Download Social Studies Unit 5 – Exploration and Enlightenment

Social Studies Unit 5 – Exploration and Enlightenment
Beginning to Explore
In the ____________’s, it became harder to obtain ____________ from ______________
New taxes were imposed on __________________ along the _______________ Road
Merchants were blocked from using the ___________________________
They began to look for a route to __________________ to obtain their _________ and spices
Navigational Developments
Technological advances led to new _______________________ tools and ____________
__________________ was used to find latitude
Compass helped navigators find _____________________ north
Ships became ________________ and smaller
Strong Kingdoms
By the end of the 1400’s, four strong __________________ developed in ________________
__________________, Spain, _____________________, England
All four had _________________ harbors and were anxious to find a _________ route to Asia
Portugal’s Early Exploration
In 1419, “____________ the Navigator” set up a research center for ___________________
Portugal began mapping __________________ coastline
Discovered _____________________ would grow on the islands
Portugal then brought __________________ Africans to work the sugarcane ________
Route to East Asia
1497 – Vasco _____________ (Portugal) – rounds the tip of Africa and landed on India’s coast
_______________ route to East Asia had now been found
Christopher Columbus
Columbus (__________) – attempted to get to Asia by sailing across the _________________
________________ sponsored his voyage
1492 – Columbus landed in the _____________, near Cuba and Hispaniola, and claimed the
land for _________________
Never realized he wasn’t in _____________; Europe later realized two huge ______________
had been reached
Ferdinand Magellan
Magellan (Spain) – wanted to sail around the _____________________ to reach Asia
Found a way around ____________________ – passage named the __________ of Magellan
Named a vast sea the ________________ Ocean because it was so ____________________
Magellan’s crew became the first known people to completely ____________ around the world
Building Empires
The Spanish built an ____________ in the Americas, forcing enslaved Native Americans and
Africans to __________ the land
____________________ battled Spain for supremacy, exploring both North America and Asia
____________________ built a trading empire in Asia
1
Becoming Wealthy
In order to grow wealth, the idea of ____________________ is developed – a country gains
power by building up its _______________ of gold and _______________
Best way to do this is to __________ more to countries than you _____________ from them
Setting Up Colonies
Mercantilists ________________ countries to _________________ colonies
____________ – settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country
Colonists could produce ______________ the country does not have
Doing Business
1600’s – new ways of doing ________________ developed in ________________
________________ – buying and ___________ of goods in large amounts over long distances
Becoming Global
Exploration led to a __________ exchange of goods, technology, ideas and ______________
Movement of _____________ also took place – millions of Africans became enslaved to help
_________________ the new goods that were being exchanged
Understanding the Natural World
New ways of thinking led to a ________________, sweeping ___________, in the way
science was understood
____________________ – explanation of how or why something happens
People began to _______________ with or test theories to see if they were ___________
Copernicus
Nicolas Copernicus (______________) – developed his own theory on the _____________
Stated that the _________, not Earth, was the ______________ of the universe
_____________________ moved in __________________ paths around the Sun
Kepler
Johannes Kepler (Germany) – his ideas marked the beginnings of modern _______________
Explained that planets moved in __________________ or oval paths
Galileo
Galileo Galilei (Italy) – believed new _______________ came through careful experimentation
Determined that objects _________ at the same speed regardless of their _____________
Improved instruments like the clock and _____________________
1593 – invented a ______________________________ that measured temperature changes
Newton
Isaac Newton (_______________) – ideas led to the rise of modern _________________
Universal law of _______________ – force of gravity holds the solar system together by
keeping the sun and planets in their ___________________
2
Science and Medicine
Breakthroughs in __________________ occurred in England in the 1600’s
William Harvey – ___________________ flowed through the human body
Robert _____________ – discovered _________________ using a microscope
The Scientific Method
Francis ____________ (England) – developed the __________________________________
– orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence
Method begins with a __________________; experimentation will tell if the hypothesis is true
Age of Enlightenment
1700’s became known as the Age of ______________________ because _______________
became a “light” that showed the way to ___________________
Political thinkers applied reason to ideas about _____________________, and claimed there
was a _____________________ law
_____________________ – law that applied to everyone and could be understood by reason
Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (England) – argued that natural law made ________________ monarchy the
best form of ___________________________
____________________ – government ran by a king or queen who _______________ power
Believed humans couldn’t be ___________________ to make their own decisions because
they were naturally __________________ and ___________________
Locke
John Locke (England) – natural law gave all people _____________________ from their birth
Right to life, _________________, and to own ___________________
Purpose of government is to __________________ those rights
Governments were based on a _______________ – agreement between rulers and the people
People had the right to _______________ if natural rights were taken away
Montesquieu
Baron Montesquieu (France) – separation of powers made ___________ government the best
__________ of powers – power should be equally divided among the branches of government
Government couldn’t become too ___________________ if its’ rights were separated
Separating the Powers of Government
Legislative – _____________ the laws
___________ – enforce the laws
Judicial – _______________ the laws
Voltaire
Voltaire (France) – opposed the government supporting one _________ and forbidding others
Thought people should be _____________ to choose their own ______________
Women and the Enlightenment
______________n thinkers began their calls for rights in the 1700’s
Mary _____________________(England) – seen by many as the founder of the movement for
women’s rights
She believed that all humans have ________, so women should have the same rights as men
3
Movement Against Enlightenment
Late 1700’s – some European thinkers began to ______________ Enlightenment ideas
Jean-Jacques _______________ (Geneva) – believed the Enlightenment relied too much on
reason; more attention should be paid to ___________________
Rousseau’s Social Contract
Rousseau wrote The Social _________________
In it, he wrote that a ___________________ should be based on a social contract
Agreement where everyone in a society agrees to be governed by the general _______
Age of Absolutism
Powerful kings and queens in Europe ___________________ Enlightenment ideas of
_____________________ government power
______________________ – system of rule in which monarchs held total power and claimed
to rule by the _____________ of God
Even as absolutism existed, ideas of _____________ were spreading and threatened kings
and queens
4