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Chapter 8
Growth and Development
1
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Health Goal #21: I Will Keep My Body
Systems Healthy
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The body is made up of cells, tissues, and organs that
form body systems.
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A cell is the smallest living part of the body
A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together
A organ is a body part consisting of several kinds of tissue
A body system is a group of organs that work together to
perform important body functions.
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2
Nervous System

Consists of the brain/spinal cord
 2 divisions
 CNS
 PNS
 Parts of the brain (control center)
 Cerebrum (largest part)
 Cerebellum (motor activity)
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3
Nervous System (cont.)

Spinal Cord
 Thick column of nerve cells extending from the brain
through the spinal column
 Carries messages between the brain and body
 Keeps brain informed of changes in the
body/environment
 Protected by the backbone
 Nerve cells
 Neuron is a nerve cell which the nervous system is
composed of.
 Consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.
 Tells muscles and glands what to do
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4
Cardiovascular System
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Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and cellular
waste products throughout the body
Consists of:
 Blood
 Blood vessels
 Heart
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5
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Components of blood (Plasma, RBC’s, WBC’s, Hemoglobin,
Platelets)
Blood vessels

Artery (carries blood away from the heart)
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Vein (returns blood back to the heart)

Capillary (small vessels that connect arteries to veins)
Heart (four-chambered pump)

Atrium (upper chambers)

Ventricles (lower chambers)
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6
Immune System
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Removes harmful organisms from the blood and
combats pathogens
Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels,
tonsil, spleen, and thymus
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Lymph is clear liquid that surround body cells and
circulates in lymph vessels
Lymph node is a filter structure that kills pathogens
Spleen is an organ that filters foreign matter
Thymus is a gland that creates T cells from WBC’s
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7
Respiratory System
Provides body cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, involves the following:
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Pharynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli
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8
Skeletal System
Serves as a support framework, protects vital organs, works with muscles, and makes RBC’s

Bone (206 bones for adults) structural material
 Periosteum (outer layer protecting bone)
 Bone marrow (soft tissue in hollow center which makes
RBC’s)
 Cartilage (connective tissue that cushions bones)
 Ligaments (connects bones together)
 Joint (where two bones meet)
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9
Muscular System
Over 600 muscles in the body provides motion and maintains posture
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
Voluntary/Involuntary muscles
3 types
 Smooth
 Cardiac
 Skeletal
Tendons attach muscle to bones
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10
Endocrine System

Glands that control the body’s activities by producing
hormones

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Pancreas

Adrenals

Ovaries

Testes
Hormones are chemical messengers directly released in the bloodstream
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11
Digestive System Components
Breaks down food into nutrients and allows absorption by body cells and waste elimination

Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
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Liver
Pancreas
Large intestine
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Urinary System
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Removes liquid wastes from the body and
maintains the body’s water balance
Organs involved are:
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Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
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13
Integumentary System
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Covers and protects the body
Consists of the following:
•
•
•
•
Skin (epidermis and dermis layers)
Glands (i.e. sweat)
Hair
Nails
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14
Health Goal #22: I Will Recognize Habits That
Protect Female Reproductive Health

Puberty is the stage of growth and development when
the body becomes capable of producing off-spring
 When a female is around 8 years of age, FSH from the
pituitary gland causes the ovaries to excrete estrogen
 Estrogen stimulates secondary sex characteristics
causing:
•
•
•
•
Emotion changes
Physical changes
Sexual development
Menstrual cycle
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15
Female Reproductive System
Consists of the following organs that are involved in producing off-spring
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Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Vagina (labia
minora/majora)
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Hymen
Clitoris
Cervix
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Menstrual Cycle
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Monthly series of changes that involves ovulation,
changes in the uterine lining, and menstruation
Menstruation is the period which the unfertilized egg
and lining of the uterus leave the body in a menstrual
flow
Occurs over 28 days on the average
Menstrual flow lasts about 5 days but can vary
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17
Female Reproductive Health
It is important for women to assume responsibility about the following topics/products

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Products for absorbing
menstrual flow
Reducing menstrual
cramps
Premenstrual Syndrome
Missed Menstrual
Cycles
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Pelvic Exams
 Breast Self-exams
 Mammography
 Toxic Shock Syndrome
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Health Goal #23: I Will Recognize Habits That
Protect Male Reproductive Health
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During puberty, the pituitary gland increases the
production of the hormone LH, causing the
secretion of testosterone
Testosterone (male hormone) stimulates
secondary sex characteristics, leading to:
• Emotion changes (sexual feelings)
• Physical changes
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19
Male Reproductive System
The following organs are involved in producing off-spring for males
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Penis
Testes
Epididymus
Vas deferens
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Cowper’s gland
Prostate gland
Sperm
An erection is caused by blood swelling the penis and may cause ejaculation
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20
Male Reproductive Health
It is important for each male to assume responsibility for his health by being
informed of the following:

