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Discussion Paper Electric Powered Vehicle Honda Motor Co., Ltd Feb. 7 th 2017 Agenda Definition of electric and hybrid cars and used technique. Standards and international, regional, national and technical regulations of these type of cars. Infrastructure requirements that Saudi Arabia must fulfill to allow the use of this type of car and the most important obstacles that hinder the use. Are Electric cars suitable for the environment and the climate in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries? 2 Agenda Definition of electric and hybrid cars and used technique. Standards and international, regional, national and technical regulations of these type of cars. Infrastructure requirements that Saudi Arabia must fulfill to allow the use of this type of car and the most important obstacles that hinder the use. Are Electric cars suitable for the environment and the climate in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries? 3 Honda electric vehicle(E-Drive System) HEV BEV Battery Electric Vehicle Hybrid Electric Vehicle ENG Deceleration Gear MOT Deceleration Gear 4 (GEN) MOT MOT (TRAC) PCU PCU BATT BATT Plug-In (100V/200V) PHEV Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle ENG Deceleration Gear MOT Deceleration Gear FCV Fuel Cell Vehicle (GEN) MOT MOT (TRAC) PCU PCU BATT GEN (FC) BATT Type of HEV and Characteristics (Parallel) Running force generated by both engine and motor Mechanical transmission Engine Electric transmission Output Motor Transmission Inverter Power control unit Battery Engine power + Motor power ・ ≧ Output combined Less idling + Assisted (+EV drive) Relatively simple structure. 5 Type of HEV and Characteristics (Series) Running force generated by motor only. Engine generates electricity. Mechanical transmission Engine Output Generator Battery Electric transmission Motor Power control unit Motor power = Output power High efficiency is achievable since engine can run at constant speed. 6 Type of HEV and Characteristics (Series・ Parallel) 7 Engine Mechanical transmission Electric transmission Generator Power split device Power control unit Output Battery Reduction gear Motor Inverter Engine power + Motor power DC/DC converter (Up conversion) > Output power Benefits of both Series and Parallel are combined. Complex system. Input energy (=gasoline) Effect of regeneration Energy flow on HEV Electric accessories Thermal loss Transmission 8 Brake Rolling resistance Air resistance necessary energy Driving energy Effect of regeneration Regenerated electricity Running Regeneration Deceleration Transform into electricity Reduce gasoline consumption Regenerated electricity contributes to reduce fuel consumption. Engine output adjustment Moving engine operating point toward the most efficient area by adjusting engine load. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) 9 System EV Range extender EV Assist Charge Electrification Engine Torque Assist Series (Series Parallel) HEV Charge Parallel HEV EV Conventional Engine Speed Engine Transmission Battery Example of Fuel Economy performance 10 ■Major Specification (HEV vs ICE) 2017 US model 4Dr HEV ICE Type 2.0 L DOHC-VTEC 2.4L DOHC-VTEC Maximum Power 107kW (143Hp) 134kW (185Hp) Maximum Torque 175 Nm (129lb-ft) 245Nm (181lb-ft) Maximum Power 135KW (181Hp) - Maximum Torque 315 Nm (232lb-ft) - DriveTrain Type 2Motor E-CVT CVT / MT BATTERY Type Li-ion - Fuel Economy City/HWY /Comb. ENGINE MOTOR 49/47 27/36 / 48 MPG / 30 MPG(CVT) Integrated Power Unit (IPU) ・Li-ion battery ・On Board charger ・DC/DC convertor ・Battery control unit DC cable Charge lid Electric compressor Atkinson cycle engine A model for US, Comb. FE Specification Power Control Unit (PCU) Electric-CVT ・Motor/Generator ・Clutch ・Gear train Hybrid : 48MPG ・Li-ion battery ・On Board charger ・DC/DC convertor ・Battery control unit ICE : 30MPG PHEV Control system configuration 11 12V Battery PCU IPU Voltage control unit Inverter Inverter Motor ECU Battery fan DC/DC converter CAN Li-ion Battery contactor Battery ECU CAN Motor Generator Engine CAN On board charger Inlet connector EVSE or CCID Charging connector Contactor Control a engine, Energy management of the whole vehicle PCU(Power control unit) Control of traction motor and generator , boost of voltage from IPU . FI / MG