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Renaissance Round Robin
• Student One:
– Page 470: “Interact with History” Read and
answer the “Examining the Issues” questions.
• Student Two:
• Page 474: “Analyzing Art” Read graphic and
answer the “Skill Builder” Question.
• Student Three:
• Pages 478-479: “History through Art” Read
through descriptions of Art and answer the
“Connect to today” questions 1 & 2
The Renaissance
The Rebirth of Greek and Roman
Ideals
Essential Standards
WH.H.4.1 Explain how interest in classical learning and religious reform contributed to
increased global interaction (e.g., Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Catholic
Reformation, Printing revolution, etc.).
WH.H.4.2 Explain the political, social and economic reasons for the rise of powerful
centralized nation-states and empires (e.g., Reformation, absolutism, limited
monarchy, empires, etc.).
WH.H.4.3 Explain how agricultural and technological improvements transformed daily life
socially and economically (e.g., growth of towns, creation of guilds, feudalism
and the manorial system, commercialization, etc.).
WH.H.4.4 Analyze the effects of increased global trade on the interactions between nations
in Europe, Southwest Asia, the Americas and Africa (e.g., exploration,
mercantilism, inflation, rise of capitalism, etc.).
What I should know…

How and why innovations from Asian and
Islamic civilizations, as well as from ancient
Greek and Roman culture, laid the foundation
for the Renaissance.
 How and why increased availability of print
material increased literacy and resulted in the
spread of ideas that both supported and
challenged authority.
 The factors that led to the Renaissance and
the impact it had on the arts.
I. The Italian Renaissance
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The word renaissance means rebirth. This was a
rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals. The
renaissance began in Italian city-states in the mid1300s and spread north through Europe.
A secular (worldly) viewpoint developed in these
cities as wealth grew. This concern for this world,
rather than the next, co-incited with the decline of
Church power.
This new view of the world emphasized the
individual. The ideal renaissance man was one who
was well-rounded and capable in many areas of life.
I. The Italian Renaissance
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The upper classes were more effected by the
renaissance than the lower because they had
the money and time to embrace the classics.
Italy of the renaissance was an urban society.
Powerful city-states of Venice, Florence, Milan,
and Genoa became political, economic, and
social centers.
Art, Education, Technology, and new
discoveries in travel led to an age of exploration
and desire to explore new parts of the world.
II. The Italian States

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The northern Italian city-states of Milan, Venice (the
“Queen of the Adriatic”), and Florence were the most
powerful in the renaissance. Their wealth grew from
the Mediterranean trade which brought Asian goods
into Europe. These trading centers were created
during the crusades.
Milan controlled the main route through the Alps to
central Europe. In 1447, Francesco Sforza
conquered the city making himself the duke.
Because of the trade through Venice, it was the
main link between Asia and Europe.
II. Florence

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Florence dominated the Tuscany (north-central Italy)
region. In 1434 Cosimo de Medici took control of
Florence. His Grandson Lorenzo de Medici made
Florence the cultural center of Italy.
In the 1440s, Florence’s economy declined because
of English and Flemish competition in the cloth
market. At the same time a Dominican preacher,
Girolamo Savonrola condemned the Medici family
for corruption and excesses. This led to the Medicis
losing control of Florence until 1498 when Savonrola
criticized the pope and was executed for heresy.
The Medicis returned to power.
III. Foreign influences in Italy

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1494 - France’s Charles VIII led 30,000
men into Italy occupying Naples. The
Italians asked Spain for help. For the
next 30 years, France and Spain fought
in Italy.
In 1527, the Spanish sacked Rome,
leaving Spain the dominant force in
Italy.
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III. Spices and Northern Italy
• Exclusive contracts in the spice trade
brought riches to the different Italian
city states
• Venice, Genoa and Florence were the
wealthiest and most important
• Europeans craved spices
▫ Covered the taste of bad meat
▫ Used for medicinal purposes
▫ No refrigeration: food went bad
quickly
• Arabs controlled the trade coming
from Asia
▫ Muslim trade routes ran through
Egypt to Mecca and out to India
and Indonesia
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Map of Spice Routes from Asia
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City States and Kingdoms of Italy (1494)
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III. Northern Italian Renaissance
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• Spices brought money $$$
• Different cities signed exclusive contracts with Arab
spice merchants
• Italian City States began to compete against each other
for prestige, beauty and knowledge
• Venice – city of merchants run by the “Doge” (an elected
official)
• Florence – run by the Medici family (a very powerful
banking family with considerable influence over the
papacy)
• Mostly an artistic movement (rediscovery of Greco-Roman 3-Dimensional ideas)
• Today these cities are like outdoor museums – even the
buildings themselves are works of art, not to mention
the priceless pieces of art contained within them
Exit Ticket: Answer the following:

