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TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY Department of the Public Sciences № 1 Lecture № 10 on the subject "Religious studies" Theme: National religions. Lecturer: candidate of philosophical sciences, senior teacher Atamuratova F.S. 2013 year Theme-10: National religions. The plan: 1. Zoroastrism. Zarathustra’s life and activity. Авеста - the sacred book. 2. Judaism occurrence, its sources. 3. Hinduism, its doctrine and sources. 4. Confucianism, the doctrine Taoism. 5. Shinto 1. Zoroastrianism - "Good faith worship Wise", pers. « »ب هدی ن- behdin, «Good Faith") - one of the oldest religions that originated in the revelation of the prophet Zoroaster Spitama he had received from God - Ahura Mazda. At the heart of the teachings of Zarathushtra - free moral choice man good thoughts, good words and good deeds (humata-, huxta-, hvaršta-(read Humata, huhta, hvarshta.) This ethical triad of Zoroastrianism, which must follow every Zoroastrian. In antiquity and early Medieval Zoroastrianism was distributed mainly in the Greater Iran. Zoroastrianism are currently largely supplanted by Islam, small communities remained in Iran and India. Already in the Achaemenid period, began to spread in the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster Iran, which appeared in eastern Iran and adjacent regions of Central Asia and to determine the I millennium BC the nature of religious beliefs of the Iranian people. Zarathushtra personality rather real, though there is no direct evidence of his life and clear information on the place and time of the activity. One can assume that Zoroaster lived and preached in the first half of I millennium BC, not later VII., Rather - about 700 in the eastern part of settlement of Iranian tribes. Zoroaster - the only prophet of Ahura Mazda, brought people the good faith and laid the foundations of moral development. The sources described as the perfect priest, soldier and grazier, an exemplary leader and protector of the people of the world. The preaching of the prophet had an obvious ethical, condemned unjust violence, praising peace between people, honesty and creative work, as well as the faith in one God (Ahura). Hymn - Zarathustra appeals to the gods, and the existing set of text around them sketched a dualistic view of the world, rich confrontation between good and divine Ahura demons Daevas. Creator-God, wise and just, Ahura-Mazda, is headed "seven saints", the most respected of them, except himself, Mitra - Sun and Anahita - Ardvisura - the goddess of fertility. ). Supreme Divine Seven in the interpretation of Zoroaster did not look just like the seven holy immortals (Amesha Spenta), but as an allegory of good virtues of Ahura Mazda, his six emanations good thought (Vohu Mans - Vohuman, Bachmann - protector of livestock and herders and farmers), the best Truth (Asha Vahishta - Artvahisht - patron of the elements of fire, guardian of law, justice and morality), piety (Hshatra Vaira Shahrevar - protector of metals and palate) integrity (Spenta Armayti - Spandarmat - Protecting the earth), welfare, health (Haurvatat - Aurvat , Khordad - the patron of the water element), immortality (Amertat - protector of plants). Ahura Mazda himself headed the seven divine as the holy spirit. Among the creations anghri Mainyu were such creatures: Aka Mann (Akoman - evil thought), Indra (Andar one of the versions of the leader of the Devas), Ball (Sarah Shovar, Sovar) nats (Nakahed, Nakiash) Tarvi (hunger ), Zaire (Zarig - hunger) Mitaohta (Mitoht devas-lies and false ideas) progenitor Druj (DRAUG, Zend. Friend), the root cause of all sins and crimes of evil Ayshma (Eshm - rage, anger, inspiration robberies, rapes, murders, robberies patron nomads). Demons opposed Ahura, heads peer media-evil Angra Mainyu. The struggle of Ahura Mazda and Angra Man'yo primordial, uncompromising, and everyone should take their personal in it, select the order"art" ("Ash"), well, work, light, purity, water, fire, or lie - " friend ", darkness, evil, destruction. Zarathushtra sermon addressed to the person and on the free will and choice in place of the person pre ¬ separately edge of the opposition between good and evil, when the man's actions determine his fate in the afterlife, and in this world. One must believe in good deity, pray to him to fight the forces of evil, he was required to good thought, good word, deed, and purity: ritual, thoughts, and good home come first especially productive labor, agricultural, welfare, birth and education of offspring. As for the people, the first man in the beginning was considered zaroastriyskoy mythology Yima (similar to the Indo-Aryan Pit), who at the behest of Ahura Mazda engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, cultivating plants, animals, birds, and, most importantly, to do good. When he did not have enough for all of this land, he waved his whip - and it parted. Everything was good, but proud Yima, stop listening Ahura Mazda, began to eat the meat of the sacred bulls. As punishment Yimu expelled from paradise, and all the people lost their immortality. It was after this idyllic golden age ended and the era of the struggle between good and evil. Avestan texts mention that Yima was lying on the side, that