Download Energy Conservation in home lighting system using solar panel

Energy
Conservation
in
home lighting system using
solar panel
Rajesh M Holmukhe
Asst. prof.in Electrical Engineeering
College of Engineering
Bharati Vdyapeeth University
Pune-43
[email protected]
Abstract:
This paper will eaable user to
conserve energy in home lighting
system by using solar panel with
protectioa. The protection provided is
blocking of reverse flow, over
charging, deep discharge protection of
battery. This paper consists of energy
source by means of solar panel
Photovoltaic pand converts solar
energy directly into dedrical energy.
The electrical energy is given to
charge controller. Charge controUer
regulates the power and provides
overcharging protection and reverse
current flow blocking protectioa.
Regulated power is stored in the lead
acid battery. The stored energy is in
DC form which is further converted
into AC by means of a medium power
inverter. Transformer is used to step
up the voltage level and load of two
CFL lamp of 28 watt is connected. The
back up time is around 30 hours. This
is basically suited for rural areas
where there is too much load
shedding.
Introduction:
The mankind must turn its attention to
longer term permanent type of energy
sources. The most significant such
source is solar energy. Solar energy
Mrs.J. V Satre
Asst. prof.in Electrical Engineeering
Pune
Mr.Asish Khant
Mtech Electrical Student
Department of Electrical Engineering
Bharati Vidyapeeth University COE
Pune-411043
shows
promise
of
becoming
a
dependable energy source without new
requirement of a highly technical and
specialized nature for it's wide spread
utilization.
Every year the sun emits 2 000 times
more energy than the whole world's
consumption needs. Assuming eight
hours of sunshine on an average on the
earth, excluding water bodies, we get
approximatel 6OxHY'15KWh of energy
per year. Using only 5% of this energy
we can get 300xlO"13 Kwh of energy
which is 60 times greater than world
consumption of energy. In addition,
there appears to be no significant
polluting effects from its use.
Solar energy has the following
advantages over conventional energy:
The energy from the sun is virtually
free after the initial cost has been
recovered.
Depending on the utilization of
energy, paybacks can be very short
when compared to the cost of
common energy sources used.
~ Solar and other renewable energy
systems can be stand-alone; thereby
not requiring connection to a power
or natural gas grid
~
The sun provides
a virtually
unlimited supply of solar energy.
The use of solar energy displaces
conventional energy; which usually
results in a proportional decrease in
green house gas emissions.
The use of solar energy is an
untapped market.
solar energy for harnessing electricity.
There
are various
economic
and
convenient
features of photovoltaic
technology. This whole system contains
number of equipments like solar panel,
charge controller, battery, inverter and
load.
The Grid
Solar photo voltaic panels produce direct
current (DC) electricity. Direct current is
one type of electrical current, alternating
current (AC) is another. The vast
majority of residential and commercial
appliances
and equipment
use AC
current. Power plants produce AC
current. The majority of DC current
usage is for devise that use batteries.
An inverter is a key component of a
photovoltaic system and is used to turn
DC current into AC current. Electricity
can then be directed back to the
electrical grid. In states like Georgia
with net metering laws, the power
L-'
~
~
->
SOLAR PANEL
Photovoltaic panel converts solar
energy directly into electrical energy.
This
electrical energy given to the
charge controller.
In a Photovoltaic panel, cells are
soldered together to produce a 36 cell
string (or longer). This string is
laminated between toughened glass on
the top and an electrical back contact.
The string consists of four layers:
antireflective coating, contact grid, p-n
junction.
CHARGE CONTROLLER
A charge controller, or charge
regulator is similar to the voltage
regulator. It regulates the voltage and
current coming from the solar panels
going to the battery. Most "12 volt"
panels put out about 16 to 20 volts, so if
there is no regulation, the batteries will
be damaged from overcharging. Most
batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to
get fully charged, from
the charge
controller given to the battery.
company must purchase electricity from
the PV array owner.
BATTERY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
EXPLANATION
The smallest element of the battery is a
cell. Many cells are connected in series
to give required voltage rating of the
battery which usually varies with the
inverter rating lies between 12V DC .....
