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Complex investigations of the
dynamics of the Earth’s
magnetosphere and geomagnetic
activity using space-borne and
ground-based measurements
(EoI 946)
by G.A. Zherebtsov, A.S. Potapov,
and O.M. Pirog ― all ISTP SB
RAS, Irkutsk, Russia,
“Heliospheric Impact on Geospace” kick-off meeting.
Helsinki, Finland, 5-9 February 2007
Contents
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Introduction
Participating institutions and persons
Outline of Russian IPY/IHY Programme
in magnetospheric studies
Magnetic measurements in Russia
Conclusion
Introduction
Russian Academy of Sciences
Council on Solar-Terrestrial Connections
(The “Sun-Earth Council” - SEC)
Committee for organization of scientific
research in the framework of programmes of
“International Polar Year”
and
“International Heliophysical Year”
Introduction
Chairman:

Geliy ZHEREBTSOV, chairman of the SEC
Co-chairmen:


Alexander STEPANOV, responsible for IHY
national programme
Evgeny TERESCHENKO, responsible for IPY
national geophysical programme
http://idg.chph.ras.ru/rus/sunearco/web_ihy.htm
Institutions participating
in the EoI 946

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) SB
RAS, Irkutsk / www.iszf.irk.ru
Director: Geliy ZHEREBTSOV
Contact person: Alex Potapov [email protected]

Institute of Space Research (IKI) RAS,
Moscow / www.iki.ru
Director: Lev ZELENY
Contact person: Anatoli Petrukovich [email protected]

Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere
and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN) RAS,
Moscow / www.izmiran.rssi.ru
Director: Vladimir KUZNETSOV
Contact person: Alexander Zaitsev [email protected]
Institutions participating
in the EoI 946

Institute of Dynamics of Geospheres (IDG)
RAS, Moscow / http://idg.chph.ras.ru
Director: Julius ZETZER
Contact person: Julius Zetzer [email protected]

Polar Geophysical Institute RAS (PGI),
Apatity/Murmansk / pgi.kolasc.net.ru
Director: Evgeny TERESCHENKO [email protected]
Contact person: Vladimir Safargaleev
Institutions participating
in the EoI 946

Institute of Cosmophysical Research and
Aeronomy (IKFIA) SB RAS, Yakutsk /
ikfia.ysn.ru/
Director: Evgeny BEREZHKO
Contact person: Stepan Solovyev [email protected]

Institute of Cosmophysical Research and
Radio Wave Propagation (IKIR) FEB RAS,
Paratunka, Kamchatka / www.ikir.kamchatka.ru
Director: Boris SHEVTSOV
Contact person: Valentina Bulgakova [email protected]
Outline of Russian IPY/IHY
Programme
Space missions



SPECTR-R/Plasma-F: the solar wind
particles and interplanetary magnetic
field
CORONAS-Photon: gamma radiation, Xrays, UV emission, cosmic rays
TATYANA microsatellite: electrons, ions,
and UV emission above the ionosphere
Outline of Russian I*Y Programme
Space missions

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METEOR-M (apogee 1000 km):
magnetospheric plasma and cosmic rays
ELECTRON-L (geosynchronous orbit):
magnetospheric plasma and cosmic rays
KOMPASS-2: ionospheric plasma-wave
complex, cosmic rays and particles
CANOPUS-VOLCANO: ionospheric plasmawave complex
ISS-based experiments: plasma-wave
complex, gamma-radiation, earthquake
forecast, hydroxyl emission
Outline of Russian I*Y Programme
Ground based facilities
Solar-Heliospheric observations
optical observations
of the Sun
solar observations
in the radio wave range
cosmic ray
observations
Outline of Russian I*Y Programme
Optical and radio observations of the Sun

In the Asian part of Russia all solar observatories are located within
Irkutsk neighborhood. The only exclusion is one small observatory in
Ussurijsk (Far East).
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
SAYAN SOLAR OBSERVATORY
(2000 m alt.)
BAIKAL ASTROPHYSICAL
OBSERVATORY
Outline of Russian I*Y Programme
Optical and radio observations of the Sun

RADIOASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY
Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT)
The main characteristics
256-element cross-shaped interferometer
antenna element – 2.5-meter parabolic,
step – 4.9 meter
baseline – 622.3 meter
central frequency – 5731 MHz
receiving bandwidth – 112 MHz
top angular resolution:
1-D mode (additive mode) – 15”
2-D mode (correlation mode) – 21”
stokes parameters recorded – I, V
time resolution:
1-D mode – up to 14 msec
2-D mode – up to 1 min
sensitivity – 0.003 s.f.u.
observing interval - 23.00 — 10.00 UT
Outline of Russian I*Y Programme
Optical and radio observations of the Sun
Example of main research results of the SSRT –
monthly movie of the Sun and CME in Sept 2000
Monthly images of the Sun - October, 2000
CME – September 04, 2000
Outline of Russian I*Y Programme
Data from new geophysical stations and documents
and results of experiments and field campaigns will be
displayed at a special web site
http://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/IPY.ru.html.
(International cluster project 409 “Data and
Information Service for Distributed Data Management –
IPY DIS”)
The Five IHY Science Themes:
Theme 1: Evolution and Generation of Magnetic
Structures and Transients
Theme 2: Energy Transfer and Coupling Processes
Theme 3: Flows and Circulations
Theme 4: Boundaries and Interfaces
Theme 5: Synoptic Studies of the 3-D Coupled SolarPlanetary-Heliospheric System
The most powerful for
the last half a century
solar maximum during
IGY, and the solar
minimum at present.
250
IHY
IGY
W Numbers
200
150
100
50
0
1950
19
1960
20
1970
21
1980
Years
22
1990
23
2000
2010
Outline of proposal 946

To develop adequate models of the most important processes
occurred in the magnetosphere and ionosphere, we need
complex analysis of data; the simultaneous measurements
are to be done in all crucial parts of the Sun-Earth system
such as the Sun, heliosphere, magnetosphere, ionosphere,
and atmosphere. An appropriate program of observations
made by using both space-borne equipment and groundbased geophysical complexes distributed within the different
time sectors is being developed. This program will provide
measurements coordinated with orbital motion and operating
regimes of space-borne and ground-based equipment. The
following space-borne facilities are planned:
Outline of proposal 946
1.
The satellite Spectr-R equipped with the magnetometer
and the solar wind analyzer. The Spectr-R will be launched
to elliptic orbit with high apogee, and during the 90 % of
operating time it will be in subsolar direction; so it can be
used as a near-Earth monitor of the solar wind flux and
interplanetary magnetic field.
2. Plasma wave diagnostic complex on board of ISS
(International Space Station).
3. Coronas-Photon space mission equipped with devices for
remote monitoring of the Sun.
By the beginning of the IPY-2007 a network of magnetic and
ionospheric stations and other facilities situated in polar
and mid-latitude regions will be at the disposal of
investigators.
Problems of the magnetospheric physics
to solve during IHY and IPY


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What mechanisms provide energy and impulse
transfer from the solar wind to the
magnetosphere?
The problem of the storms and substorms: what
is the true chain of physical processes in the
generation and development of magnetospheric
disturbances?
The problem of energy redistribution inside the
magnetosphere: what are sources and sinks of
energy flows there?
Scientific tasks of the magnetospheric
investigations within EoI 946
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quantitative modelling of geomagnetic disturbances in the
whole power range: from weak isolated substorms to the
most powerful superstorms.
Phenomenological modelling of physical processes at the
magnetosphere boundary including plasma transfer events
and penetration of particles through the cusps.
Investigation of wave channel of energy transfer from the
solar wind to the magnetosphere.
Theoretical and experimental search for wave-particle
mechanisms of plasma redistribution inside the
magnetosphere resulting in energy transfer to the
ionosphere and upper atmosphere.
Magnetic measurements in Russia
 The widest network of magnetic
stations has been achieved in the
Soviet Union during the previous,
2nd International Polar Year (19571958), when 38 stations were
established, see Table.
Unfortunately, economical difficulties
in the end of last century forced to
stop operation of most FSU
observatories: in 1998 only 5
stations of 38 were sending their
data to the World Data Centers.
Magnetic measurements
Budapest, March 1999


To improve the situation, we
applied to INTERMAGNET
community for help. We
proposed a project CRENEGON
to use financial support of
European Commission for
renewing FSU magnetic
observatories and joining them
to INTERMAGNET.
In 2000 Irkutsk (IRT) became a
full member of INTERMAGNET,
which turned it into locomotive
in recovering other Russian and
FSU observatories.
Magnetic measurements
Project CRENEGON, supported by international European
foundation INTAS in 2002-2004

Magnetologists of Belgium, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine participated in the
project. As a result, instrumentation base of the participating observatories has
been totally renewed, magnetic observations have been transferred into digital
format, and these observatories have been integrated into the worldwide network.
Magnetic measurements