is, did the fall. They have an episode that tells how Ahura Mazda somehow Yimu warned that the world could soon face death from frost and floods caused by melting snow, and that he has to build a fortress, which should have been placed, and thus saved from death by a pair of each species of animals and birds, and all kinds of plants. Also, the mythology of Zoroastrianism developed eschatological (prophetic and facing the future) teaching about the end of the world and a sort of "Last Judgment" on the division of all the people on the righteous and the sinners righteous soul in three of the sky fall in Lightbringer area where staying close to Ahura Mazda, and the wicked are in hell. Zarathustra himself while helping souls to cross the line that separates the world of the living from the dead, to the magical bridge Chinvat: for the righteous bridge wide, for sinners - narrow as a razor blade. The holy book of the Zoroastrians is called the Avesta. Essentially a collection of multi-text, constitute the Zoroastrian community in the archaic period of ancient Iranian language, now called "Avestan". Even after the appearance of writing in Iran, the main method of transmission of the millennium was an oral text, the text have been the guardians of the priests. A well-known tradition of writing appeared only during the later Sasanians, when in V-VI century. for writing the book was invented special phonetic Avestan alphabet. But after that Avesta prayers and liturgical texts learned by heart. The main part of the Avesta are traditionally considered Ghats - hymns of Zoroaster, dedicated to Ahura Mazda, which set out the basis of his faith, his philosophical and social message, described reward the righteous and the defeat of evil. Modern Zoroastrians usually structured their faith as a 9 basics: - The belief in Ahura Mazda - "Wise Lord" as the good Creator. - Belief in the prophet Zoroaster, as the only Ahura Mazda, who pointed the way to humanity to righteousness and purity. - Belief in the existence of the spiritual world (mine) and two spirit (Holy and Evil), the choice between them depends the destiny of man in the spiritual world. - Belief in Ashu (Arta) - Primordial Law of righteousness and harmony established by Ahura Mazda, the maintenance of which shall be sent to the efforts of a man who has chosen the good. - Faith in human nature, which is based Daena (faith, conscience) and hratu (mind), which allows each person to distinguish good from evil. - Faith in seven Ameshaspents the seven stages of development and disclosure of the human person. - Belief in Dadodahesh and Ashudad - that is, mutual aid, assistance to the needy, and the mutual support of the people. - Belief in the sanctity of the natural elements and wildlife as the creations of Ahura Mazda (fire, water, wind, earth, plants and animals) and the need to care for them. - Faith in Frasho-Keret (Farshkard) - eschatological miraculous transformation of life, the ultimate victory of Ahura Mazda and the expulsion of evil that come true thanks to the joint efforts of all the righteous people, led by Saoshyant - Saviour of the world. 2. Judaism - (from other Jews. Yahudut - the inhabitants of ancient Judea). National religion of the Jews. A characteristic feature of Judaism that distinguishes it from other peoples religions, is monotheism - the belief in one God. In religious studies to distinguish between three historical periods in the development of Judaism: - Temple (in the period of the Temple in Jerusalem) - Talmud (Room I - VI centuries. BC) - Rabbinic Judaism (with VI. To present). Representation of the ancient Hebrews of the one God evolved over a long historical period (XIX - II cent. BC. E.), Known as the Bible and includes the age of the Patriarchs (fathers) of the Jewish people. As the legend tells, the very first Jew, was the patriarch Abraham, who made a sacred union with God - "covenant" (brit). Abraham and promised that he and his descendants would be faithful to God and to prove that the commandments (mitzvot) - behaviors that distinguish human worshiper of the true God. During that God promised Abraham to protect and multiply his seed, from which place the whole nation. This people will receive from God the possession of Israel - the land on which it will create their own state. But before we get God's promised land ("land of promise"), the descendants of Abraham were in Egypt (around 1700 BC. Oe.), Where 400 years were in bondage. From this slavery they brought the prophet Moses (Moshe). The outcome of God's chosen people was accompanied by many miracles that God has done in the proof of its power. This was followed by 40-year journey through the desert, during which all the former slaves had to die so that only free men entered the land of Israel. During the journey through the desert is the central event of Judaism and of its history: God calls Moses on Mount Sinai, and through it gives the Jewish people the Ten Commandments and the Torah - the Law, written five books and called the Pentateuch or the Sinai revelation received by Moses , marks the beginning of the existence of the Jews as a people, and Judaism - the religion that these people profess. God of the Jews, named Yahweh ("I AM", which comes from being all), had no pictures, no temples. The