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SKELETAL SYSTEM ORGANIZATION • 206 bones • 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicul ar Axial Skeleton • • • • • • Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum Hyoid Bone Appendicular Skeleton • Limbs & Bones that connect to the o Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) o Pelvic Girdle (hips) Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5a Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5b Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c Skeletal Organization – bone names **Handout and Smart Board labeling** Help for learning bone features, etc. for organization lab: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heBjZIZP328 To lab!! – lab #13 – Organization of the Skeleton For review after lab: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRR-t93jyFw Functions of the Skeletal System • Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE • Support and Protection Body movement Blood cell formation • • • • hematopoiesis Storage of inorganic materials and fat (salt, calcium, phosphorus….) BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone 1.Epiphysis 2.Diaphysis 3.Articular Cartilage 4.Periosteum Inside the Long Bone Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the Types of Bone Tissue Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) * Microscopic Structure OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS Compact Bone Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a-c BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH 1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull 2. Endochondral bones – all other ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends) Bone Growth Bone Growth Structure of Bone Lab Lab #12 Review of Bone Growth and more Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width LD clip – long bone growth – 4226 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29719-human-mutants-fetalskeletons-video.htm Osteoarthritis – 7138 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFJ4iswRiu4&feature=related Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.15 Bone Development & Growth EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES RESORPTION OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.16 Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.17 Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.18 Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Bone fracture with clot 661-664 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5 ******* Slide 5.19 Sec. 7.6 - Frontal - anterior portion above eyes • • BONES OF THE SKULL Hole above eyes? Supraorbital foramen Sinuses in this bone? Frontal sinuses Parietal - one on each side of the skull, just behind frontal bone Occipital - forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium Largest hole in skull? Foramen magnum Smooth protrusions on this bone Occipital condyles Temporal cranium - forms parts of the sides and base of External auditory meatus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc5IRj3OJhE • • • • • • • • • Zygomatic Bone – cheekbone Sphenoid - wedged between several other bones in anterior portion of the cranium Sinuses Maxillae (2)- form upper jaws Nasal (2) Palatine (2) Lacrimal (2) Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Vomer Mandible - lower jaws, only moveable bone of the skull TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels) Fissure - any wide gap between bones Sutures Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones Sagittal - between parietal bones **The hyoid and three middle ear bones in each ear are also in the head, but are not attached to the skull. These are a part of the total 206 number of bones in the human body. Bones of the Skull & Sutures Bones of the Skull & Sutures Foramen Magnum Figure 6.10 Figure 6.10 ****** The Rest of the Bones Skeletal System Brief review 2 Divisions: Axial Appendicular Bone Structure Bone Cells Mature bone cell Bone-forming cell Bone-destroying cells Repair of Bones Hematoma Fibrocartilage Bony callus callus Bony callus remodels Review of Skull Bones http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanat omy/timed/04.htm http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio 201/skull/antskul.htm Section 7.7 Vertebrae Neck = cervical Middle Back = thoracic Lower Back = lumbar Section 7.7 – Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae 7 Atlas Axis **Bifid spinous processes **transverse foramen for arteries to go to head Thoracic Vertebrae 12 Larger than cervical Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Larger yet and stronger Sacrum Sacred or holy 5 fused Coccyx tail 4 fused ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE • SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine • KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve • LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region. • ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse. SCOLIOSIS LORDOSIS ANKYLOSIS Thoracic Cage Section 7.8 – Thoracic Cage Ribs – strip or “ribbon” – 12 pairs 1st 7 pairs – True Ribs (Vertebrosternal) Join sternum directly by costal cartilage Hyaline Remaining 5 pairs – False Ribs (Vertebrochondral) – cartilages of these do not touch sternum directly Upper 3 – join 7th rib (Vertebrochondral) Last 2 – (Vertebral ribs) – floating – no cartilage attachment Thoracic Cage Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process (sword like) Sternal puncture Section 7.9 – Pectoral Girdle Incomplete 2 clavicles 2 scapulae – coracoid process, acromion process, spine, glenoid cavity Pectoral Girdle Section 7.10 – Upper Limb Humerus – head fits into glenoid cavity Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck – fractures Deltoid tuberosity Olecranon fossa –posterior Coronoid fossa – anterior Trochlea – medial Capitulum – lateral epicondyles See transparency** Radius – head, radial tuberosity, styloid process Ulna – olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, styloid process Wrist – carpus – mass of bones – 8, 2 rows of 4 each Hand – metacarpals – 5 – form the palm, distal ends form the knuckles, #1-5, beginning with thumb Phalanges – 14 – finger bones Each finger: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx Thumb: lacks middle phalanx Bones of the Arm Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb Wrist Bones For test Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Section 7.11 – Pelvic Girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pelvic Girdle Section 7.13 – Lower Limbs Femur – Head, Fovea capitus, Greater trochanter, Lesser trochanter, Lateral and Medial condyles, Lateral and Medial epicondyles Tibia – Medial and Lateral condyle, Tibial tuberosity, Medial maleolus Fibula – Head of Fibula, Lateral maleolus Bones of the Leg Ankle and Foot Tarsals – Calcaneus, Talus Metatarsals Phalanges – Proximal, Middle, and Distal Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
