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Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Nature/Nurture
• Role of instincts in human behavior
• Some sociologist ignore the important of
biology
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Feral Children
Wild Boy of Aveyron
Rejected most food
Winter without clothes
Taught to eat, sleep reg hrs., wear clother
Learned to make a sound for “milk”; never
learned to talk
Cried occasionally
No interest in sex
Feral Children
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• Traian Caldarar
2002-Romania
4 years old-fled abusive father
Lived with dogs
Discovered at age 7; displayed animalistic
characteristics
Size of a 3 yr. old; couldn’t speak
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Skeels & Dye
• 13 children; ages 1-2; avg. IQ=64; placed
with young women at a mental institution
• Women-given basic instructions on child
care; were labeled mentally retarded
• 12 children left at orphanage were the
control group; under 3 yrs. of age; avg.
IQ=86; minimal contact with staff
Skeels & Dye
• End of 1 yr.: experimental group improved
considerably; gained IQ points
• Control group: IQs went down
• 2 ½ yr. follow-up: experimental group
gained an average of 28 IQ points; control
group lost average of 30
• 21 years later-all subjects were found
Skeels & Dye
• Most in experimental group completed
school (avg. 12 years); 11 of 13 married;
all gainfully employed
• Control group: avg. of 4 years of school;
lower-level jobs; 4 were still
institutionalized
Spitz
• Observed children living in a foundling
home for approx. 2 years
• Facilities were suitable; physician saw
every child
• Physical needs were taken care of; little
other interactions
• 34% of 91 children died within 2 yrs. of the
study; 23 %-slow phys. & soc.
development
Spitz
• Some couldn’t talk at all
• Another institution-mothers were
delinquents; played with babies;
development of the children-normal
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
George Herbert Mead
• Self-not present at birth; language is the
key to its development
Language is symbolic
Symbolic interaction-a social process that
occurs among individuals because of
internalization of meanings and language
Human need to interact with others
George Herbert Mead
• Infants-eventually learn to differentiate
themselves from their surroundings (ex.
Knows that mom is paying attention to her
by bringing bottle)
• Children learn to differentiate themselves
from other objects in their environments
• Develop expectations about parent’s
behaviors
George Herbert Mead
• Role Taking: the process of figuring out
how others will act
• Play: a way of practicing role-taking; take
the role of significant others-leads to
better understanding of own roles
• 3 processes in role-taking: Preparatory
Stage, Play Stage, & Game Stage
George Herbert Mead
• Preparatory Stage: only able to imitate
others; not yet aware of sense of self
• Play Stage: take role of significant others
(mother, father, teacher, etc.)
• Game Stage: can understand the role of
several others simultaneously; can put
themselves in the place of others-Mead
called this taking the role of the
generalized other
George Herbert Mead
• Child must learn to see others not as
individuals but as generalized others; ex:
baseball game positions-develop
expectations of positions regardless of
who is playing
• We begin to develop a personality once an
idea of the generalized other occurs
• The “I” and “Me”
George Herbert Mead
• “I” – the acting person; ex. “I go to class”
• “Me” – part of the self concerned with
society’s expectations; ex. “Society
expects me to go to class”
• We develop our own mind: our own ability
to think based on the expectations of the
generalized other
George Herbert Mead
• Mead believed the mind is entirely social;
don’t use our mind until we learn the
expectations of our society
• Expectations of society are learn primarily
through language
Applying Mead’s Role-Taking
• Important for self-development and
professional relationships
• Clinical sociologists and therapists must
be able to imagine how others feel; need
to see things from another person’s view;
verstehen
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Charles Horton Cooley
• Based on perception and effect: the
perception we believe others have of us
and the effects of these perceptions on our
self-image
• We compare and contrast ourselves with
others
Applying Cooley’s LookingGlass Self
• Self-fulfilling prophecy (Robert Merton)-the
evaluations of other directs our behaviors
• We behave in ways that we believe others
expect us to act
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Infant and Childhood
Experiences
• Children who are touched and talked to
cling to their mothers
• Parents teach boys and girls different
techniques for solving problems-give girls
specific advice; encourage boys to learn
problem solving strategies
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e
© 2012 BVT Publishing