Explain how the geographic location of Italian citystates played a significant role in the fact that Italy was
the center of the Renaissance.
 Explain how and why innovations from Asian and
Islamic civilizations, as well as from ancient Greek and
Roman culture, laid the foundation for the
Renaissance.
 Describe the factors that led to the Renaissance and
the impact it had on the arts.
 Explain how and why increased availability of print
material increased literacy and resulted in the spread
of ideas that both supported and challenged authority.
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The Renaissance
Renaissance Society
IV. Renaissance Society

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The Renaissance saw changes in the
Medieval social order of three estates.
The noble, or aristocrat was expected to
fulfill certain ideals. These are expressed in
Baldassare Castiglione’s The Book of the
Courtier.

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Nobles were expected to have talent, character,
and grace.
They had to have physical and military skills.
They had to have a well-rounded education
They had a code of conduct to follow
They were to serve the prince with honesty.
Peasants and Townspeople

Peasants made up 85 to 90% of the total
European population. Serfdom decreased as
townspeople grew in number and got some
political strength.
 Three classes of townspeople:

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Patricians - Wealth came from trade, banking, and
industry
Burghers (Bourgeoisie) - shopkeepers, artisans,
guild members
Workers and the unemployed. Wages were very
low resulting in a growing urban poverty.
Family Life

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Marriages were arranged, often to strengthen family or
business ties. The marriage contract was sealed with
a dowry paid to the father of the groom.
The father was the center of the family. He gave the
family its name, managed the finances, and made the
decisions.
The father’s power over the children was absolute. A
father had to go before a judge and formally free a
child from his authority before that person was
considered an adult.
The mother’s role was to supervise the household.
Humanism

Humanism is marked by
1. The emphasis on the individual
2. The importance of life on earth
3. The interest in classical learning
Humanism was a turning away from the medieval ideals
of a focus on the spiritual rather than the physical.
This is not to say that the humanist were against religion,
for they were not. Many of the best renaissance works
of art and architecture were religious. However, they
had a new appreciation for the physical world
Petrarch

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Petrarch is called the “father of
renaissance humanism.”
Humanism was the study of
Greek and Roman writings of
grammar, poetry, philosophy,
history, etc.
These humanist put an
emphasis on the study of
Latin.
Desiderius Erasmus

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Christian Humanism - “The philosophy of Christ” that
Christianity should show people how to live good lives
rather than a system of beliefs that people should
practice to be saved.
The Praise of Folly (1509) humorously criticized
aspects of society that Erasmus felt needed to be
reformed. He singled out monks for special treatment.
Renaissance Literature
Instead of Latin, writers began writing in
the language of their region, vernacular.
 Dante - Divine Comedy
 Geoffrey Chaucer - The Canterbury
Tales
 Christine de Pizan - The Book of the City
of Ladies

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
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The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli is one of
the most influential political books in the
western world. It concerns how to gain and
keep power.
Previous authors had stressed that princes
should follow ethical and Christian
principles. Machiavelli said the prince’s
action should be based on understanding
that human nature is self-interested.
The prince should act on what is best for
the state. Any means possible for getting
and keeping power were acceptable.
From The Prince

A wise ruler… cannot and
should not observe faith
when it is to his
disadvantage and the
causes that made him give
his promises have
vanished. If men were
good, this advice would not
be good, but since men
are wicked and do not keep
their promises to you, you
likewise do not have to
keep yours to them.
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William Shakespeare
• English Renaissance playwright and
author
• Rediscovered old Greco-Roman themes
in literature and drama and brought
them into the “modern age”
• Many of his plays are simply old
stories with “modern” characters
(modern to his time) – that’s why they
are still read today – the themes are
timeless
• Globe Theatre – brought plays to the
masses
▫ Romeo and Juliet
▫ Hamlet
▫ Julius Caesar
▫ Othello
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William Shakespeare and
The Globe Theater…
V. The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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The focus of attention in Renaissance art was
human beings.

