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Chapter 1 - How Geographers Look at the World
The Geographer’s Tools
A. _____________________ looks at every aspect of the Earth’s systems: human economies,
societies, and cultures; plants, animals, climate, and the physical environment and how
they are interconnected
1. _____________: scale model of the Earth that accurately displays area, distance, and
direction
2. Cartographer: _____________________
3. _______________ _______________ Route: imaginary line that follows the curve of
the Earth and represents the shortest distance between two points
B. _________ _____________________: mathematical formula used to represent the curved
surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map
Three major categories of map projections:
1. ______________ (or azimuthal): projects an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane
a. often used for maps of the Poles
2. __________________: how a globe would look if projected onto a cylinder and unrolled
a. _____________________ projection is a common example
3. _______________: Earth’s surface projected onto a cone
4. Three common types of conical projections
a. _______________ _______________: used for general reference world maps
b. _____________________ Projection: similar to Winkel Tripel
c. _______________ ____________________ Equal-Area: globe that has been cut
apart and laid flat
C. Globes and maps use a _________ _______________ to find the location of places on the
Earth’s surface
1. _______________: Imaginary lines (_______________) measuring distance north and
south from the equator
a. _______________ is 0° latitude; the North Pole is 90°N; South Pole is 90°S
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2. ________________: Imaginary lines (_______________) measuring distance east and
west from the prime meridian
a. _______________ _______________ is 0° longitude
b. _____________________ _______________ is 180° longitude
3. _______________: divides the Earth in Northern and Southern Hemispheres
4. Prime _______________ and International _________________: divide the Earth into
Eastern and Western Hemispheres
5. _______________ _______________: the exact position of a place on the Earth’s
surface
a. Determined by _______________ and _______________
6. _______________ _______________: location in relation to other places
D. Parts of a Map
1. _______________: subject of the map
2. _______________: (key) lists and explains the symbols and colors on the map
3. _______________ (icons): represent such items as cities, economic activities, or natural
resources
4. _______________ __________: shows north, south, east, and west
5. __________ _______________: indicate human features such as road and political
boundaries; also natural features such as rivers
6. _____________: represent a variety of information; legend indicates what colors mean
a. _________________: the height of a land surface above the level of the sea
5. _______________: ratio between a unit on the map and distance on earth
a. ___________ -___________ map shows a larger area with fewer details
b. ___________ -___________ map shows a smaller area with a great amount of detail
E. Types of Maps
1. _______________ Map: shows location and topography (shape) of the Earth’s
features such as mountains, plains, rivers, and oceans
a. _______________: the variation in elevation across an area of Earth's land
2. _______________ Map: show boundaries and locations of political units such as
countries, states, counties, cities, and towns
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3. _______________ Map: emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information
about an area
a. _______________ Map: type of thematic map called a flow-line map shows the
movement of people, animals, goods, ideas
4. _______________ Map: describes an individual’s internal map—his or her perception
of features of the Earth’s surface.
5. Cartogram: presents information based on how much of something a country or
region has rather than land area
F. Geospatial Technologies
1. _____________ _____________________ ______________: navigational system that
can determine the absolute location of a receiver on Earth
a. Uses a system of ________ satellites to create a network
2. _____________________ _____________________ _________________ (GIS):
computer programs that process and organize details about places on Earth and
integrate those details with satellite images and other pieces of information
3. _______________: a natural or human-made object that orbits a planet or other large
astronomical body
4. _______________ _______________: any technique used to measure, observe, or
monitor a subject or process without physically touching the object under observation
The Geographer’s Craft
A. _______________ Perspective: a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on
Earth and their relationships to one another
1. _________________ perspective focuses on understanding Earth as a complex set of
interacting living and nonliving components
2. _________________ perspective considers how human experiences and memories
give places a unique characteristics
B. Six Elements of Geography
1. The World in _______________ Terms: spatial relationships link people and places
based on their locations and relationships to each other
a. ___________: the specific location of a place, including its physical setting
b. _________________: the geographic position of a place in relation to other places or
features of a larger region
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2. Places and _______________:
a. _______________: has distinguishing characteristics defined by its features and
surrounding
b. Places with similar _____________________ are grouped into regions
Three types of regions:
 _______________ Region: a region defined by a common characteristic, such as a
production of a product
 _______________ Region: a central place and the surrounding territory linked to it
 _____________________ Region: a region defined by popular feelings and images
rather than by objective data
3. Physical Systems (_______________ geography): looks at how the physical world
(climate, land, water, plants, and animal life) interact and their significance to humans
4. Human Systems (_______________ geography): analyzes human activities and their
relationship to the cultural and physical environments
5. _____________________ and _______________ (Human-Environment Interaction):
The relationship between people and their physical environment
a. Studies the ways people use their _____________________
b. The ways in which they change the _____________________
c. _____________________ of changes to the environment
6. Uses of _____________________: Geographers work in a variety of jobs in
government, business, and education.
C. Geographers use a variety of _______________ methods to do their work: direct
observation and measurement, mapping, and interviewing
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