing, cutting-lapping Key characteristics: Second pair of wings reduced in size Significance: Pest, beneficial, or variable (06) Order: Ephemeroptera Common name: Mayfly Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous Mouthparts: Vestigial Key characteristics: 10-segmented abdomen Significance: Beneficial (07) Order: Hemiptera Common name: True bugs (assassin, damsel, minute, toad, etc.) Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Piercing-sucking Key characteristics: Beak attached near front of head, hemelytra front wings Significance: Beneficial or Pest (08) Order: Homoptera Common name: Cicada, hopper, scale, aphid, etc. Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Piercing-sucking Key characteristics: Beak attached near the rear of the head Significance: Pest or variable (09) Order: Hymenoptera Common name: Ant, bee, wasp Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing, chewing-lapping Key characteristics: Membranous wings, front pair larger than rear Significance: Pest, beneficial, or variable (10) Order: Isoptera Common name: Termite Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Bead-like antennae Significance: Pest (11) Order: Lepidoptera Common name: Butterfly and moth Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Siphoning, chewing Key characteristics: Wings covered with scales Significance: Pest, beneficial, or variable (12) Order: Mantodea Common name: Praying mantis Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Raptorial front legs Significance: Beneficial (13) Order: Mecoptera Common name: Scorpionfly Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Head prolonged below the eyes as a beak Significance: Beneficial (14) Order: Neuroptera Common name: Lacewing, antlion, dobsonfly, etc. Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Membranous wings with numerous veins Significance: Beneficial (15) Order: Odonata Common name: Dragonfly and damselfly Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Large faceted compound eyes occupy most of the head, 4 elongate wings Significance: Beneficial (16) Order: Orthoptera Common name: Grasshopper, cricket, katydid Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Front wings parchment-like, long antennae, legs modified for jumping Significance: Variable or Pest (17) Order: Phasmatodea Common name: Walkingstick Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Elongate sticklike body Significance: Variable (18) Order: Phthiraptera Common name: Sucking and biting louse Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Piercing-sucking and chewing Key characteristics: Wingless, flattened, crab-like legs, modified for clinging to host Significance: Pest (19) Order: Plecoptera Common name: Stonefly Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Cerci present, may be long or short Significance: Beneficial (20) Order: Siphonaptera Common name: Flea Metamorphosis: Holometabolous Mouthparts: Piercing-sucking Key characteristics: Wingless, flattened laterally, jumping hind legs Significance: Pest (21) Order: Thysanoptera Common name: Thrips Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous Mouthparts: Rasping - sucking Key characteristics: Minute, wingless or winged with 4 bristle-like wings Significance: Variable (22) Order: Thysanura Common name: Silverfish Metamorphosis: Ametabolous Mouthparts: Chewing Key characteristics: Wingless with 3 thread-like filaments at the tip of the abdomen Significance: Pest (23) Order: non-insect
