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Chapter 8 Growth and Development 1 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Health Goal #21: I Will Keep My Body Systems Healthy The body is made up of cells, tissues, and organs that form body systems. A cell is the smallest living part of the body A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together A organ is a body part consisting of several kinds of tissue A body system is a group of organs that work together to perform important body functions. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 2 Nervous System Consists of the brain/spinal cord 2 divisions CNS PNS Parts of the brain (control center) Cerebrum (largest part) Cerebellum (motor activity) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 3 Nervous System (cont.) Spinal Cord Thick column of nerve cells extending from the brain through the spinal column Carries messages between the brain and body Keeps brain informed of changes in the body/environment Protected by the backbone Nerve cells Neuron is a nerve cell which the nervous system is composed of. Consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites. Tells muscles and glands what to do © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 4 Cardiovascular System Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body Consists of: Blood Blood vessels Heart © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 5 Cardiovascular System (cont.) Components of blood (Plasma, RBC’s, WBC’s, Hemoglobin, Platelets) Blood vessels Artery (carries blood away from the heart) Vein (returns blood back to the heart) Capillary (small vessels that connect arteries to veins) Heart (four-chambered pump) Atrium (upper chambers) Ventricles (lower chambers) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6 Immune System Removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsil, spleen, and thymus Lymph is clear liquid that surround body cells and circulates in lymph vessels Lymph node is a filter structure that kills pathogens Spleen is an organ that filters foreign matter Thymus is a gland that creates T cells from WBC’s © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 Respiratory System Provides body cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, involves the following: Pharynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8 Skeletal System Serves as a support framework, protects vital organs, works with muscles, and makes RBC’s Bone (206 bones for adults) structural material Periosteum (outer layer protecting bone) Bone marrow (soft tissue in hollow center which makes RBC’s) Cartilage (connective tissue that cushions bones) Ligaments (connects bones together) Joint (where two bones meet) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 9 Muscular System Over 600 muscles in the body provides motion and maintains posture Voluntary/Involuntary muscles 3 types Smooth Cardiac Skeletal Tendons attach muscle to bones © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 10 Endocrine System Glands that control the body’s activities by producing hormones Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenals Ovaries Testes Hormones are chemical messengers directly released in the bloodstream © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 11 Digestive System Components Breaks down food into nutrients and allows absorption by body cells and waste elimination Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Liver Pancreas Large intestine 12 Urinary System Removes liquid wastes from the body and maintains the body’s water balance Organs involved are: Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 13 Integumentary System Covers and protects the body Consists of the following: • • • • Skin (epidermis and dermis layers) Glands (i.e. sweat) Hair Nails © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 14 Health Goal #22: I Will Recognize Habits That Protect Female Reproductive Health Puberty is the stage of growth and development when the body becomes capable of producing off-spring When a female is around 8 years of age, FSH from the pituitary gland causes the ovaries to excrete estrogen Estrogen stimulates secondary sex characteristics causing: • • • • Emotion changes Physical changes Sexual development Menstrual cycle © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 15 Female Reproductive System Consists of the following organs that are involved in producing off-spring Ovaries Fallopian tubes Vagina (labia minora/majora) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Hymen Clitoris Cervix 16 Menstrual Cycle Monthly series of changes that involves ovulation, changes in the uterine lining, and menstruation Menstruation is the period which the unfertilized egg and lining of the uterus leave the body in a menstrual flow Occurs over 28 days on the average Menstrual flow lasts about 5 days but can vary © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 17 Female Reproductive Health It is important for women to assume responsibility about the following topics/products Products for absorbing menstrual flow Reducing menstrual cramps Premenstrual Syndrome Missed Menstrual Cycles © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Pelvic Exams Breast Self-exams Mammography Toxic Shock Syndrome 18 Health Goal #23: I Will Recognize Habits That Protect Male Reproductive Health During puberty, the pituitary gland increases the production of the hormone LH, causing the secretion of testosterone Testosterone (male hormone) stimulates secondary sex characteristics, leading to: • Emotion changes (sexual feelings) • Physical changes © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 19 Male Reproductive