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Operant Conditioning:
Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism
Objectives
• Respondents and operants
• The basics of operant learning
• Effects of different schedules of
reinforcement
• The nature and uses of punishment
• Possible origins of superstition
• What is meant by terms like fading,
generalization, discrimination, aversive
control, and rat
Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism:
An Overview
• Basic assumptions
– Human behavior follows certain laws
– Causes of behavior are outside the person
• Operant conditioning
• The experimental analysis of behavior
Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism:
An Overview
• Respondent and Operant Learning
– Respondent: response elicited by a stimulus
– Operant: response simply emitted by an
organism
• Prevalence of Operant Behavior
• Charles Darwin’s Influence
Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism:
An Overview
• Pavlov’s Harness and Skinner’s Box
Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism:
An Overview
• Operant Learning
– Discriminative stimulus
• Not S-R Learning
Positive and Negative
Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
– Satisfying consequence(contingency) of a
behavior
• Negative reinforcement
– Elimination or prevention of annoying
outcome
Punishment
• Two types of punishment
– Positive punishment occurs when a positive
contingency is removed
– Negative punishment is where a negative
contingency follows a behavior
• Punishment versus negative
Reinforcement
Illustration of Reinforcement
and Punishment
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Positive Reinforcement (Reward)
Negative Reinforcement (Relief)
Presentation Punishment (Castigation)
Removal Punishment (Penalty)
Primary and Secondary
Reinforcers
• Primary reinforcers
– Events that are reinforcing without any learning
having taken place
• Secondary reinforcers
– Events that are not reinforcing to begin with
but become reinforcing as a result of being
paired with other reinforcers
• Generalized reinforcer
– Learned reinforcer that appears to reinforce any
of a wide variety of behaviors
Continuous or Intermittent
Reinforcement
• Interval or Ratio Schedules
• Fixed or Random Schedules
• Superstitious Schedules
Effects of Different
Reinforcement Schedules
• Cumulative Recording
Effects of Different
Reinforcement Schedules
• Effects of Schedules on Acquisition
• Effects on Extinction
Effects of Different
Reinforcement Schedules
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Extinction and Forgetting
– Extinction: outcome is a relatively rapid
cessation of the responses in question
– Forgetting: much slower process that also
results in the cessation of a response
Effects of Different
Reinforcement Schedules
• Effects on Rate of Responding
Shaping and Chaining
• Shaping is the technique used to train animals to
perform acts that are not ordinarily in their
repertoire
• Method involving the differential reinforcement of
successive approximations
• Chaining is the linking of sequences of responses
• Chains in Shaping
– Differentially reinforcing certain responses leading to the
final and complete sequence of responses
• Shaping in Human Learning
Fading, Generalization, and
Discrimination
• Fading: a process that involves both
generalization and discrimination
• Generalization: making similar responses
in different situations
• Discrimination: making different
responses in similar but discriminably
different situations
Relevance to Human Learning
• Generalization and Discrimination
Applications of Operant
Conditioning
• Instructional Applications of Positive
Contingencies
• The premack principle
– Behavior modification
Applications of Aversive
Consequences
• The case against punishment
• Less objectionable forms of punishment
– Time out
– Response cost
– Reprimands
• The case for punishment
• Negative reinforcement
Other Applications: Behavior
Management
• Positive reinforcement and punishment
• Counterconditioning
– Psychotherapy
• Extincition
• Extinction using noncontingent
reinforcement
Skinner’s Position: An Appraisal
• Master builder of psychology
• His system is a well-defined, highly
researched, clear and understandable one.
• Some Philosophical Objections
– Operant conditioning does not explain symbolic
processes
– His attempts to explain language through
reinforcement theory is not satisfying
– He negleted the role of biology in learning
Summary
• Skinners’ radical behaviorism
• Operant learning
• Reinforcement and schedules
– Extinction and forgetting
• Applications of operant conditioning