Download Turbulent Centuries in Africa sec. 2

Globalization: Age of Exploration and Slavery: Search for Spices Section 1
•
Christopher Columbus – Italian navigator; sponsored by Spanish monarchs to sail west across
the Atlantic; explored what became
the Americas
•
Line of Demarcation – line drawn by the pope dividing the non-European world into two zones
split between Spain and Portugal
•
Treaty of Tordesillas – a 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal officially agreed to the Line
of Demarcation
•
Moluccas – an island chain in present-day Indonesia; chief source of spices in the 1400s
•
Prince Henry – Portuguese prince who sponsored and used technology, map making and science
to send Portuguese mariners around Africa and to Asia
•
cartographer – a map maker
•
Vasco da Gama – Portuguese navigator; first to sail around Africa and then to Asia
•
Christopher Columbus – Italian navigator; sponsored by Spanish monarchs to sail west across
the Atlantic; explored what became
the Americas
•
Line of Demarcation – line drawn by the pope dividing the non-European (Splitting South
America) world into two zones split between Spain and Portugal
•
Treaty of Tordesillas – a 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal officially agreed to the Line
of Demarcation
•
Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese nobleman; his crew were first to circumnavigate the globe in
1522
•
circumnavigate – to sail around the world
EQ: How did the search for spices lead to global exploration?
•
Europeans had been introduced to spices from the Indies and luxury goods during the Crusades,
but demand dropped during the Black Death. Afterwards demand soared
Europeans desired luxury goods from Asia, especially spices. Why Go There?
•
Muslim traders brought the goods to the Mediterranean.
•
Italian merchants carried them to European City States.
•
Result: Italian City States become wealthy.
Result: Italy leads the way in the Ren.
•
Most spices came from a chain of islands called the Moluccas in the East Indies.
Europeans outside of Italy realized it could be highly profitable
to gain direct access to Asia: At first Portugal and Spain
Led by Prince Henry “The Navigator,” Portugal expanded and
explored along the coast of Africa.
•
Henry gathered cartographers and scientists.
• They redesigned ships, trained sea captains, and prepared
maps.
•
Henry inspired other explorers and sponsored voyages.
•
Henry hoped to Christianize the Africans and find a route to
Asia
New and old inventions
magnetic
compass
First used by the Chinese; showed direction
portolan maps
Maps with lines radiating from compasses that showed routes to important ports
An ancient device, adapted for finding latitude and telling time
astrolobe
caravel
A new, lighter, fast ship that could travel long distances
Portuguese Achievements
1488 – Bartolomeu Diaz rounded the southern tip of Africa.
1490 – Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa and after 10 months reached India.
Importance: Vasco de Gama later helped Portugal claim a vast trading network.
The importance of Spain, Columbus and the year 1492
Isabella and Ferdinand finally drove the Moors (Muslims) out of Spain. Spain captured the kingdom of
Granada, the Moors´ last stronghold, in 1492. The Start of the Spanish Inquisition. Investigating
usually by torture and death all non Christian activities and practices.
The Jewish diaspora (or simply the Diaspora; the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 to rid Spain of
non Christian influence.
•
Columbus knew the world was round he did not make that discovery.
•
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sponsor his journey. Offered a route avoiding the middle
east and Muslims
•
He explored the islands of the Caribbean.
•
Columbus believed he had reached the East Indies.
He called the people he found “Indians.”
He was wrong!!!!
In 1493 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain appealed to the pope to support their claim to all land in
this new world.
1494
Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation dividing all
non-European land between
Spain.
Portugal and
Portugal is happy because they get Brazil loaded with Sugar!!! Africa and a way
to the East Indies. Spain wins out!!
Importance: Spain would settle the Western Hemisphere
All in South America and Mexico would be and still are Catholic
•
Other nations were eager to defy what they saw as arrogance on the part of Portugal and
Spain. (England, France, Dutch)
•
An age of empire building began. (re–started)
The English, Dutch, and French explored
the coast of North America.
They unsuccessfully
sought a “northwest
passage” to Asia.
In 1513, Vasco
Núñez de Balboa
walked across the
jungles
of Central America
and saw the Pacific
Ocean, which he
called the South
Sea.
This is why the 13 Colonies belong to England; French Settled in Canada and Louisiana, Dutch Settled in
New York (once called New Amsterdam)
In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan set out to find a passage to the East by
sailing south and west.
In 1521, after sailing around South America, he and his crew crossed
the Pacific and made it to the Spice Islands.