They must supply constant output power
because the inverter delivers a constant
AND BRIEF
There is a great scope for research and
development to make optimum use of
output voltage to the load. As
the
battery voltage decrease (due to battery
discharge), the battery current increases
to maintain constant output voltage and
hence constant output power. The output
voltage
and current
fed to the
inverter .....
RTER
. This medium power in erter is
capable of generating approximately
300
power. You can power the
inverter from your battery to generate
50Hz ac supply. The inverter provides
enough backup power to light up to three
lOOW bulbs for up to 2 hrs provided the
battery is full charged.
. The battery can be charge
through battery charger circuit whenever
it discharges. Inverter gives output of
230v, 50Hz AC supply. This output
given to the load.
LIGHTING
LOAD
We are using two CFL (compact
fluorescent lamp) as lighting load. The
wattage capacity of the CFL is 14 Watt.
The total wattage capacity of two CFL is
28 Watt. This CFL's are connected in
parallel.
PRESENT STATUS
Both the historical
and the
present day civilization of mankind are
closely interwoven with energy, and
there is no reason to doubt that in the
future our existence will be more and
more dependent on energy. Thus it is
obvious that the energy requirements of
the world are increasing at an alarming
rate and energy demand has been
running ahead of supply. One of the
most promising ways to cope with
energy deficit is the use of solar energy.
India's power sector has a total
installed capacity of approximately
102,000 MW of which 60% is coal
based, 25% hydro, and the balance gas
and nuclear based.
MOSTLY ROOFTOPS
Residences use most of the pholovoltaicgener3ted 4!lcctricilJ
c~j
=!lrcc:d,56
~ 5$°"R~cior.ces
i<J\ou ec~.r ral
U"ts
_••l-t
1 " ~drunl'
11·"C-ol'llmurjeati':)fis.
4: US re5it~'511
MOl wortd PV production = 71.4MW
Power shortages are estimated at about
11% of total energy and 15% of peak
capacity requirements and are likely to
increase in the coming years. In the next
10 years, on average another 10,000
MW of capacity is required per year.
Since most parts of India receive plenty
sunlight
through
out
the
year,
Photovoltaic power plants can be very
helpful. These power plants are being
established
all around
the globe.
Although it took nearly 30 years until
1999 for the world to produce its first
gigawatt of PV -supplied electricity, total
PV production tripled in the following
four years.
World
production
of
photovoltaic (PV) modules took another
leap forward, up 37% from 2003 and
continuing the sharp growth of recent
years. The world has installed more than
3,000 MW of photovoltaic generated
electricity.
Prices for photovoltaic are falling
as markets expand. Between 1975 and
1998, sales volume for PV modules
grew by an average of 21 % per year,
while real prices fell by 95%. The annual
increase in growth was highest in Japan
(45%) and Europe
(43%), where
government
programs
have helped
residents buy rooftop PV units. In Japan,
the cost of PV generated electricity has
declined so much that it is nearly
matching
that of electricity
from
traditional nonrenewable sources.
2003 world PV production
=
744 MW
Pie chart above shows the world
Photovoltaic electricity production and
consumption in 2003.
OSTlY ROOFTO
5
Residence5 use most ofthe photoyoltaicgenerated electricity
SCOPE
After decades of promise, solar
energy science and production is on an
upswing,
currently the photovoltaic
electricity production in the world more
that 900 MW. India has a total land area
of 3.28 x 101\11 sq. meters. On an
average 5kW/ml\2 per day solar energy
is falling on this land for over 300 days
per annum; in certain areas the bright
sunny days may even be more. Even if
1% of this land is used to harness solar
energy for electricity generation at an
overall efficiency of 10%, 492 x 101\9
kWh/year electricity can be generated.
PV is clean - no air pollution, no
green house gas emission and no coal or
radioactive wastes to truck across the
country and bury forever. There are
fewer grid failure fears because PV
electricity is usually generated where
used. Its generation is silent and mostly
unseen, and systems can be installed in
highly populated areas
.
Photo voltaic technology is the most
promising source to solve the world's
energy deficit problem in future. By
2050, PV has the potential to provide a
top limit of around 10 to 15% of the
world's electricity use . Photovoltaic
technology involves transformation of
solar energy directly into electrical
energy. There are two ways of using this
energy.
