Download Chapter 1 PPT2 - Blair Community Schools

8/18/16
Chapter Overview
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Chapter 1 – PPT 2
—  Anatomy & Physiology Overview
—  Levels of Structural Organization
—  Maintaining Life
—  Homeostasis
— The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position
Directional Terms
—  Directions always refer to
—  Standard body position
the “patient’s” body, not the
observer!
to give an anatomical
reference point
—  Directional terms allow us
to explain where one
structure is in relation to
another.
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms
Two Divisions of the Body
—  Axial
—  Head, neck trunk
—  Appendicular
—  Appendages or limbs
Figure 1.7a
Body Planes and Sections
—  Sagittal Plane
—  Vertical plane that divides
the body into right and left
sections
—  Midsagittal plane
—  cut directly on the midline
—  Parasagittal plane
—  cut offset of midline
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Body Planes and Sections
—  Frontal Plane
Body Cavities
Two internal body cavities
—  Dorsal
—  AKA - Coronal Plane
—  Divides the body into
front and back sections
—  Ventral
—  Transverse Plane
—  AKA – Horizontal Plane
—  AKA - Cross Section
—  Cuts body into upper and
lower sections
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity
DORSAL CAVITY
Cranial Cavity
brain
Thoracic Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
lungs
spinal cord
heart
esophagus
Abdominal Cavity
trachea
stomach
Pelvic Cavity
rectum
liver
spleen
urinary bladder
internal reproductive organs
gall bladder
intestines
kidneys
adrenals
Note: the diaphragm muscle
separates the thoracic from the
abdominopelvic cavity
pancreas
Thoracic Body Cavities
Body Cavities
—  Pleural Cavities
—  Contain the lungs
—  Mediastinum
—  Region that
contains the heart
—  Pericardial Cavity
—  Portion of the
mediastinum that
encloses the heart
Figure 1.9a
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Serosa/Serous Membrane
—  Thin double-layered membrane covers walls
of cavity and outer surface of organs
—  Parietal serosa - lines walls
—  Visceral serosa - covers organs
—  Serous fluid - Thin layer of lubricating fluid
secreted by both membranes
Serous Membranes of the Heart
—  Visceral Pericardium
—  Membrane on the surface of the heart (viscera = organ)
—  Parietal Pericardium
—  Membrane lines the cavity
—  Pericardial Cavity
—  Space between the two membranes
Serous Membranes of the Lungs
—  Visceral Pleura
—  Membrane on the surface of the lung (viscera = organ)
—  Parietal Pleura
Serous Membranes of the
Abdominal Organs
—  Visceral Peritoneum
—  Membrane on the surface of the abdominal organs
—  Parietal Peritoneum
—  Membrane lines the cavity
—  Membrane lines the abdominal cavity
—  Pleural Cavity
—  Peritoneal Cavity
—  Space between the two membranes
—  Space between the two membranes
Directional Terms
1. Superior = above
Inferior = below
2. Anterior = front
Posterior = back
3. Ventral = front
Dorsal = back
4. Medial = center
Lateral = side
5. Cephalad = head
Caudal = tail
6. Superficial = surface
Deep = internal
7. Proximal = closer to trunk
Distal = farther from
trunk
Proximal/Distal only used when referring to
two points on an appendage.
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