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Transcript
Volcanoes A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet’s surface or crust, which allows hot magna, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruptions. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth’s lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, Popular classification of volcanoes Volcanic features The structure and behavior of volcanoes depends on a number of factors. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater, whereas other present landscape features such as massive plateaus. Fissure vent Flat, linear cracks through which lava emerges Shield volcano Low and broad Low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance Don’t generally explode catastrophically Lava dome Build by slow eruptions of highly viscous lavas Can produce violent, explosive eruptions Strato-volcano Tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and other ejecta Greatest hazard to civilization Components of a volcanic eruption Airborne Ash Gases and steam Pyroclast Scoria Earthbound Lava Scoria Tephra Deadliest volcanic eruptions Volcanic eruptions can be highly explosive, volatile, or neither. Certain volcanoes have undergone catastrophic eruptions, killing countless numbers of people. Rank Event Location Krakatoa Laki Date Death toll Krakatoa, Indonesia Iceland June 8, 1783 Type August 26-27, 1883 9,350 Fissure Events Mount Kelut East Java, Indonesia 1586 Mount Kelut East Java, Indonesia May 19, 1919 Mount Pelee Martinique, Lesser Antilles Mount Tambora 36,000 Caldera Sumbawa, Indonesia 10,000 Strato-volcano 5,115 Strato-volcano May 8, 1902 April 10, 1815 92,000 Strato-volcano Mount Unzen Kyushu, Japan 1792 15,000 Strato-volcano Mount Vesuvius August 25, 79 AD Naples, Italy 29,000 Strato-volcano 33,000 Somma Nevado del RuizCaldas/Tomila, Columbia November 13, 1985 Santa Maria 1902 Quetzaltenango, Guatemala 23,000 Strato-volcano 6,000 Strato-volcano Super-volcano: the great devastator A super-volcano is a large volcano that usually has a large caldera and can potentially produce devastation on an enormous, sometimes continental, scale. Such eruptions would be able to cause severe cooling of global temperatures for many years afterwards because of the hugh volumes of sulfur and ash erupted. They are the most dangerous type of volcano. Examples include Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Valles Caldera in New Mexico (both western United States, Lake Taupo in New Zealand, Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia and Ngorogoro Crater in Tanzania, Krakatoa near Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. Living with volcanoes There are about 1500 active volcanoes in the world and around 50 of these erupt each year.