1. Connecting it directl to the load.
2. Connecting it to the grid.
Former of the two method is
popular these da
electrical energy
produced is directl connected to load as
this method is quite portable free from
cost
of
transmission
and
quite
economical in the long run. Although the
second method is in an embryonic stage
it promises to be a big bonus in future
when
PV
technology
becomes
economical. Considering the rate at
which cost of PV panels is reducing, it
seems feasible in not too distant future.
Another popular way of using electrical
energy obtained from PV is to charge a
battery and connecting load to the
battery.
Once
the
photovoltaic
conversion has taken place and electrical
energy is available to us, the applications
are same as those of electricity obtained
by conventional means. In this section
we will be demonstrating few basic
applications of photovoltaic panels.
Applications
Most commonly used method of
using electrical energy obtained after
photovoltaic
conversion
is directly
connecting the load to panel. We
connected different loads to the solar
panel at different instances and observed
the effect. Intensity of the sun rays vary
through out the day and so does output
of the panel. i.e. more output is obtained
during afternoon and less in the morning
and evening. PV can be used for major
electrical application of lighting cooling
and water lifting. It also finds its
application in electronic applications
where a continuous low voltage supply
is required. We will be attaching a small
load of each type to demonstrate the
applications of photo voltaic cells.
available and can be used at the time of
need in absence of sunlight. PhotovoItaic
panel thus directly feeds D.C. loads and
charges the battery simultaneously when
solar energy is available. Battery can be
used directly to drive D.C. loads whereas
A.C. Loads can be fetched by attaching
an inverter between battery and the load.
If photovoltaic panels are fixed on top
of the buses, trains, cars etc.lamps can be
lightened after photovoltaic conversion.
domestic, commercial purpose.
PV street lighting can be very useful in
areas lighten where no public grid is
available.
Lamps in balcony, parking etc. by using
a battery.
Domestic application during power cuts.
Application of inverter:
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
Variable :frequenc AC de ice
Induction heating
Uninterrupted power suppl
High oltage DC transmission
Stand by air craft power supply
Testing:
The diagram above concisely
shows how solar energy can be used to
fetch D.C. as well as A.C. loads.
Photovoltaic panel absorbs solar energy
and an electromotive force is produced
by photovoltaic action. This is fed to a
charge controller which directly feeds
D.C. loads. Greatest drawback of solar
energy lies in the fact that in full gloom,
it is available only for few hours a day.
This drawback can be overcome to a
great extent by attaching a battery which
can be charged when sunlight is
Internal resistance test:
Photovoltaic panel always has some
internal resistance. This resistance,
together with load resistance results
in drop of the voltage when load is
applied across the panel. To have
faithful study of the performance of
the panel, it is necessary to know its
internal resistance so that same may
be taken into account while studying
various characteristics.
oils)
(Volts)
9.56
11JC6
(Ohm)
13.6
"~.~~==~~~-.v..p.-' ---
Ri=(Vo- VL)fIL
=(17.85 - 9.56) I 0.61
=J3..6.Gbm
1Q>
••
::. a
"
~
5
4
2
II)
Intemal resistance of the panel
comes out to be 13.6 ohm. There is a
drop of 829 volts due to this internal
resistance.
Though
internal
resistance is bound to exist, it should
be kept as low as possible in order to
obtain optimum performance of the
solar panel.
DISCHARG G TEST
L TwoCFL=14W=28
2. Without loading
(Battery) = 1220V
1
1
Battery
Vo~
12.14
2
12.10
Discharging
Time(brs)
0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-
12.07
12.M
11.98
11.94
11.91
11.87
11.83
11.79
N
COMPO!NF.NTS
I'RICI:
0
.
I
11A,,12Vd..c.
SoIor
7200
I
5000
UI..,(IIIS)
2
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Remark
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16._"""
17. now..-
SatisfactoJy
11l1laaaw.n ~
19__
2Il1ll1.n
21_ fila-
Without
flickering
__
(5OcIIII "'25 •••
"Wl3 coo)
22._.1:_
2
23. plywood (5OcIIII • 2S
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3
1l3~
2" __
4
2S.I'CB
CHARACTERISTIC
DISCHARGING TEST:
•
9
C
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IlIB)
9. z-r
cIiock
10.. IIaii5IoIII. V•••••• 1IaioIor
12.~_
"
6
7
8
9
7
s
W
condition
5
•
Costing:
Costiae: table:
output
I
5
r..e •.•.•
Observation Table:
Sr. No.