main object of worship of the Jews was the "Ark of the Covenant" - a casket, which contained the two stone slabs ("tablets") carved with the Ten Commandments. "Ark of the Covenant" was considered God earthly sojourn, invisibly present in the world. In the XI century. BC. e. Jews created the state of Israel, whose capital is the city of Jerusalem (Yerushalayim). In 958 BC. e. King Solomon erected in Jerusalem on Mount Sinai Temple in honor of the one God, where he was placed "Ark of the Covenant." At the beginning of a new history of Judaism, the temple period, which lasted for about 1500 years. During this period, the Temple is the main spiritual center of Judaism, and the only place where committed ceremonies. In the same period completed writing the Tanach - the Holy scriptures of Judaism (Christian tradition fully included in the section Tanach Bible, called the Old Testament). In 587 BC. e. Israel captured the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II, who destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem, and the majority of Jews forcibly deported to Babylonia. Spiritual leader and mentor of immigrants is the prophet Ezekiel. He developed the idea of the rebirth of Israel, but as a theocratic state, the center of which is the new Jerusalem Temple. The creator of the new state should be the Messiah - a descendant of King David. When the Persian Achaemenid dynasty the Jews could return to Jerusalem, which granted the status of a self-governing city (U1-U c. BC. E.). Was built the second Temple in Jerusalem, but the leaders of the new religious community of Ezra and Nehemiah refused to take her to the Israelis, not the former in the Babylonian captivity, and had remained in Palestine, because they believed that they are no longer Jews, mingling with the people, read other gods. Rejected part of Israel has created its special community of Samaritans, preserved in Palestine till date. Since the days of Ezra idea of God's chosen people of the Jewish people in the teachings of Judaism acquires special significance. Period in the history of Judaism from II. BC. e. to VI. n. e. called the Talmud. It is characterized by thorough systematization and ritualization of Jewish worship, which became sacred rites of the temple in the numerous prescriptions, often meticulous and petty - down to the details of the external appearance, hairstyle and clothes - are righteous Jew would follow in their daily lives. In I. BC. e. over Israel established the Roman domination. In 67-73 years. n. e. famous Jewish War broke out against the rule of Rome, during which the Temple of Jerusalem was again destroyed (70 AD), and after the Bar Kochba revolt (132-135 years). Jews were exile from Israel, spread throughout the Roman Empire and in Asia, where they formed a vast diaspora. With the formation of the diaspora begins a new stage in the history of Judaism, called Rabbinic. An important innovation was the replacement of the Diaspora temple worship, which could only take place in Jerusalem, worship services in synagogues under the guidance of teachers of religious law - Rabbis (from al-evr.rabbi - "my teacher"). The rabbi, as a recognized expert on religious tradition, is the spiritual mentor of the community (kegilla), is a religious court and teaches in a religious school. The basic ideas of Judaism set out in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:217). 1. I, the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, from the house of 2. You shall have no other gods before me. Do not make yourself an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above and the fact that on the earth beneath or in the waters under the earth. Do not bow down to them nor serve them: for I the Lord your God - a jealous God, punishing the children for the sins of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate Me, but showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments. 3. Do not misuse the name of the Lord thy God in vain: for the Lord will not leave unpunished that teeth his name in vain. 4. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all thy work: But the seventh day - Sabbath of the Lord thy God, do not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it. 5. Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days in the land which the Lord thy God will give thee. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Do not commit adultery 8. Do not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, do not desire your neighbor's wife, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his village, or anything that your neighbor. These precepts was mounted special contract - "Testament" - between God and the Jewish people who have been through this act of "chosen" in the sense of the sacred teachings first owner - Torah. The Ten Commandments are not only to the Jews. For non-Jews is much easier to achieve righteousness, because it needs to stick to just the seven commandments prescribed by all the sons of Noah. He just needs to avoid: 1. Idolatry 2. Debauchery and adultery 3. Bloodshed 4. Desecration of God's name 5. Injustice and lawlessness 6. Robbery 7. Cruel, inhumane acts, including ill-treatment in animals The holy book of Judaism - the Torah. The essence of the Torah: "Do not do