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SOCIAL WORK’S MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE Eight Main Perspectives & Their Associated Theories Hutchinson, E. (2008) Perspective Focus Systems HB is outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within organized, integrated social systems (Business Theory) -The environment is full of different systems that are constantly interacting with one another. Propositions/ Big Ideas -A system consists of parts that are orderly and interrelated to make a functioning whole. Conflict Rational Choice Social Constructionist HB is influenced by a person’s power within his or her group (economic, racial, ethnic, religious, age, gender, sexual orientation, etc.). Attention is on conflict, inequality, dominance and oppression in social life. (Sociology Theory) Human behavior is influenced by social conflict, inequality, dominance and oppression. HB is based on self-interest and rational choices when accomplishing goals. Focuses on how people classify their world based on the information that culture and society gives them. (Philosophy and Economic Theory) (Philosophy Theory) Individuals always want to maximize their benefits and eliminate their costs. In society, power is unequally divided and some groups dominate others. The exchanges that individuals make occur because they want to increase their benefits & decrease their cost. Even though society (or society’s consciousness) may tell us how to view or classify things, there is really no truth to these realities. There is not one true reality Individuals and groups try to advance their interest over others. Conflict is inevitable when there is a difference in power. Social change is driven by conflict. How a group sees “benefits” and “costs” depends upon the values of that group. In order to survive, we must interact and make social exchanges. There are as many different “realities” as there are people on the planet. These many realities change constantly, depending upon a person’s social interaction. Every society member has a different view of reality. We need to ask them specifically in order to find out about it. As people interact, they create their own shared meanings/reality. Concepts/ Terminology Boundary, homeostasis, role, closed and open systems, Power; Dominant Individuals/Group; Oppression; Privilege Exchange; Cost; Benefit; Power Family Systems Theory Empowerment Theory Social Exchange Theory Emotional Intelligence Theory Radical-Feminist Theory Social Network Theory Shared Meaning; Social Reality; Narrative; Story James Averill’s Theory Theories George Mead’s Theory Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Some Techniques You Use with Clients Provide Education on how family influences Draw Genograms that explain how a family’s influence is passed on to other generations Provide Education on how some people are oppressed in Society (this is also called “Raising Consciousness” Social Action (go to marches or demonstrations) Try to change legislation or policy Draw Ecomaps to explain that there are internal and external forces that both “cost” and “benefit” a client. Have a client write their story on paper. Provide Education: Inform a client that his “reality” is real and true; that he does not have to pay attention to what the dominant culture says is “reality” Psychodynamic Developmental Social Behavioral Humanistic HB is motivated by a person’s internal processes such as conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings; drives and needs. (Psychology Theory) Conscious thoughts and Feelings influence human behavior Focuses on how HB changes and stays the same across the life cycle HB is learned as individuals interact with their environment. The focus is the individual’s freedom of action and search for meaning. (Psychology Theory) (Psychology Theory) (Psychology Theory) Human development occurs in clearly defined stages Human behavior is learned when individuals interact with the environment Unconscious thoughts influence behavior Each stage of life is different from the all the others People are more than products of their childhoods or their unconscious (they can not be reduced to drives, or unconscious determinants) Early childhood experiences influence individuals (either good or bad) for the remaining life. Stages are sequential, each building upon the earlier stage Individuals get overwhelmed by both internal (their own) and external demands Individuals use defense mechanisms to avoid the anxiety or getting overwhelmed. When one moves from one to the other, he or she makes a change in status and role Development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors People learn the same way but if they are in different environments, they learn different things (different environments produce different human behavior) All behavior can be unlearned (or changed) Human behavior is learned by association, by reinforcement, by imitation, and by a person’s belief or expectation about something People are more than what they learn from their environment. People are not determined by their childhoods or environments! Individuals have the capacity to make choices. Individuals have the capacity to change themselves, even radically. Moving throughout one’s life involves changes in status and roles. Human behavioral is driven by a desire for growth, personal meaning and competence, One’s development will be influenced by historical movements/events and social factors. Human Behavior is driven by a need to experience a bond with others. The Conscious;The Unconscious; Innate drives; Defense Mechanisms Life span; Life Cycle; Life Course Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning; Modeling; Self-efficacy Uniqueness’ Here and now’ Hierarchy of Needs; “Search for Meaning” Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory Social Learning Theory Person Centered or (Carl) Rogerian Theory Psychodynamic-Feminist Theory Piaget’s Cognitive Theory Ego Psychology Theory Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Rational Emotive Theory (Albert Ellis) – This is a Cognitive Behavioral Theory Existential Theory Afrocentric Relational Theory Object Relations Theory Self Psychology Theory Freud: Interpreting Dreams to try to uncover one’s unconscious Get on the couch and Talk nonstop as a way to try to uncover one’s unconscious Interpreting what stage a client is in. Determining client’s irrational thoughts Giving a client other thoughts to use to substitute for their irrational thoughts Reflective Listening