234
I
60
CIO •
NOS
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
6
4
3
2
16
I
6
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:z.
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6
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PIUCE
72110
320
5000
I
4
12
6
10
120
2
3
3
II
I
IS
S
10
30
n
24
160
12
I
10
41
60
~
IOSO
I
as
I
I
550
IOSO
35
~
14D»'--
T••••C-
Mathematical Analysis:
OF
Mathematical
panel:
Analysis for solar
In all engineering projects cost consideration is of
prime importance. Solar power is one of the most
promising ways of meeting energy demand
especially in a tropical country like India where
sunlight is available in plenty during most part of
the year but cost factor has to be considered
before incorporating it for some application.
Cost of solar module = Rs 5920
A verage life = 25 years
Salvage value = 25%
A(1 + .08)25 - .25 A = Rs 8651
= Rs. 1500
A=Rs
Considering an interest of 8% the real cost of
panel = Rs. 5920 (I + .08l5
= Rs.
40,542
Substracting salvage value, we get total cost =
40542-1500 = Rs 35,542
Maximum output
= 37
Therefore, cost of panel for no loss =
Rs1311
Mathematical Analysis for back up
power(Battery:
Watts
A verage duration of operation = 8 hours per day
Use factor = 0.6
Therefore, total output obtained from solar panel
in its entire life.
= 37 x 8 xO.6 x 365 x 25 x 10-3 KWh
= 1620 KWh
Current cost of utility supplied electricity = Rs. 3
per KWh
Rate of increment
annum
in electricity
price = 5% per
For battery back -up time:
Battery capacity= 75Ah
Battery voltage = 12V d.c.
Load
=28W
Volt -ampere hours =
battery voltage * battery capacity
=12*75
= 900Vah
Total battery back -up time
Vah* discharging constant
Total load
KWh per year = 1620/25
= 64.8 KWh
Therefore,
years
= 900*0.8
cost of 1620 KWh energy over 25
28
= 64.8 x 3
+ 64.8 x 3 x 1.05 + 64. 8 x 3
X
1.052 +
24
.... 64.8 x 3 x 1.05
= 64.8
1311
X
=
30 hrs .
3 (1.0524_1) / (1.05 -1)
= Rs 8651
Let the cost be A Rs.
Results and discussion:
During the operation it is seen that:
. Photovoltaic
panel thus directly
feeds D.C. loads and charges
the
battery simultaneously
when solar
energy is available. Battery can be used
directly to drive D.C. loads whereas
A.C. loads can be fetched by attaching
an inverter between Battery
and the
load.
For no loss, at an interest of 8% for
25 years,
During the internal resistance test it is
observed that:
Therefore, total loss = Rs. 35,542 8651
= Rs 26891
Cost of panel for no loss.
Photovoltaic panel always has some
internal
resistance.
This resistance,
together with load resistance results in
drop of the voltage when load is
applied
across the panel. To have
faithful study of the performance of
the panel, it is necessary to know its
internal Resistance.
So
that same
may be taken into
account
while
studying
various
characteristics.
Internal resistance of the panel comes
out to be 13.6 ohm . There is a drop of
8.29 volts
due to this
internal
resistance. Though internal resistance
is bound to exist, it should be kept as
low as possible
in order to obtain
optimum performance of the solar panel
During the discharge test it is
observed that:
For nine continuous hours the set up
gave satisfactory
operation
without
flickering, so we can conclude that
project in this paper is successful.
Conclusion:
Photovoltaic
technology
is
the most promising source to solve the
world's energy deficit problem in future.
By 2050 PV has
the potential
to
provide a top limit of around 10 to
15% of the world's electricity use
This way we would not rely on
conventional methods and since the life
of solar panel is more than 20 years, it
would be economical in long run.
Reference:
1. G.D.Rai,Utilization
Energy by
of
solar
2. M.V.Deshpande,Elements
of
Electrical power Station Design
3. Electronics for you magazine.
4. Dr.P .S.Bhimbhra,
electronics
5. R.P .Ajwalia,
electronics
Industrial
6. www. Ecoworld.com
1.
8.
9.
o
..lJ;..1
power
.com