the neighbor what does not want." Torah or Pentateuch, consists of the following parts: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, which is the most revered of the Bible in Israel. In III century began to develop the teachings of Judaism as a comment to the Bible - the Mishnah. Collection was made legal interpretations of biblical texts - Gemara. The Mishnah and Gemara comprise the Talmud. The vast majority of Jews living in different countries of the world, observe only those provisions of the Torah and Talmud that deal holidays (Moed) and the most common in the Jewish community orders and prohibitions (Mitzvot). The most important of them: Shabbat (Saturday) - the stay and the prohibition of any activity, Rosh Hashanah - the Jewish New Year, Yom Kippur (Day of forgiveness) diurnal HYDRATED post, symbolizing repentance for sins, Pesach (Passover) holiday, which marks the beginning of spring and the outcome of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt; shvuot and Sukkot - holidays devoted to harvesting, involving complex rituals, symbolizing Glare religious and national unity of Jews Simchat Torah (the joy of the Torah) - is celebrated on the occasion of the completion of the read cycle Torah in the synagogue, Tisha B'Av-post tribulation and mourning for the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Hanukkah - the holiday lighting candles to commemorate the liberation of the Temple in Jerusalem during the Maccabean revolt, Purim - a holiday save the people of Israel from total destruction during Babylonian captivity. Many Jews observe the rites of passage - The knowledge of the boys on the eighth day after birth, bar mitzvah ceremony and batmitsva, marking the entry into completely ¬ years respectively for boys and girls, as well as numerous rituals sanctifying marriage, death, and mourning for the deceased. Yet other numerous and onerous restrictions, rituals, fasting, food taboos and permits (kashrut) and other provisions of the Torah and the Talmud are observed only a few orthodox-minded Jewish believers. 3. Hinduism - the religion that emerged in the Indian subcontinent. The historical name of Hinduism in Sanskrit - Sanatana-Dharma (Sanskrit sanātana dharma), which means "eternal religion," "eternal way" or "eternal law." Hinduism - this is the third in the number of followers of the religion in the world after Christianity and Islam. Hindus are more than 1 billion people, of whom about 950 million live in India and Nepal. Other countries in which the adherents of Hinduism form a significant part of the population, it is Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Canada and the USA. In the second half of the XX century, Hinduism has spread beyond India, crossed national boundaries and gained a large following around the world. Widespread and have become familiar ideas such as karma, yoga and vegetarianism. Hinduism has its roots in the Vedic civilization, which is why it is called the world's oldest religion. The basis of all religious faiths of India - Brahmanism, Jainism and Hinduism - became Vedic religious system. Its appearance is referred to as X - VII centuries. BC. e. Vedas - a collection of hymns, spells and rituals of worship (prib.s1500po600gg.don.e.) Rigveda (gimnybogam) Samaveda (melodies, chants), Yajurveda (sacrificial formulas and sayings), Atharveda (conspiracy). After experiencing a deep crisis, much transformed, unable to compete with Buddhism and Jainism, Brahmanism and Hinduism is more precisely, could best meet the needs of the public, particularly its organic connection, and even merge with the caste system. Inherited from the Vedic religion, and developed ideas about the ritual hierarchy of unequal groups, the role of the Brahmin as a mediator in human communication with the gods, saving the Vedas as sacred texts (but providing them with many comments), Hinduism carefully explore the concept of rebirth of the soul in the world (samsara) according to the law of retribution (karma), is determined primarily by compliance with the standards of conduct for the group, caste (dharma). Social differences between Hinduism began to explain the ritual purity of the individual, who was born in the respective caste. Violation of the same rules of the relationship between castes ritually defile a man and attracted not only the lifetime penalty (for example, the exclusion of caste and divestment of state), but also the birth of the next time in an extremely unfavorable form of low caste, outside of society (in a group outside the caste " untouchables "outcasts of society) or in the form of an animal. Although it is impossible to formulate a perfect definition of Hinduism and is common to all areas of the doctrine of Hinduism, there are practices and beliefs which occupy a central place in Hinduism, and which can be considered typical of Hinduism: - Dharma - the moral and ethical duty ethical obligations. - Samsara - the cycle of birth and death, belief in reincarnation of the soul after death, the bodies of animals, humans, gods. - Karma - the belief that the order is determined by the rebirth of life committed by the acts and their consequences. - Moksha - liberation from the cycle of birth and death of samsara. Supreme, God in Hinduism is thought both single, and