ECU Cell voltage sensor Accelerator pedal IPU(Intelligent power unit) Charge and dis charge a Li ion battery, Open and close the contactor, charge the 12V battery Power supply connector External power supply system Load FI/MG-ECU, Battery-ECU, Motor-ECU, three ECUs work in cooperation. Overall configuration of EV 12 Power control unit (PCU) Motor Inverter Charger AC 220V Water cooled Charge rid DC-DC downverter DC 12V (100A) Water cooled Cable for charging High voltage Battery Motor Max. Output : 92kW Max. torque : 256Nm Lithium ion battery 432 cells Air cooling Cooling fans Cell Gear box Gear ratio : 8.058 Main contactor Structure of EV System Motor Source of vehicle driving power Motor Invertor Direct current is converted into three-phase circuit, and motor is driven. (PDU:Power Drive Unit) 13 Contactor Opening and closing breaker of high voltage Contactor Gear box Motor Motor Inverter 12V Electric accessories DC-DC converter 12V Battery AC 220V Circuit breaker Charging cable Charger Charge rid High voltage Battery High voltage battery Supply electric power to motor or 12V electrical part. DC-DC converter Transducer from high voltage to DCdirect current 12V Charger DC-direct current transducer for charging high voltage battery from AC 220V Example of FCV package 14 Fuel Cell Sedan Package Trunk room High-efficiency package with the fuel cell powertrain mounted inside the front hood Optimal positioning of battery and hydrogen tank for comfortable sedan passenger space Largest luggage space in a fuel cell vehicle A case of hydrogen society 15 A carbon-free energy-recycling society can be realized, in which renewable energy is produced locally for local consumption. Renewable energy Wind power Hydrogen Transportable Creatable Solar Biomass Hydroelectric power Water electrolysis Storable Fuel cell Able to generate electricity FCV u Water Zero emission Agenda Definition of electric and hybrid cars and used technique. Standards and international, regional, national and technical regulations of these type of cars. Infrastructure requirements that Saudi Arabia must fulfill to allow the use of this type of car and the most important obstacles that hinder the use. Are Electric cars suitable for the environment and the climate in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries? 16 Example of international regulation for electric powered vehicle 17 For example, in UN and US regulations, • Electric shock proof at collision, and static condition (UN-R12, UN-R94, UN-R95, UN-R100, UN-R137,, FMVSS305) • REESS (Rechargeable Electric Energy Storage System) Robustness (UN-R100) • Breaking performance at defect of regeneration break (UN-R13H, FMVSS135) • Quiet Road Transport Vehicle (UN-R138, FMVSS141) • Protection of excessive heat by electric heater/Environmental quality of fuel burned heater (UN-R122) • etc To ensure safety and environment protection, there are various regulations. Agenda Definition of electric and hybrid cars and used technique. Standards and international, regional, national and technical regulations of these type of cars. Infrastructure requirements that Saudi Arabia must fulfill to allow the use of this type of car and the most important obstacles that hinder the use. Are Electric cars suitable for the environment and the climate in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries? 18 Reasons for hesitating to use EV 19 Appeal is not felt. 2015 Dynamic performance 2014 2013 Long time is requeried for charging 2012 There are few charge stations. Can not charge at house Short range Price is high. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent % From 2016 report of Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry “High price” is the major factor. Examples of incentive 20 Promotion of environmentally friendly vehicles in every country in the world. Countries Vehicle type HEV PHEV BEV FCV Other ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ German ○ ○ French ○ ○ ○ ○ Japan Britain ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ U.S.A. California U.S.A. New York ○ ○ ○ China ○ ○ ○ Example of Germany ・ Subsidy, vehicle price is 60,000 euros or less. PHEV : €3000/car BEV:€4000/car ・ Motion which prohibits new vehicle registration of gasoline and diesel engine car in 2030. ・Plan to install 5000 quick charger and 10000 standard