Download Name Date AP Biology – Unit 4 Review Terms: use the index cards

Name ________________________________
Date _________________
AP Biology – Unit 4 Review
Terms: use the index cards provided to review any of the terms below that you do not fully understand
Evolution
Taxonomy
Paleontology
Adaptation
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Biogeography
Homologous structures
Vestigial structures
Convergent evolution
Analogous structures
Endemic
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
DKPCOFGS
Taxon
Sister taxa
Homoplasies
Cladistics
Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
Ancestral
Derived
Outgroup
Horizontal gene transfer
Microevolution
Macroevolution
Population
Gene pool
Hardy-Weinberg principle
Genetic drift
Founder effect
Bottleneck effect
Gene flow
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
Sexual selection
Sexual dimorphism
Intrasexual selection
Intersexual selection
Heterozygote advantage
Speciation
Reproductive isolation
Hybrids
Prezygotic barriers
Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
Postzygotic barriers
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Species concepts
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Punctuated equilibrium
Radiometric dating
Stromatolites
Adaptive radiation
Paedomorphosis
Reading: Read through ALL of the information below and look up any information you do not fully understand.
Evolutionary Biology (8%)
Life originated between 3.5 and 4.0 billion years ago, with ancient prokaryotes such as stromatolites.
About 2.7 billion years ago, oxygen began to accumulate as photosyntehsis developed. Eukaryotic life
began about 2.1 billion years ago, with multicellular eukaryotes evolving by 1.2 billion years ago. The
Miller-Urey model has shown to be somewhat successful in producing organic compounds from gases
that would have been prevalent on early Earth. RNA may have been the first genetic material.
Evidence for evolution:
 Fossil Record – shows that species have become extinct or evolved into other species. There are
transitional forms linking older fossils to modern species.
 Homology – anatomical homologies show structures with anatomical similarities may have had a
common ancestor. Vestigial organs are historical remnants of structures that had important
functions in ancestors. Embryological homologies show homologies that are not obvious in adult
organisms. Molecular homologies help relate distantly related organisms by going as deep as the
universality of the genetic code.
 Biogeography – species tend to be more closely related to other species from the same area than to
other species with the same way of life but living in different areas.
Darwin’s theory of natural selection proposes that populations tend to grow exponentially, overpopulate,
and exceed their resources, resulting in a competition and struggle for existence. In any population, there is
genetic variation resulting in an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce. Only the fittest
individuals survive and are able to pass on their traits to offspring. Evolution occurs as advantageous traits
accumulate in a population.
Types of selection:
 Stabilizing Selection: eliminates the extremes, favoring the more common intermediate forms.
Leads to greater numbers of an average phenotype.



Disruptive/Diversifying Selection: increases the extreme types, with lower numbers of
intermediates. Balanced polymorphism, one population divided into two distinct types, may
result.
Directional Stabilization: moves toward one extreme phenotype. Sexual selection: competition for
mates
Artificial selection: humans breeding for certain desired traits
Practice FRQ’s
1. Phylogeny reflects the evolutionary history of organisms.
a. Discuss TWO mechanisms of speciation that lead to the development of separate species
from a common ancestor.
b. Explain THREE methods that have been used to investigate the phylogeny of organisms.
Describe a strength or weakness of each method.
c. The two phylogenetic trees represent the relationship of whales to six other mammals. All of
the organisms shown have a pulley-shaped astragalus bone in the ankle except for the whale.
o For each tree, describe a monophyletic group, the closest relative to the whale, and
the point at which the pulley astragalus was lost or gained.
o Based on the principle of parsimony (the simplest explanation is the best) and the
genomic information in the table shown, identify which tree is the best
representation of the evolutionary relationship of these animals, and justify your
answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Biologists are interested in preserving the diversity of living organisms on the planet.
a. Explain THREE of the following processes or phenomena, using an appropriate example for
each.
o mutation
o adaptive radiation
o polyploidy
o population bottlenecks
o growth of the human population
b. For each process or phenomenon you selected in (a), discuss its impact on the diversity of
life on Earth.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Practice Multiple Choice
1. The best evidence that the giant panda is
may be passed on to the next
more closely related to bears than is the
racconlike lesser panda involves
generation.
3. In evolutionary terms, which of the following
a. Comparative anatomy
organisms is the most successful?
b. Comparative embryology
a. Then one that lives the longest
c. DNA sequence comparisons
b. The one that grows the most rapidly
d. Behavioral similarities
c. The one that leaves the greatest
e. Fossil records
number of offspring that survive to
2. All of the following statements concerning
reproduce
the theory of evolution by natural selection
d. The one that has the best
are true EXCEPT:
characteristics for the current
a. Organisms produce far more
environment
offspring than are required for
replacement.
e. The one that has the biggest territory
4. Rates of adaptive radiation typically are at
b. The individuals in a population show
variation in survivability and in their
their highest in which of the following
situations?
ability to cope with environmental
a. When Earth is exposed to increased
stress.
electromagnetic waves caused by Sun
c. The number of offspring that survive
to reproduce varies among
flares
b. In very large, randomly mating
individuals.
populations
d. The bodies of organisms in a
c. When new niches become available
population change by use and disuse,
d. When many species are competing for
and the changes are inherited by the
next generation.
the same limited resource
e. When food is abundant
e. Some of the variation in adaptation is
the result of genetic differences that
5. A research study sampled populations of field mice annually over the course of 50 years. The
population was categorized by coat color. Data from the beginning and end of the study are
graphed above. What type of selection is represented by the change in the data from 1955 to 2005?
a. Directional selection
c. Bimodal selection
b. Stabilizing selection
d. Disruptive selection
e. Sexual selection
6. Which of the following best summarizes the theory of punctuated equilibrium?
a. After periods of directional selection, the allelic frequencies in a population will reach
equilibrium and then undergo disruptive selection
b. Most species evolve gradually, with discrete changes appearing in the fossil record at short,
regular intervals.
c. Once one species achieves evolutionary dominance, all of the remaining species must
compete among themselves for selective advantages; only then will the dominant species be
challenged
d. To ensure survival of the fittest, natural selection eliminates those species that disrupt the
balance of nature.
e. Most taxa experience relatively short periods during which they undergo rapid change,
followed by relatively long periods during which they undergo relatively little change.
7. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the cladogram above?
a. Species Q and R make up a monophyletic group
b. Species P and Q are equally related to species T
c. Species P and T do not share a common ancestor
d. Species S evolved from species R
e. Species S is more closely related to species T than to species R
8. If a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following can be predicted for the
recessive alleles in the population?
a. They will eventually disappear
b. They will be selected against
c. They will be maintained at the same frequency
d. They will be expressed in the heterozygous condition
e. They will become dominant
9. A large assemblage of land snails is subdivided into two populations (A and B) by a river that
effectively isolates the two populations for an indefinitely long period. From an evolutionary
standpoint, which of the following is the LEAST likely to occur in the two populations?
a. Populations A and B will eventually differ in their ecological requirements
b. Population A may ultimately breed at a different time of the year than population B does
c. Population A may undergo instantaneous speciation by the doubling of its chromosome
numbers (polyploidy)
d. Under laboratory conditions, cross-fertilizations between members of the two populations
may be successful even after a long period of geographical separation
e. The two populations may become morphologically very dissimilar
The table shows selected characters
used to determine relationships
among four species of mammals.
10. Which of the following
characters is unique to
Neomysticena?
a. Naked (hairless) tail
b. Three toes on hindfeet
c. Enlarged incisors
d. Hair tufts protruding from ears
e. Body hair
11. Which of the following cladograms correctly represents the relationships among species?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12. Which of the following is not an observation or inference upon which natural selection is based?
a. There is heritable variation among individuals.
b. Poorly adapted individuals leave less offspring.
c. The size of populations fluctuates over time.
d. Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will leave more
offspring.
e. Successful adaptations lead to higher “fitness”
13. Selection acts directly on
a. Phenotype
b. Genotype
c. The individual
d. The entire gene pool
e. Species interactions
14. In terms of algebraic symbols used to represent the Hardy-Weinberg theorem (p and q), the most
likely effect of negative assortative mating (mating between organisms with opposing phenotypes)
on the frequencies of alleles and genotypes for a gene locus would be
a. A decrease in p2 compared to q2
b. Convergence of p2 and q2 toward equal values
c. A change in p and q, relative frequencies of the two alleles in the gene pool
d. A increase in 2pq above the value expected by the Hardy-Weinberg theorem
A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the pink salmon
(Onchorhynchus gorbuscha) population of the Pacific Northwest. It was determined that the average size
(both length and mass) of the salmon decreased dramatically between 1945 and 1970. During this time
fisherman were paid by the pound and there was an increase in the use of gill netting to harvest fish.
15. Which of the following procedure was most likely followed to determine the change in fish size?
a. A few salmon were trapped in 1945 and again in 1970 and their sizes were compared.
b. Twenty wild salmon were caught in 1970 and their sizes compared to a population of salmon
raised at a hatchery that pre-dated 1945.
c. The size in a large number of salmon was measured every year from 1945 to 1970.
d. Pink salmon were caught and moved to a hatchery in 1970. The sizes of their offspring were
compared.
16. Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind the change in size in the pink salmon
population?
a. A change in gene frequencies in the salmon population due to selective pressure from
fishing.
b. The formation of two new salmon species from a single parent species.
c. A new allele appearing in the salmon population as a result of mutation.
d. The achievement of dynamic equilibrium in the salmon population as a result of
homeostasis.
17. The biologist discovered that from 1971 to 1980, the average size of the salmon rose. The reversal in
size from 1971 to 1980 was most likely related to which of the following events?
a. A behavioral variation in larger salmon that allowed them to evade gill nets
b. A increase in the salmons’ food supply
c. A law was introduced limiting the use of gill nets to harvest fish
d. A decrease in the salmons’ non-human predator population
18. In a hypothetical population of beetles, there is a wide variety of color, matching the range of
coloration of the tree trunks on which the beetles hide from predators. The graphs below illustrate
four possible changes to the beetle population as a result of predation from an introduced bird
species. This bird species fed on medium sized insects in its home range. Which of the following
includes the most likely change in the size of beetle population after introduction of the predator
and a correct rationale for the change?
a. The size range shifted toward smaller beetles, as in diagram I. The smaller size allowed
beetles to avoid detection by predators.
b. The size of the population split into two extremes, as in diagram II. Both the smaller and
larger beetles were difficult for the predators to catch and/or consume.
c. The size range became narrower as in diagram III. The predators selected beetles at the
extremes.
d. The size of the population shifted toward larger beetles, as in diagram IV. Predators more
easily caught the smaller beetles than the larger sized beetles.
19. Which of the following statements about species and speciation is not true?
a. Hybrids are always selected against in nature
b. Polyploidy often occurs in plants
c. Species usually have multiple reproductively isolating mechanisms
d. A single species can undergo adaptive radiation and produce a cluster of related species
20. Two fish species in the family Gasterosteidae (sicklebacks) do not interbreed. One species of this fish
lives year-round in small freshwater streams. The other species spends the winter at sea and returns
to freshwater to breed in the spring and summer. This is an example of which isolating mechanism?
a. Temporal
b. Behavioral
c. Mechanical
d. Gametic