an infinite set. He seems to be playing with himself and playing, creates the world. Sacred play (lila) and magic, illusion (Maya) - one of the central concepts of Hindu theology. The most important of the many gods of Hinduism, as well as in Brahmanism, consider Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. They represent the cycle of nature - the creation, development and death. Brahma is considered as the root cause of the world and the creator of humanity, from various parts of which occurred different caste. Vishnu appears as the guardian of world order and has many guises (avatar). And Shiva is the destroyer of worlds. The basic tenets of Hinduism is the idea that the world is not a random, chaotic mix of things and phenomena as universal cosmic order - Mouth. He rules over all, and under his command the gods. This order is primordial and eternal. Hinduism calls it the universal and eternal order that preserves the universe as a whole - dharma. Dharma - is a kind of impersonal law, which is in the things themselves and phenomena. Everything is subject to this law: the gods, nature, people. Thanks to it a place of every phenomenon, every particle of the universe as a whole. Dharma is understood as a duty - a set of religious and social responsibilities of each person and each class. The ultimate goal of spiritual practice is denoted by such terms as "Moksha", "nirvana" or "samadhi", and the various sects of Hinduism is understood in different ways: - The realization of his unity with God - Awareness of their eternal relationship with God and return to His abode - Achievements pure love of God - Awareness of the unity of all existence - Awareness of the true "I" - Achieve perfect peace - Complete freedom from material desires Reaching the ultimate goal of human existence, the individual is released from samsara, thus stopping the cycle of reincarnation. 4. Confucianism (Chinese tradexercise, Pinyin rúxué, Pall. Zhusyue) Chinese ethical and political doctrine, attributed to Confucius (551-479 BC. Oe.). In China it is known as the doctrine or (ie "school learning"); The main categories are the concepts of Confucianism noble man (chintz), philanthropy and the rules of the ritual. Run the state, according to Confucius, called noble men, led by the Emperor (Emperor) - "son of heaven." In "Lunyue", a collection of sayings of Confucius, compiled by his students recorded his conversations with them, reveals the ideal of the perfect man (chun tzu), and the human person is seen as valuable in itself. Confucius, starting from constructing his social ideal, formulated the basis of the social order, which would like to see in the Middle Kingdom, "Let the father is the father, son - his son, the Emperor - the Emperor, the official - official", that everything in this world chaos and confusion will fall into place, everyone will know their rights and responsibilities, and to do what they are supposed to. Orderly way society should consist of two major categories: upper and lower classes, who thinks and operates, and those who work and duties. Such a social order and a second Confucius founder of Confucianism - Mencius (372-289 BC. Oe.) And all their followers to be an eternal and unchanging, going from the legendary sages of antiquity. One of the most important foundations of the social order, by Confucius, was strict obedience to elders. Any senior, whether father, an officer finally, sir - is unquestioning authority to junior, subordinate subject. Blind obedience to his will, incidentally, will - is the basic rule for junior and subordinate both in the state as a whole, and in the ranks of the clan, or family corporations. It is no accident Confucius reminded that the state - is a big family, and the family is a small state. This comparison highlights not only the paternalism within society, but also the structure of family life, which really existed and persisted in the old China, until recently: base family - unquestioning obedience younger seniors, children to parents. Xiao, as though Confucius - is the foundation of humanity. Being a dutiful son must each, and especially - people are literate, educated, humane, and striving for the ideal of chintz. Xiao sense, as it interprets Lazy - serve the parents by the rules whether to bury them according to the rules and a sacrifice to them according to the rules or something. Under these rules, detailed and thorough discussion in Lazy, respectful son has committed a lifetime to take care of their parents, to serve and to please them, to be ready at all for the sake of their health and welfare, to honor them at all times. Even if the father non-virtues, if a villain, a thief or a murderer, respectful son only obliged humbly admonish parents, humbly ask him to return to the path of virtue. The noble man - is an example of moral perfection, a man who all his behavior says morality. It is for these criteria Confucius suggested to nominate people to public service. The main task of noble men - to cultivate and spread throughout humanity. Philanthropy included: parental care of children, filial piety in the family, and just relations between those who are unrelated. Transferred to the sphere of politics, these principles should underpin the whole management system. For Confucius