Ferdinand Magellan died when he was killed by natives on Mactan
Island in the Philippines 1521. His body was never recovered from the
natives even know Spain offered merchandise for it.
In 1522 one of his ships made it home to Spain, the first to
Circumnavigate the entire globe
Assessment Questions
2. How did the search for spices lead to global exploration?
Food was horrible. Spices preserved food and made food eatable. Spices brought back during the
Crusades. The Black Death stopped Spice trade. Demand continued.
3. How did the Renaissance motivate exploration?
MONEY in the spice trade!!!
New technologies, carvels, astrolabes, compass inspired by scientific rediscovery lead to exploration.
Religious faith and a new “world view” opens up new competition and re starting of Empires
4. How did Prince Henry’s faith shape his explorations?
He sought to convert those to Christianity. Converting captured slaves would save their souls!!!
5. If Columbus knew the geo. Yes he would have gone.
New land = power and money. What he found was the sugar Industry
6. What would Magellan’s circumnavigation have on future British, Dutch and French Explorers??
They would go on to explore North America looking for a Northwest Passage!! French: Canada Louisiana
Territory, British 13 American colonies, Dutch in New Amsterdam (New York)
Turbulent Centuries in Africa sec. 2
2. What was the effect of European exploration on Africa?
Some African Kingdoms (Assante, Oyo) became rich trading gold and slaves for fire arms, rum and
textiles.
This lead to African Kingdoms capturing others depleting African population
leading to many societies that vanished from existence.
The Dutch and others colonized Africa bringing culture and technology and governments.
3. How did the Portoguise strategy of building forts instead of permanent colonies affect Portugal’s
history in Africa?
The British, Dutch and French traders would take over their forts and establish permanent colonies
driving Portugal out of long term settlement in Africa.
Example Cape Town (Tip of Southern Africa) became the Dutch’s first permanent colony supplying
ships to and from the East Indies. This lead to The Boers (Dutch Farmers) settling the land and kicking
out or enslaving Africans as they moved north from Cape Town. More population moved to support
permanent settlements building cities.
Religious Ideas: The Boers were Calvinists - Christians who believed they were superior to the
Africans, thus did not respect their claim to land or rights. Not very successful at conversion
4. How did Europeans change the nature of African Slavery?
Individual Kingdoms and tribes would enslave each other out of warfare. The Europeans gave certain
tribes and kingdoms guns to specifically capture slaves who they otherwise would not have done
without the European incentive for profit.
5. Why did the Asante and Oyo trade with the Europeans to maintain power?
The Asante (Ghana) Kingdom grew rich trading with the Europeans. Fire arms allowed them to
conquer rival tribes and sell for slaves.
The Oyo (Nigeria) Kingdom went from a small Kingdom to a rich empire trading slaves for
guns building a major army.
Section3: Rise of the Dutch
1. How did the Dutch use its sea power to establish dominance around the World?
The Dutch traded pepper and other spices. This lead to excessive trading activity and creating strategic
settlements and ports around the world. Cape Town example.
2. How was the Dutch East India Company (DEIC) established?
1602 wealthy merchants form DEIC
3. What powers did the (DEIC) have?
The power to raise Armies, wage war, create treaties and govern overseas territories
4. Why would these powers be unique for a private company? Imagine if Walmart had these powers
Those powers are reserved for governments only.
5. How did the Dutch establish dominance compared with the Portuguese?
Both used military power and traded with local kingdoms
The Portuguese established forts (Castles). The Dutch established permanent colonies Cape Town.
The Dutch moved north creating farms capturing land.
The Dutch would capture Malacca from the Portuguese. They would open trade with China.
The DEIC had and used governmental powers (see ?3)
The Mughal Empire India (1526 – 1707) Rise of the British
Describe The Mughal Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries?
They led the world in textile production of silk and cotton. In addition to spices.
They were as wealthy as any kingdom in the West.
What were the internal and external cause and effects of the fall of the Mughal Empire?
Internal: High taxes caused rebellions. The Hindu and Muslim Rulers of India were in civil war, there
was corruption and last the fall of the central government.
External: The English and French each formed “East India Companies” of their own. They had private
armies of local soldiers called Sepoys.
Effects: By the 1700 England forced the Dutch out of India.
Taxing Tea and the British East India Co. would lead to the Boston Tea Party and ultimately the
American Revolution
Brittan would control India until the independence gained by Gandhi in the 1900s
.