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Grammar
Parts of
Speech
Nouns
A
noun is the part of speech that names a
person, place, thing or idea.




person – girl, man, James
place – school, forest, London
thing – salt, cat, Revolutionary War
idea – freedom, love, beauty
Nouns
Common vs. Proper
A
common noun is a general name for a
person, place or thing.
 A proper noun names a specific person,
place or thing.

Proper nouns are capitalized.
Beyonce
Chicago
Nouns
Singular vs. Plural
 Singular
nouns name one object.
 Plural nouns name more than one object.
•
•
•
•
•
dog
house
foot
mouse
hero
•
•
•
•
•
dogs
houses
feet
mice
heroes
Pronouns

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.
They help us avoid the awkward repetition of nouns.
I, we, me, him, her, his, it, you, they, us…

Weird: Michael lost Michael’s watch at the gym.
Not weird: Michael lost his watch at the gym.


The noun that the pronoun replaces is known as its
antecedent.
A pronoun and its antecedent need to agree in
number and gender.

Error: Michael lost her watch at the gym.

The student lost their homework.
Pronouns and Antecedents

The noun that the pronoun replaces is known as its
antecedent.

A pronoun and its antecedent need to agree in
number and gender.


Error: Michael lost her watch at the gym.
 The student lost their homework.
Correct:
Or
Michael lost his watch at the gym.
The student lost his or her homework.
Students lose their homework.
Pronouns
 Pronouns
refer to
 The person speaking (FIRST PERSON)
 I, me
 The person spoken to (SECOND PERSON)
 You
 The person, place or thing being spoken
about (THIRD PERSON)
 He, she, it
Pronoun Cases
 Subject

I throw the ball.
 Object
action

– the doer (subject) of the action
– the receiver (object) of the
Throw the ball to me.
 Possessive

– shows ownership
My throw to third base won the game.
Pronouns
Singular vs. Plural
Verbs
A
verb is a word that shows an action, condition,
or the fact that something exists.

An action verb tells what action someone or
something is performing.
 Mia
learned about winter sports.
 The dog runs across the road.
Verbs
A
verb is a word that shows an action, condition,
or the fact that something exists.

A linking verb connects the subject with a word in
the predicate (a noun, pronoun or adjective that identifies or
describes the subject).
Ex: Forms of To be : is, am, was, were, been, being
Verbs that Express Condition: look, appear,
become, seem, feel, smell, remain
 The
man is a famous hockey player.
 She seems like a nice girl.
Verbs
 An
auxillary or helping verb is often
combined with a main verb to form a
verb phrase.
 The
stadium is filled.
 We should save a seat for Jeff.
Verb Tense
 Verb
tenses let us know when the action
happens.



Present Tense: I walk around my neighborhood.
Past Tense: I walked around the block.
Future Tense: I will walk to school tomorrow.
Verb Tense in Sentences
 When
tense.
writing, you need to stay in the SAME verb
Incorrect: I got home late and Mom yells at me for not calling
to let her know where I will be.
I got home = past tense
Mom yells = present tense
where I will be = future tense


Correct: I got home late and Mom yelled at me for
not calling to let her know where I had been.
This sentence is now written in one tense. Which tense is
it?
Regular / Irregular Verbs
 Regular

verbs have a certain pattern.
I jump rope. I jumped rope last week. I have
jumped rope many times.
 Irregular
verbs do not always follow a
pattern. You simply have to know them.

The grass grows. Yesterday, the grass grew. It
has grown a lot this week.

I take the picture. I took the picture yesterday.
I have taken a lot of pictures.
Regular / Irregular Verbs
 Some
irregular verbs sound the same, but
do not follow the same pattern.
Present
Past
Many times (I have)
sink
shrink
think
sank
shrank
thought
sunk
shrunk
thought
sing
ring
bring
sang
rang
brought
sung
rung
brought
Adjectives
 An
adjective is a word that describes (or
modifies) a noun or a pronoun.
 Adjectives
can tell us
 What kind? – red, large, dark, beautiful
 How many? – eleven, etc.
 How much? – few, several, many
 Which one? – this, that
What am I?
A
word can be identified as different parts
of speech depending on how it is used.
 I bought a can of paint. (NOUN)
 I painted the bathroom wall. (VERB)
 The house is painted. (ADJECTIVE)
Adverbs

An adverb is a word that describes (or modifies)



a verb,
an adjective,
or another adverb.
Adverbs answer the questions




Where? (here)
When? (yesterday, tomorrow, soon)
How? (quickly, silently, magnificently)
To what extent? (very, really, completely, only)
Many, but not all, adverbs end in –ly.

quickly, suddenly, quietly, carefully
Prepositions
A
preposition is a word that shows how a
noun or pronoun relates to another part of the
sentence.

Examples: in, on, by, with, to, for, toward, etc.

Prepositions can show direction, location, time,
cause or possession.
Prepositions of…
Time
At, on, in, during…





Lunch is served at 12:00pm.
My birthday is on
Wednesday.
She likes to jog in the
morning.
Easter is in April.
Dad watches TV during the
evening.
Place
At, on, in, by, under, over,
below, above…



He threw the ball over the
roof.
She lives near school.
The cat hid underneath
the couch.
Prepositions of…
Direction
to, from, by, down,



Mom took me to the store.
The sounds came from a
radio.
Allegiant is written by
Veronica Roth.
More prepositions:
Of, as, through, because of,
according to, without,
between, around,, after, into,
up, until, …
Prepositional Phrase
A
prepositional phrase consists of a
PREPOSITION and its OBJECT, and any
modifiers of the object.
Mom took me to the store.
 The cat hid underneath the couch.
 She likes to jog in the morning.
 Jazz is a modern form of music.

Adverb or Preposition???
 Words
can be identified as different parts of
speech depending upon how they are used.

Example:
Preposition: She went inside the house.
Adverb: She went inside.
* If an object accompanies the word, it is being
used as a preposition.
Prepositions in Sentences
 When
writing, you should try to avoid
ending a sentence with a preposition.




Bad sentence: Notice the ease Carlos hits the
ball with.
Good sentence: Notice the ease with which
Carlos hits the ball.
Bad: I’m the one she’s sitting next to.
Good: She is sitting next to me.
Conjunctions
A
conjunction is used to connect words or
groups of words.

and, but, or, yet, etc.
Conjunction Junction
Coordinating Conjunctions
These are also known as FANBOYS.
They connect INDEPENDENT clauses (complete sentences)
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So
Don’t forget the comma!
I want to go to the beach, but it is going to rain.
Bob left early, so I left with him.
Conjunctive Adverbs
--Also used to connect INDEPENDENT clauses
therefore
nevertheless
however
consequently
Notice that conjunctive adverbs are transitions when they are placed in the
beginning of a sentence.
---Conjunctive
adverbs required different punctuation: semicolon in front of conjunctive adverb and a comma after it
Jakayla planned to go out tonight; however, she needed to
finish her literary analysis essay first.
Subordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating
conjunctions make one of the
ideas subordinate to (secondary, less important) the
second idea.
We protect the wetlands because they are
important to our ecosystem.
 As soon as the volunteers arrived, the cleanup
work began.
after
as long as
since
until
although before
than
unless
as
even though so that when

 Go
to p. 26 in your grammar book.