five important "permanence": ritual, humanity, justice, duty, knowledge and confidence. Education subjects - the most important affair of state, and have the power to carry out his personal example. "Manage - then do the right thing." In turn, the people must show filial piety to the rulers, unquestioningly obey them. The prototype of the organization of state power to control Confucius served in family clans and tribal communities. Confucius was a determined opponent of management according to law. He condemned the rulers, rely on frightening legal prohibitions, and advocated the preservation of traditional religious and moral methods to influence the behavior of the Chinese. "If you lead the people through laws and maintain order by punishment, the people will seek to evade punishment and will not suffer shame. If, however, lead the people by virtue and keep order with the help of the ritual, the people will know the shame, and it will improve. " To meet the religious needs of the people Confucianism limited to one side a well-defined ritual worship of ancestors (only seen by some Sinologists, the cult of primitive Chinese) and derived rites, a, on the other hand - the recognition of the cult of persons who have been awarded the state honor or using a purely national reverence. The main subject of honor should be the ancestors to the 4th knee inclusive. Each dedicated to a single tablet or table. These tables are stored in special cabinets and honored every morning, bows and smoking candles, and on certain days - and the sacrifices of various drinks and foods. Before these same tables should be performed and required reports on any more or less significant absences from home and on any outstanding event in the house. The most important rituals after death: small, then a large dressing the deceased in the coffin position, feeding the dead (actually - fabric dolls, which is supposed to be moved the soul of the deceased), and finally, the funeral (not later than 100 days after the death, the soul of the deceased , on the proposal of the Chinese, moved to a table with his name). While the body is in the house (or rather - in the best tent beside him in the yard), it is recommended for the amusement of the yearning of the soul of the deceased, inviting musicians (playing at the gates of the house), and the whole family every day, morning and evening, going by the grave and mourn the deceased, with This senior person in the house lights the candles and smoking makes libations of wine. Mourn (always white, and business cards are not written on red paper, as always, and the yellow) is divided into several levels, according to the length of time and quality at this time worn clothes. The most complete mourning worn by parents, wife to husband, etc. In a time of mourning cannot eat meat and vegetables, drink wine, listen to music and generally have fun. Important in marriage and obligatory requirement - that the bride and groom had different names (so the kinship on the mother did not take into account) and had the first of at least 16 years, the second - at least 14. At the conclusion of the major rites of marriage: a formal suit, collusion, the meeting of bride to the groom's house, drinking bowls at dinner in the house of the groom, and, finally, the presentation ancestors young man, unto whom it is now entering. "Rite donning caps" committed by any of the family members (but not the father), in the presence of all his relatives, and sacrifices to ancestors of youths 1520 years, with the latter gets a new name and, as has already become an adult, is to all older relatives and friends. Appropriate ceremonies and takes over the girl, after reaching its 15 years, any of the relatives and with less solemnity. Not being a religion in the full sense, Confucianism became more than just a religion. Confucianism - it is also a policy and administrative system, and supreme control of economic and social processes - in short, the basis of the Chinese way of life, the organizing principle of the Chinese society, the quintessence of Chinese civilization. Confucianism much color in his tone throughout the national culture of China, the national character of its people. It managed to become a mainstream, and this is not his indispensability in the past. The fact that many educated Confucian national characteristics (and not only the Chinese, but also all those who in one way or another has historically been involved in the Confucian civilization) - social discipline combined with the ability, if need be content with little, and not complain; hard work and love of knowledge, and to conceive a new ability to use the new name in the consolidation of the old settled, permanent impulse to selfimprovement and competition in an effort to occupy a higher compared to the other position, strength of social and family relationships, to grow into the strength of business relationships in the modern the world, and much more - actively contributed to the phenomenon, which manifested itself first in the beginning of the century (a phenomenon in Japan), and then after the war, when the Confucianoriented countries in the Far East and Southeast Asia have one after another to astound the world with their success. Taoism originated in China almost Zhou almost