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ICD for Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death 가톨릭 의과대학 오용석 Introduction - Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended as the prime therapy for the secondary prevention of SCD. - However, because only a small percentage of patients who suffer a cardiac arrest survive to benefit from the ICD therapy as secondary prevention, prophylactic use of ICD for primary prevention of SCD becomes an attractive option for high-risk patients. Risk Stratification for ICD therapy - SCD incidence : 2 /1000 per year - Structural heart disease : 1) Myocardial infarction (MI) 2) Congestive heart failure (CHF) : LVEF is the primary factor 3) Signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) 4) Baseline ventricular arrhythmia, 5) T-wave alternans, 6) Autonomic nerves function, 7) Electrophysiological (EP) testing Non-invasive evaluation for sudden cardiac death 1. Cardiovascular function (1) LVEF is the most consistent and powerful predictor of all-cause and cardiac mortality in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic heart diseases. LVEF < 30–35% LVEF has relatively low specificity as a predictor of death from arrhythmia. (2) NYHA functional class : NYHA classes II and III symptoms are much more likely to die of arrhythmia than NYHA class IV symptoms. 2. Ventricular arrhythmias - Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) in normal subjects - The majority of studies : PVCs did not increase the risk fatal arrhythmia - In MI, with a depressed LVEF ( <30% ) predicted a high risk of SCD in a long-term follow-up (after 6 months). - However, further analysis showed that the length but not the rate of NSVT on 24 h ECG was a predictor of major arrhythmic events in patients with DCMP. - The incidence of major arrhythmic events during follow-up increased to 10% per year in patients with 10 beat runs of NSVT (P < 0.05). 3. Electrocardiographic evaluation for SCD 1) Standard electrocardiography - Underlying structural heart diseases : ventricular hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease - Congenital abnormalities (e.g. long-QT syndrome, shortQT syndrome ( < 300ms ), and Brugada syndrome) - Electrolyte disturbances. - Prolonged QRS duration (usually .120 ms) 2) QT dispersion, QT variability, and QT dynamicity - No relationship between QT dispersion or QT variability and patient outcomes. - Currently has not been clinically useful. 3) Microvolt T-wave alternans - alternating T-wave amplitude and morphology from beat to beat - This repolarization abnormality can be associated with re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias. - Very high negative predictive value for predicting ventricular arrhythmias. - Positive and negative predictive values of the MTWA test were similar to those of EP testing at 1 year. - MTWA testing should not be overinterpreted. 4) Signal-averaged electrocardiogram ( SAECG) - Late potential - The main role of SAECG is its excellent negative predictive value in patients with MI, whereas its positive value is relatively low (<30%) 5) Autonomic function for sudden cardiac death - Heart rate variability (HRV), baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate turbulence (HRT), and deceleration capacity of heart rate (HR-DC) - the absence of HRT , useful predictor of all-cause mortality in post-MI patients, but less evidence for sudden death or arrhythmic events. 6) Serum markers - BNP ( brain natriuretic peptide ) - Increased BNP and C-reactive protein were associated with a higher VT incidence. - BNP is primarily a marker of progressive CHF, which itself may lead to an increased risk of arrhythmic events. Therefore, the role of BNP as a risk stratifier should not be over-estimated at present, 7) Invasive evaluation of sudden cardiac death - EP testing - In ischemic heart disease, the inducibility of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias during EP testing is a well-established marker of an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. - high number of false-negative - In conclusion, currently available data do not support routine use of any risk-stratification techniques for selection of patients for ICD therapy. - More specific means and risk modelling are still needed to identify those patients who will benefit from an ICD. - ACC / AHA / HRS 2008 Guideline - Prior MI and heart failure due to either coronary artery disease - Nonischemic DCM. - HCM, - ARVD/C, - long-QT syndrome. - In less common conditions (e.g., Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, cardiac sarcoidosis, and LV noncompaction), 1) Coronary artery disease (1) Prior MI ( at least 40 days post infarct ) LVEF < 30% in NYHA functional class I ( MADIT-II criteria ) (2) Prior MI ( at least 40 days post infarct ) LVEF < 35% in NYHA functional class II-III ( SCD-HeFT criteria ) (3) Non sustained VT, LVEF < 40% due to prior MI and inducible VT or VF at EPS ( MUSTT ) 2) Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy - Not as simple as with coronary artery disease (1) LVEF < 35% in NYHA functional class IIIII ( SCD-HeFT criteria ) (2) Unexplained syncope and significant LV dysfunction (3) be considered for patients with an LVEF < 35% in NYHA functional class I 3) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) - 1/ 500 in general population - Major risk factor : one or more risk - Prior cardiac arrest - Spontaneous sustained or nonsustained VT - Family History of SCD - LV thickness > 30mm - Abnormal blood pressure response to exercise ( flat or hypotensive ) - Other risk factor - Atrial fibrillation, myocardial ischemia, LV outflow obstruction, high-risk mutation, competitive physical exertion. 4) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia / cardiomyopathy ( ARVD/C ) - A reason for SCD in young individual during exercise - Risk stratification is not complete - Higher risk factor : one or more risk factor - a previous cardiac arrest - Syncope with VT - Extensive RV disease or LV involvement - Polymorphic VT - RV aneurysm ( associated with a locus on chromosome lq 42-43 ) 5) Brugada, PMVT syndromes, Long QT, short QT (1) Brugada syndrome - Family history of SCD : controversial - Syncope and spontaneous ST elevation pattern EKG - EP test : very high negative predictive value (93%) (2) Cathecholaminergic Polymorphic VT ( PMVT) - Ventricular tachyarrhythmia relation to physical or emotional stress - Usually beta blocker response - With continued exercise, the runs of VT typically increase duration and VT may become sustain, a beat to beat alternating QRS axis changing by 180° ( bidirectional VT ) - Recurrence of sustained VT, hemodynamically unstable VT, or syncope with taking beta blocker - Syncope occurs during taking beta blocker (3) Long QT, Short syndrome - Strong family history of SCD 6) Noncompaction of LV - By CT or MRI - Even no impairment of systolic function, ventricular arrhythmia is frequent - Strong family history - Syncope with ventricular arrhythmia 7) Unexplained Syncope (1) Inducible into VT, this arrhythmia is presumed to be cause of syncpoe 경청해 주셔서 감사합니다.