Current map of INTERMAGNET observatories network.
One can see that owing to CRENEGON project a large
gap in the northern part of Asia has been bridged
http://www.intermagnet.org./Welcom_e.html
Magnetic measurements


Simultaneously with the above activity
of our Institute, Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute (AARI) in cooperation
with Kyoto University began activity on
recovery of Arctic magnetic stations
planning to re-establish 9 stations.
Norilsk (NOK) (under supervision of our
Institute), Tixie (TIX), and Pebek (PBK)
are already operating.
Data are available via internet:
http://www.aari.nw.ru/clgmi/geophys/index.htm
and
http://swdcwww.kugi.kyotou.ac.jp/imagdir/imag1/quick.html
Magnetic measurements
Eight magnetic stations with 1second time resolution belonging
to IKFIA and IKIR institutes
participate in the International
Project CPMN (Circum-pan
Pacific Magnetometer Network)
under the leadership of Prof.
Yumoto. The main scientific goal
of the project is to investigate
the processes of energy transfer
from the solar wind to the
magnetosphere.
[email protected]
Magnetic measurements
Ground based facilities
Magnetic and ionospheric observations
ionosphere
sounding
observations of
the atmospheric
emissions
magnetic
observations
SuperDARN plans
Green sectors show planned
positions of two new HF
radars to be deployed in
Siberia. Constructions of
these radars will allow
Russian geophysicists to join
SuperDARN community.
Ultra Low Frequency (ULF)
electromagnetic observations

Geomagnetic pulsations:
frequency range – 1 mHz to 5 Hz
amplitude range – 1 pT to 500 nT
wavelength range – 100 to 150000 km
Examples of the most powerful and long-period pulsations of Pc5 type (left)
and the Pc1 pulsations with the shortest perioid (right, simultaneous
observations at three stations)
ULF electromagnetic observations

In 1994-2003 a network of digital inductional (search-coil)
magnetometers was established in cooperation with colleagues from
Japan and Finland, which allowed to plan and carry out joint
experiments. All stations are operating continuously.
Data are available at:
www.sgo.fi
geobrk.adm.yar.ru:1352/geopuls
/index.html
http://www-space.eps.s.utokyo.ac.jp/~hayashi
http://magnit.iszf.irk.ru
Some examples of the results achieved in
the magnetosphere studies

Global Pc5 oscillations as indicator of a new
regime of energy transfer from the solar wind
During the strongest geomagnetic disturbances
when the Earth in its orbit hits upon superfast flow of
the solar plasma the whole magnetosphere is used
to be subjected to very large oscillations in the
frequency range of units of milliherz. At that, the
energy input to the magnetosphere grows, though
Bz component of the interplanetary magnetic field is
positive. We suppose that global Pc5 pulsations
evidence that a new regime of energy transfer from
the solar wind switches on; and this regime is not
related to magnetic reconnection, but is provided by
some powerful instability on the magnetosphere
boundary.
A. Potapov, A. Guglielmi, B. Tsegmed, J. Kultima. Global Pc5 event during 29–31
October 2003 magnetic storm. Adv. Space Res., In Press, Available online 30 June
2006.
Some examples of the results achieved in
the magnetosphere studies

The solar plasma penetration into the
magnetosphere (Plasma Transfer Events - PTE)
As defined by Yamamuchi, PTE is reflection of “transiently weakening the
magnetic barrier of magnetopause”. We proposed that inverse Faraday
effect due to Pc1 ion cyclotron waves is a possible cause of such
weakening.
• Magnetization of plasma by a circularly polarized wave is
• The ion cyclotron wave (upper sign) leads to weakening of the external
magnetic field since B = H + 4 M. The effect is quadratic in respect to the
electric field amplitude E.
Some examples of the results achieved in
the magnetosphere studies

The solar plasma penetration into the
magnetosphere (Plasma Transfer Events - PTE)
We checked connection between PTE and Pc1 for
22 CLUSTER CIS Cusp crossings and found that
Probability of Pc1 without PTE is
Probability of Pc1 with PTE is
0.09
0.36
Moreover, number of hours with Pc1 during 12-hour
intervals after Cluster cusp crossing when:
PTE was not detected 5 h
PTE was detected
30 h
A. Guglielmi, A. Potapov et al. Action of the solar wind on the magnetosphere
wave activity in the Pc1 frequency range. In: Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Vol.8,
122-125, 2005.
Examples of unusual
Pc1 emissions when
PTEs were observed:
Conclusions

Expression of Intent 946 is a part of
activities planned by the Council on
Solar-Terrestrial Connections of RAS
for IPY and IHY period in
magnetospheric studies.
Thanks for attention!