simultaneously with the teachings of Confucius as an independent philosophical doctrine. The founder of the Taoist philosophy is the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu. Older contemporary of Confucius, which - in contrast to Confucius - in sources no reliable data either historical or biographical, Lao Tzu is a legendary figure in modern researchers. Legends tell of his miraculous birth (mother wore it for several decades old and bore - hence its name, "Old Child", though the same sign Tzu means both the concept of "philosopher", so the name can be translated as "The Old Philosopher ") and about his departure from China. Going west, Lao Tzu was kind enough to leave the warden of the frontier his work - Tao Te Ching. In his treatise Tao Te Ching (the middle III. BC. E.) Sets out the basis of Taoism, the philosophy of Lao-tzu. At the heart of the doctrine - the doctrine of the great Tao, universal law and the Absolute. Tao prevails everywhere and in everything, always and infinitely. Nobody did, but everything comes from him. Invisible and inaudible, inaccessible to the senses, a constant and inexhaustible, nameless and formless, it gives rise to, the name and form around the world. Even the great sky should Tao. Cognize Dao, follow it, merge with it - this is the meaning, purpose and happiness of life. Seen as an emanation of Dao through through de, and if all Member generates a de all feeds. Ways Tao Te inherent strength. It is through the power of the U-Wei Tao manifests in each individual. This force is not to be construed as an effort, but rather as an attempt to avoid any effort. Wu-wei - means "non-action", the denial of purposeful activities that are contrary to the natural order. In the course of life is necessary to adhere to the principle of non-action - the principle of wu-wei. This is not inaction. This is a human activity, which is agreed with the natural course of the world order. Any action contrary to the Tao means a waste of energy and leads to failure and death. Thus, Taoism teaches contemplative attitude. Bliss reaches no one who seeks to gain the good things the Tao, and the one who in the course of meditation, dipping into his inner world tends to listen to yourself, and through you to listen and understand the rhythm of the universe. Thus, the purpose of life is comprehended in Taoism as a return to the eternal, the return to their roots. Moral ideal of Taoism - a hermit, who with the help of religious meditation, breathing and physical exercises to achieve high spiritual state, allowing him to overcome all the passion and desire to plunge into communion with the Divine Tao. 5. Shintoism. The complex process of cultural synthesis of local tribes and had to lay proper foundation of Japanese culture, religious-cult aspect which has received the name of Shinto. Shinto ("the way of the spirits") - symbol of peace supernatural, gods and spirits (kami) that are worshiped by the Japanese since ancient times. Shinto origins date back to ancient times and include all forms of the primitive peoples beliefs and practices - totemic, animism, magic, the cult of the dead, the cult leader, etc. The ancient Japanese, like other people, inspired by the natural phenomena around them, the plants and animals, dead ancestors, reverently referred to intermediaries in communication with the spirit world - the magicians, sorcerers, shamans. Later, been influenced by Buddhism and adopted many things from him, primitive Shinto shamans become priests, ceremonies in honor of various deities and spirits in a specially constructed for this temple. Formation of Shinto as a national and state religion Japanese relate to the period VII-VIII centuries BC. e., when the country was united under the authority of the central region of the rulers of Yamato. Old Japanese sources VII-VIII centuries. - Kojiki, Fudoki, Nihongi - let the picture of beliefs and practices of early, pre-Buddhist, Shinto. A prominent role is played by the cult of dead ancestors - spirits led by clan ancestors ud-ridges, symbolizing the unity and solidarity of the clan members. The objects of worship were the deities of land and fields, rain and wind, forests and mountains. Like other ancient peoples, farmers Japan solemnly, with the rites and sacrifices, celebrated the autumn harvest festival and spring - the awakening of nature. The dying man to his countrymen as they relate to care in a different world, where to accompany the dead had to follow people around them, and items. Both are made of clay and buried in abundance in the late (the pottery called haniva). Ancient Shinto myths retained their actually Japanese version representations of creation. According to him, there were originally two gods, or rather, the god and goddess, Izanagi and Izanami. But not their union has created all living things: Izanami died while trying to give birth to first child, a deity of fire. Saddened Izanagi wanted to save his wife from the underworld realm of the dead, but failed. Then he had to do one thing: to the left of his eyes was born the sun goddess Amaterasu, whose descendants were destined to take the place of the Emperor of Japan. Basis of Shinto is the deification of natural forces and phenomena, and worship them. It is believed that many things