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Religious Crusades
• Crusades= series of military campaigns to
establish Christian control of the Holy Land
• Over the next few centuries wave after wave
of peasants, soldiers, and kings would travel
from Europe to the Middle East
Call for a Crusade
• In the early 1000s Fatimid Arabs started
destroying churches and killing Christians
• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for
help
• The Pope’s call
– 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade to feel
Holy Land
– Defend Constantinople and liberate Jerusalem
• The Crusader’s Creed
– The word crusade comes from the Latin word
“crux”(cross)
– Crusaders sewed a cross on their clothing
• Faced robbers, hunger, and disease before even
encountering the enemy
– Knights sold estates and borrowed money to pay for
the long and dangerous trip
– Knights hope to gain land, wealth, honor, popularity
by joining the Crusades.
• The First Crusade
– 150,000 people hurried
to join
• Ragged mob of peasants
• Not prepared for the long
journey ahead
– The First Crusade was a
military success
– By 1099 the crusaders
had captured Jerusalem
Second and Third Crusades
• Second Crusade
– King Louis VII of France and the German emperor
organized the Second Crusade
– Second Crusade failed
• Leaders argued
• Crusaders were unable to gain respect because they
treated local people poorly
– After the Second Crusade the Muslim leader
Saladin grew stronger
• 1187 Saladin captured Jerusalem
• “Crusade of the King”
– Third Crusade began in 1189 organized by the rulers
of England, France, and Germany
– Richard I of England “Lionheart” became leader of this
crusade
• Won important victories and developed a courteous
relationship with Saladin
– Saladin and Richard signed a truce that ended the
Third Crusade
• Christian pilgrims were free to travel
• Jerusalem remained in Muslim hands
Fourth and Later Crusades
• Looting Constantinople
– 1204 crusaders stormed
Constantinople
– Smashed Christian icons,
stole relics, and attacked
women
– The Byzantines never
forgave the Catholics
• Later Crusades
– 1212 the Children’s
Crusade
– 1291 Egyptian Muslims
defeated the last crusaders
• The Muslim view
– Muslims were caught off
guard by the First
Crusade
– He Muslim world was
too divided politically to
organize a strong
defense
– Muslims described their
own campaigns in
religious terms, as a holy
war
Religious Persecutions
• Attacks on Jewish communities
– Jewish groups were the targets of attacks in
Europe
– Some Europeans already considered Jews to be
enemies of Christianity
– Turned violence against Jews who would not
convert to Christianity
– Terrorized and slaughter Jewish communities
along routes to the Middle East
• Crusades against heretics
– Heresy= a belief that is rejected by official church
teaching
– Heretics were excommunicated
• The Inquisition
– 1200s Pope Gregory IX organized the Inquisition= a
series of investigations designed to find a judge
heretics
– Heretics were punished in various ways
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•
•
•
•
Fasting
Whipping
Fines
Imprisonment
Execution
Effects of the Crusades
• Failed to force the Muslims out of the Holy Land
• A wider world
– Europeans had traveled to lands they had never been
exposed to
• Trade with the East
– Brought trade and wealth to European port cities
– Built demand for foreign goods
• Cultural exchange
– Hygienic practices were shared
– Scientific knowledge expanded