Circumcision
 Inguinal Hernia
 Mumps and Sterility
 Digital rectal exams
 Testicular self-exams
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21
Health Goal #24: I Will Learn About Pregnancy and
Childbirth
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Conception and fertilization is the union of an ovum
and a sperm
Ovulation occurs during the 14th day of the
menstrual cycle from the ovary
At conception, heredity is determined which passes
on characteristics of both biological parents to their
children
23 chromosomes each from the sperm and egg are
genetic markers from both parents
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22
Pregnancy

An embryo is developed within the first two months of
conception
 A fetus develops from the embryo after the 9th week until
birth
 3 stages of labor are as follows:
 Stage 1: dilation of cervix
 Stage 2: delivery of the baby (crowning)
 Stage 3: delivery of the afterbirth
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23
Complications during Pregnancy and
Childbirth
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Stillbirth
Cesarean Section
Toxemia of Pregnancy
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Ectopic Pregnancy
Rh Incompatibility
Miscarriage
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Health Goal #25: I Will Learn about the
Growth and Development of Infants and
Children
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Infancy consists from birth to two years of age
Although there is uniformity in the growth and development in
children, no two children develop exactly alike
Children differ not only in growth patterns but in ways they
interact with and respond to their environment
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25
Types of Development
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Physical development refers to physical
changes in the body
Cognitive development refers to the
development of cognitive skills such as
reasoning and knowledge acquisition
Emotional development is the expression of
feelings about one’s self, others, and things
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26
Health Goal #26: I Will Provide Responsible
Care for Infants and Children
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Pre-teens and teens have the opportunity to be childsitters
A child-sitter is a person who provides care for infants
and children with the permission of a parent or guardian
Teachers and other adults have a role in preparing
young people to be child-sitters
These pre-teens and teens need to learn how to be care
providers for young children
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27
Health Goal #27: I Will Develop My Learning
Style
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A learning style is the way a person gains and processes
information
Educators have identified four kinds of learners:
• Visual learner (seeing or creating images)
• Auditory learner (listening or by discussing a topic)
• Kinesthetic learner (touching or acting out)
• Global learner (combining the styles above)
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28
Learning Disabilities
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A learning disability is a disorder in which a person has
difficulty acquiring and processing information
There are different types of learning disabilities
• Dyslexia
• ADD
• ADHD
• Tracking disorder
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29
Health Goal #28: I Will Achieve the
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

The developmental tasks of adolescence are
achievements that need to be mastered to
become a responsible, independent adult
 Robert Havighurst (1948), identified eight
developmental tasks needed to be mastered
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30
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence
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Establish friends
Be comfortable with your
gender role
Be comfortable with your
body
Be emotionally
independent from adults
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Learn marriage and
parenting skills
Prepare for a career
Establish values
Achieve social
responsibility
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Planning for the Future
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State the goal
Make an action plan
Identify obstacles to your
plan
Set up a timeline
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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Keep a chart or diary in
which you record your
progress toward your
goal
Build a support system
Revise your goal, plan, or
timeline, if necessary
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Health Goal #29: I Will Develop Habits That
Promote Healthful Aging
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There are several ways to measure one’s age
• Chronological age – years lived
• Biological age – how well a person’s body system are
functioning
• Social age – person’s involvement in leisure activities
Gerontology is the study of aging
The following are theories of the cause of aging:
• Wear and tear theory
• Waste-product theory
• Anti-immune theory
• Cell-error theory
• Brain theory
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33
Aging Affects the Following Systems

Nervous
 Cardiovascular
 Immune
 Respiratory
 Skeletal
 Muscular
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Endocrine
 Digestive
 Urinary
 Integumentary
 Reproductive
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Health Goal #30: I Will Share with My Family
My Feelings about Dying and Death
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Death is the permanent cessation of function of
all vital organs
A life support system is mechanical or other
means to support life
Legal death is brain death or the irreversible
cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all
functions of the entire brain, including the brain
stem
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35
Five Stages of Grief
(Kubler-Ross, 1997)

There are five psychological stages of grieving that
describe people who are dying:
 Denial
 Anger
 Bargaining
 Depression
 Acceptance
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36
Chapter 8
Growth and Development
37
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.