have their own spiritual essence kami (Jap.). Kami can exist on earth in a material object, while not necessarily in that which is considered to be living in the standard sense, such as wood, stone, or sacred place of natural phenomena, and under certain conditions it may be in the divine dignity. Some kami are the spirits of the land or of certain natural objects (for example, the spirit of a particular mountain), others represent global natural phenomena, such as Omikami Amaterasu, the sun goddess. Revered kami - patrons of families and genera, as well as the spirits of dead ancestors, who are considered the patron and protector of their children. Shinto involves magic, totemism, belief in the efficacy of various talismans and amulets. Considered a possible defense against hostile kami or their subordination with special rituals. The main spiritual principle of Shinto is life in harmony with nature and people. According to the beliefs of Shinto, the world - a single habitat, where the kami, and the souls of dead people live nearby. Kami immortal and are included in the cycle of birth and death, through which everything in the world is constantly updated. However, turnover in its current form is not infinite, and exists only for the destruction of the earth, and then acquire other forms. In Shinto there is no concept of salvation, instead, everyone defines its natural place him my feelings, motivations and actions. If a person acts with a sincere, open heart, sees the world as it is, if its behavior with respect and flawless, it is likely to do good, at least with respect to themselves and their social group. Virtue admits sympathy for others, respect for elders on the situation, the ability to "live among the people" - to support the sincere and friendly relations with all who surrounds and makes his company. Condemned anger, selfishness, competition for competition, intolerance. Evil is all that violates the social order, destroys the harmony of the world and prevents serving the kami. The soul of man is initially good and sinless world initially good (although not necessarily of goodness), but evil (Jap. mage?) Invading from outside, brought evil spirits (Jap. magatsuhi), Use of human weakness, his temptations and evil thoughts. Thus, evil, in the view of Shinto - a kind of peace or human disease. Creation of evil (ie harm) for human unnatural men to do evil, when cheated or been self-deception, when he cannot or does not know how to be happy, living among the people, when his life is bad and unnatural. Since absolute good and evil, not to know the difference can only be man himself, and for good judgment he needs an adequate perception of reality ("the heart, like a mirror") and union with the deity. Such a state a person can achieve by living right and natural, purifying the body and mind and approaching the kami through worship. For a long time, myths and beliefs coexist without any system as long as the statute book "Tayhore" (702 g AD) Shinto did not get the status of state ideology. At the heart of Shinto is the proclamation of the divine nature of power the Japanese emperor, whose lineage goes to the gods. "The emperors gods live, which led all of their activities," - proclaims Shintoism. Hence the idea of the continuity of the imperial dynasty. Schools of Shinto form another part of the ideology kokutay (solid state), according to which the gods live in each Japanese, carrying him through his will. Openly proclaims a special divine spirit of the Japanese people and their superiority over others. It was also announced on the special role of Japan in the world, where it should be central. Japan - a country of the gods, which must bow before all the others, if not voluntarily, by the force. Shinto religion requires its followers to pray or read the scriptures. Suffice it to participate in temple festivals and ceremonies. Shinto temple is divided into two parts: internal and closed (honden), where the symbol is usually stored kami (Xingtai), and the outer hall for prayers (hayden). Come to visit the temple in hayden, stop in front of the altar, filling the box in front of him a coin, bow and clap their hands, sometimes spelled with a prayer (and you himself) and go. Once or twice a year at the temple is a gala celebration with rich offerings and lush devotions, processions with the palanquin, in which at this time of Cynthia moved spirit deity. These days the priests in the shrines of their ritual robes look very richly. The rest of the days they spend their temples and spirits a little time engaged in humdrum chores, mingling with the common people. Used Books: 1. Karimov I.A. God in our souls and hearts T.: 1999 2. Karimov I.A. Uzbekistan on the Threshold of the XXI century. T: 1997 3. Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan Tashkent. Uzbekistan, 1992 4. Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations". 5. Foundations of Religious T.: 1995 6. "Religious Studies" Nasyrov Tashkent 1998 7. Dinshunoslik asoslari T.: 1995 8. Dinshunoslik. Maruzalar badwords T.: 2000 9. Makhmudov T. "Avesta" hakida T.: Shark, 2000 10. "History of Religion" lecture Burkova RA Yankarola 1999 11. "The religious tradition in the world" Bishkek 1997 12. "Religion in the history of the world" Tokarev SA Moscow 1986