battery chargers by 2020 . ・Hydrogen station extension , 100 by 2018, 400 by 2023. Examples of incentive in Japan 21 ◆ Assistance payment revision of Clean Energy Vehicle (2016/Apr ~ 2020/Mar) @2016.Apr.20 Electric car subsidy system (Enforced) 〜2015: Supports according to the difference with gasoline car 2016〜: Supports according to installed battery capacity Subsidy(2016) 2016: ¥11k/kWh (Upper limit :¥600k) Vehicle-F 70kWh ¥600k Vehicle-D Vehicle-C Vehicle-B Vehicle-A 8.8kWh ¥97k 21.8kWh ¥239k 12kWh ¥132k 30kWh ¥330k 54.5 Battery capacity 〔kWh〕 Max 600k yen, depending on the battery capacity. Analysis of incentive effect White paper, ICCT, May 2014 In macro view, bigger fiscal incentive indicates effective for consumers to purchase electric vehicles. However in micro view, the graph indicates the limitation of fiscal incentive by other factors. The study of the other factor would be the key for increment of the market share. (e.g. vehicle manufacturer policy (emission standards, electric vehicle requirements), infrastructure (residential equipment, public charging), electric utility actions (time of use charging), and other local policy (reduced rates for toll roads, preferential parking). 22 Agenda Definition of electric and hybrid cars and used technique. Standards and international, regional, national and technical regulations of these type of cars. Infrastructure requirements that Saudi Arabia must fulfill to allow the use of this type of car and the most important obstacles that hinder the use. Are Electric cars suitable for the environment and the climate in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries? 23 Tendency of air conditioner power consumption Monthly average temperature (Highest & Lowest) ~ 2015 Ave. Relationship between outside air temperature and air conditioner power consumption Power consumption of air conditioner( /km ) temperature (℃) Saudi Arabia / Riyadh 24 Honda EV data Country A Country B temperature (℃) At an extremely low or high temperature, the power is consumed by A/C. The driving range is influenced accordingly. Charging infrastructure depending on the environmental condition is one of the key. Well to Wheel CO2 emissions 25 Potential for reduction of CO2 Well to Wheel calculated from overall US average www.fueleconomy.gov Honda estimates : Renewable energy effect Reduction GHG (%) : Biofuel effect Tank To Wheel Well To Tank A model with ICE From the perspective of WTW , there is little difference between EV, PHV, and HEV. Well To Tank Zero AER 40mile PHEV Small BEV Zero FCV With the use of renewable energy, there is a possibility of reducing GHG, moreover BEV and FCV can achieve zero emissions. Promotion of CO2 reduction from Well to Wheel is important. Relationship between next-generation vehicles and energy 26 Well Fossil fuel Refinement Carriers Power station Gasoline Natural energy Bio-mass Generation Reform Electricity Hydrogen PHEV BEV Bio-fuel Diversity Tank Efficiency ICE/HEV FCEV Wheel Every type of vehicle is developed to be compatible with the environment. However, it is important to select vehicle according to infrastructure. Summary 27 Definition of electric and hybrid cars and used technique. HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle), PHEV(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle), BEV(Battery Electric Vehicle), FCV(Fuel Cell Vehicle), etc. Standards and international, regional, national and technical regulations of these type of cars. To ensure safety and environment protection, there are various regulations. For example, electric shock proof, breaking performance at defect of regeneration break, QRTV, etc.) Infrastructure requirements that Saudi Arabia must fulfill to allow the use of this type of car and the most important obstacles that hinder the use. The fiscal incentive is the major factor, however lots of local factors seems to exist. (It could be vehicle manufacturer policy, infrastructure, electric utility actions , and other local policy. Are Electric cars suitable for the environment and the climate in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries? Manufacturers take effort to develop the products to adapt local situation. However appropriate type of vehicle selection in conjunction with the local infrastructure is the key. End of Document Thank you.