New Techniques in Painting
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Frescoes are paintings on wet plaster with
water based paint. Masaccio mastered the art
of perspective making his paintings more
realistic.
Renaissance style of painting.
Stress the technical side of painting.
 Investigation of movement and the human
anatomy.

Frescoes by Masaccio in Florence
Trinity
Tribute Money
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Donatello
Early renaissance artist
(before the other masters)
One of the first to
rediscover the GrecoRoman 3-D form
Worked in Florence and
the surrounding area – his
sculptures are found
throughout the city
David (seen here) – first
free standing nude since
ancient times – first major
Renaissance sculpture (in
bronze – 1430)
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Sculpture and Architecture
Donatello studied and
copied the statues of
the Greeks and
Romans.
 Filippo Brunelleschi
copied the classical
buildings of the Greeks
and Romans in his
architecture.
Donatello’s St George

Masters of the High Renaissance

The High Renaissance is the period between
1490 and 1520 at the end of the renaissance.
 Leonardo da Vinci once mastered realistic
painting, but began painting and sculpting
idealized forms of perfection.
 Raphael painted idealized Madonnas and the
School of Athens.
 Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel.
Leonardo Da Vinci
• Inventor, scientist and
artist who applied GrecoRoman ideas of science
and math to the world
around him
• Famous for his drawings,
sculptures and paintings
• Came up with “modern”
machines such as the
helicopter and glider
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Masters of the Renaissance: Da Vinci
Self Portrait
The Last Supper
Helicopter
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• Greatest and most well
known Renaissance artist
• Sculptor first – painter
second
• Worked all over Italy, but
especially in Florence and
Rome (the Vatican)
• Lived to be 90 years old
and worked up to the end –
that allowed him to produce
an immense volume of
work
• Some of the most famous
sculptures and paintings in
the world are his
Michelangelo
Masters of the Renaissance:
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
David
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Raphael
• Worked in Florence
and Rome – studied
the works of
Leonardo and
Michelangelo
• Greatest artist of the
late renaissance
period (16th century)
Masters of the Renaissance: Raphael
Painted many versions of the Virgin Mary,
famous for “The School of Athens”
The Coronation of the Virgin
The Northern Artistic
Renaissance

Northern artist did not paint as many frescos as the
Italians because the Gothic cathedrals did not have
the large wall spaces and they painted illustrations for
books at a smaller scale. They put people in more
realistic settings.
 The most important school of art was at Flanders
(today in Belgium).
 Jan van Eyck was first to use oil paint and tried to
paint realistic without the use of perspective.
 Albrecht Durer blend northern and Italian styles by
keeping the minute details of northern artists and
using the technical styles of the Italians.
Northern Renaissance
van Eyck, Marriage of
Giovanni du Arnolfini
Durer’s Adoration of the Magi
Masters of the Renaissance:
Jan van Eyck Flanders (not in Italy), first to use oil paint,
VI. Education in the Renaissance
The Renaissance emphasized education
because of the belief in the importance
of the individual.
 Liberal studies (history, art,philosophy,
writing, math) were to help individuals
follow the path of virtue and wisdom.
 Women rarely went to secondary school.
They were to be taught to be good wives
and mothers.

VII. Renaissance Science & Technology
The Printing Press
 In 1450, Johannes
Gutenburg printed the first
book to be be produced in
movable type in Europe,
The Gutenburg Bible.
 It is a copy of the Vulgate, a
Latin translation of the
Bible.
 For the first time in history,
the average person had
access to printed materials.
VII. Renaissance Science & Technology
Some of the ancient Greek and Roman
works rediscovered during the
Renaissance dealt with science.
 For the 1st time, Europeans could read
about early Greek and Roman scientific
advances.
 These discoveries inspired Europeans to
study math, astronomy, and science.

VIII. Navigation and Exploration
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Advances in technology helped to make
exploration of the world possible.
The introduction of latitude lines on maps
made it easier for navigators to find their way.
Discovery of new ocean currents.
New instruments allowed sailors to locate their
positions.
New ships could carry enough food and water
for longer voyages.
Larger ships with new sails and better steering
devices made longer voyages possible.
Conclusion
The Renaissance was a rebirth of the
long forgotten cultures of the Greeks and
Romans.
 The humanist emphasis on the individual
led to more realistic art, the growth of
learning, and a greater desire to travel &
conquer the world…
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