Download Demand

Bio-Economics
Supply and
Demand According
to Chance
Grand Unified
Theory of Britt
Supply
Demand
1) Oxygen and Mitochondria
2) In Vitro to In Vivo Measurements
3) MRI to Optical Imaging
Balance and Feedback
Economics: Supply and Demand
Price
Balance and Feedback
Demand
Increased Demand: higher cost…
Unless Supply reacts to meet demand
Quantity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand
Supply: “G(BC)P”
Results: 1478
Times cited: 68,155
Ave. citations per: 46.11
h-index: 122
70
50
30
10
Pubs/year
d pulse ~60 yrs
Impact: ~3d  ~200 yrs
Demand
Results: 1478
Times cited: 68,155
Ave. citations per: 46.11
h-index: 122
d pulse ~60 yrs
Impact: ~3d  ~200 yrs
Citations/year
1500
1000
Bio-Economics: Supply and Demand
Price
Supply
Demand
Increased Demand: higher Metabolic cost…
Unless Supply reacts to meet demand
Quantity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand
Cell-Vascular Coupling Diseases
Coronary Artery Disease, Peripheral Vascular Disease,
Cancer, Neurological Disease, Diabetes…
Causes (consequences)
Decreased vessel compliance, remodeling
endothelial/eNOS damage, impaired reactivity,
Consequences (causes)
Restricted blood flow to tissue
Cellular O2 demand cannot be met
Ischemia, hypoxia, necrosis…
ROS generation
Impaired cellular function, mitochondrial disease
Cell-Vascular Coupling Diseases
BC Pioneered Optical Measurements
Quantify tissue oxygen consumption, perfusion
Perturbations: Occlusion, breathing, exercise...
Individual Physiology: detection, diagnosis,
therapy response…
Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging
Lens
Whisker
Stimulator
• Remove skin/muscle, thin skull.
• Mechanical Movement of C2 Whisker.
• 5 deflections at 5 Hz.
• Illuminate with 630 nm light.
• Measure change in remitted light.
Signal 
R (t )  R0
R0
Grinvald, Lieke, Frostig, Gilbert, and Wiesel, Nature, 1986.
Ron Frostig, UCI
Hemodynamic Response
stimulation
Initial Dip
R(t )  R0
R0
630 nm light
(deoxy Hb)
Overshoot (BOLD)
Undershoot
t~4s
t~7s
1 mm
t~1s
Rd (fx)
Spatial Frequency
Domain Imaging (SFDI)
Cuccia et. al., Opt Lett, (2005)
Cuccia et. al., JBO (2009)
µa, µs'
Structured light
depth
1
Tissue
Spatial Frequency, fx (mm-1)
SFDI Implications:
0
photon
density
1) Optical Property
Mapping
1) Depth-Resolved
Imaging
Tissue
Tissue: a low-pass spatial filter
Hyperspectral SFDI
Soren Konecky
Photo of Mapper
Close up
Full images (350 x 350 pixels)
of 46 Wavelengths at 5 Hz.
L. Gao, R. T. Kester, and T. S. Tkaczyk,
Opt. Express 17, 12293-12308 (2009).
Tomasz Tkaczyk
Intrinsic Signal Tomograpy
depth
Black & White: Baseline
Color: Functional Change
increase
0.5
1
decrease
-1
-0.5
Biomedical Optics
Before Chance (B.C.)
pre-1987
Light Source
Detector
cuvette
Biomedical Optics
Chance Era (C.E.)
• No Cuvette (too expensive)
• Abundant supply of body parts
• Time-shared laser sources (“off
time” saves $$)
• RF electronics = “Radio Shack”
Grand Unified
Theory of Britt
Demand
Supply
New Unit of Measure:
1 BCU = 100 mW/cm2
~Max exposure
intensity for biotissue
damage
BCU:
Max intensity
At the limit
Photons are
Cheaper
$106/Tesla
$10-14/photon