System The following organs are involved in producing off-spring for males Penis Testes Epididymus Vas deferens Cowper’s gland Prostate gland Sperm An erection is caused by blood swelling the penis and may cause ejaculation © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 20 Male Reproductive Health It is important for each male to assume responsibility for his health by being informed of the following: Circumcision Inguinal Hernia Mumps and Sterility Digital rectal exams Testicular self-exams © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 21 Health Goal #24: I Will Learn About Pregnancy and Childbirth Conception and fertilization is the union of an ovum and a sperm Ovulation occurs during the 14th day of the menstrual cycle from the ovary At conception, heredity is determined which passes on characteristics of both biological parents to their children 23 chromosomes each from the sperm and egg are genetic markers from both parents © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 22 Pregnancy An embryo is developed within the first two months of conception A fetus develops from the embryo after the 9th week until birth 3 stages of labor are as follows: Stage 1: dilation of cervix Stage 2: delivery of the baby (crowning) Stage 3: delivery of the afterbirth © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 23 Complications during Pregnancy and Childbirth Stillbirth Cesarean Section Toxemia of Pregnancy © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Ectopic Pregnancy Rh Incompatibility Miscarriage 24 Health Goal #25: I Will Learn about the Growth and Development of Infants and Children Infancy consists from birth to two years of age Although there is uniformity in the growth and development in children, no two children develop exactly alike Children differ not only in growth patterns but in ways they interact with and respond to their environment © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 25 Types of Development Physical development refers to physical changes in the body Cognitive development refers to the development of cognitive skills such as reasoning and knowledge acquisition Emotional development is the expression of feelings about one’s self, others, and things © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 26 Health Goal #26: I Will Provide Responsible Care for Infants and Children Pre-teens and teens have the opportunity to be childsitters A child-sitter is a person who provides care for infants and children with the permission of a parent or guardian Teachers and other adults have a role in preparing young people to be child-sitters These pre-teens and teens need to learn how to be care providers for young children © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 27 Health Goal #27: I Will Develop My Learning Style A learning style is the way a person gains and processes information Educators have identified four kinds of learners: • Visual learner (seeing or creating images) • Auditory learner (listening or by discussing a topic) • Kinesthetic learner (touching or acting out) • Global learner (combining the styles above) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 28 Learning Disabilities A learning disability is a disorder in which a person has difficulty acquiring and processing information There are different types of learning disabilities • Dyslexia • ADD • ADHD • Tracking disorder © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 29 Health Goal #28: I Will Achieve the Developmental Tasks of Adolescence The developmental tasks of adolescence are achievements that need to be mastered to become a responsible, independent adult Robert Havighurst (1948), identified eight developmental tasks needed to be mastered © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 30 Developmental Tasks of Adolescence Establish friends Be comfortable with your gender role Be comfortable with your body Be emotionally independent from adults © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Learn marriage and parenting skills Prepare for a career Establish values Achieve social responsibility 31 Planning for the Future State the goal Make an action plan Identify obstacles to your plan Set up a timeline © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Keep a chart or diary in which you record your progress toward your goal Build a support system Revise your goal, plan, or timeline, if necessary 32 Health Goal #29: I Will Develop Habits That Promote Healthful Aging There are several ways to measure one’s age • Chronological age – years lived • Biological age – how well a person’s body system are functioning • Social age – person’s involvement in leisure activities Gerontology is the study of aging The following are theories of the cause of aging: • Wear and tear theory • Waste-product theory • Anti-immune theory • Cell-error theory • Brain theory © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 33 Aging Affects the Following Systems Nervous Cardiovascular Immune Respiratory Skeletal Muscular © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Endocrine Digestive Urinary Integumentary Reproductive 34 Health Goal #30: I Will Share with My Family My Feelings about Dying and Death Death is the permanent cessation of function of all vital organs A life support system is mechanical or other means to support life Legal death is brain death or the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 35 Five Stages of Grief (Kubler-Ross, 1997) There are five psychological stages of grieving that describe people who are dying: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 36 Chapter 8 Growth and Development 37 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.