Download The Musculoskeletal System: The Skeletal System and the Muscular

The Musculoskeletal System:
The Skeletal System and the Muscular System
Anatomical Terminolgy: know and understand the following terms..
Anatomical Position
Inferior
Standing straight up with arms down, palms forward
Below
Superior
Above
Proximal
Nearer
Distal
Further
Posterior
Behind – nearer to the back
Anterior
In front of or nearer to the front
Internal
Inside of further away from surface
External
Lateral
Outside or near the surface
Further away from the midline of body
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Are the Lungs external or Internal to the Ribs?
Is the Knee superior to the ankle?
Is the anterior cruciate ligament at the back of the knee?
Is the medial collateral ligament on the outside of the knee?
Where are the hamstrings in relation to the quads?
Is the Scapula posterior to the rib cage?
Are the Metatarsals Distal to the Ankle Bone?
Is the Humerus located proximal to the radius?
Is the Pelvic girdle inferior to the sternum?
Which Collateral Ligament can be torn by a blow to the outside of the knee?
The Skeletal System
…is made up of the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton
Facts:
-
Bones, Cartilage and Ligaments make up 20% of Human Body Weight.
There are 206 bones in the skeletal system
80 bones in Axial Skeleton and 126 bones in the Appendicular Skeleton
There are 33 Vertebrae in the Spinal Column
The vertebrae make up about 40% of the body’s height
Functions of the Skeleton:
Protection of the Vital Organs
which part of skeleton is mainly responsible for
this? Axial or Appendicular?
Support and Maintenance of Posture
What is Posture? How does Yoga and Pilates
improve Posture?
Which part of the skeleton is mostly responsible
for Support?
Providing Attachments Points for Muscles
Rough parts of the bone where the muscle
attaches, via tendons
Storage and Release of Minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus)
Blood Cell Production
Storage of Energy
Axial Skeleton:
What are the main Parts of the Axial Skeleton?
Skull – protects the Brain
Vertebral Column – protects the Spinal Cord – Strong and Flexible Cercival Section (neck)
7
Thoracic Section (upper Back) – 12
Lumbar Section (lower Back) – 5
Sacral Section – (pelvic area) – 5
Coccygeal Section (Tailbone) – 4
Between most of the Vertebrae there are Intervertebral Discs, a soft Gell like
structure surrounded by a tough outer ring called Annulus Fibrus.
What exactly is a Slipped Disc?
What part of the Spine are the Discs are bigger? Why?
Which particular Sports or Physical Activity put a risk on the Skull?
Which particular Sports or Physical Activity put a risk on the Spine and Spinal Cord?
Draw this Picture of a Typical Vertebra and Label the Diagram.
There are four Curves in the Vertebral Column:
- two Anteriorly Convex curves and two Anteriorly Concave curves
- the curves increase the strength of the Vertebral Column and absorb shock
Bone Classification:
Long Bones: Femur, Tibia, Matatarsals, etc…
Short Bones: Carpals, Tarsals
Flat Bones:
Scapula, Clavicle, Ribs, Frontal, and bones of the Skull
Sesamoid:
Patella
Irregular:
Facial Bones of Skull, Vertebrae, Pelvis
Structure of a Bone:
The Bone is a “Living Tissue” and is made up of Compact Bone, Cancellous or
Spongey Bone, Red Bone Marrow (where bllod cells are produced), Yellow bone
Marrow, and the Periosteum, which is a thin shiny membrane. Articular
Cartilage covers the ends of the bone.
What effects your Bone Density?
Does Exercise increase bone density?
An increase in Exercise and Load on a bone will result in increased mineral salt
deposits, and greater production of Collegen fibers, that will increase bone mass
and therefore Bone strength.
What would happen to the bone density of a bed ridden person or a person
on Crutches for an extended period of time? Or even an astronaut?
Which sports could result in bone density being different on one side of the
body to the other?
Joints and Joint Classification:
A Joint or Articulation is where two or more bones come into contact with each
other. Joints increase the mobility of our body.
Fibrous
No Movement - eg The Bones of the Skull
Cartilaginous
Limited Movement – Bone by Cartilage, or a disc eg. Vertebrae
or ribs to Sternum
Synovial
The Main joints responsible for Movement
Articular Capsule surrounds Joint filled with Synovial Fluid,
and commonly includes smooth Cartilage surrounding
the ends of the joints. Menisci are sometime present
that also cushion the joint and keep it tight. Bursae are
also common and are small pockets of fluids between
the ligament and the bones. Eg Knee Joint.
Types of Synovial Joints:
Gliding Joints – eg. Between the Tarsals and the Metatarsals
Hinge Joints – eg the Elbow – usually one direction of
movement
Pivot Joint – eg radius pivoting around the Ulna
Condyloid Joint – eg between the Radius and the carpal bone.
Oval shaped surface interacts with a concave surface
Saddle Joint – between the metacarpal of the thumb and the
Carpal bone next to it. Shaped like a saddle and a rider.
Ball and Socket Joints eg the hip and the shoulder
See Skematic Diagram page 12
Look at the Hip and Shoulder Joints. Both are Ball and Socket joints.
Which is the most Stable?
Which is the most Flexible/mobile?
How do mobility and stability influence the function of the shoulder and hip joints?
What effect does this have on injury risks?
What is Osteoarthritis? What causes it?
Which populations does it affect the most ?
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
What are the key factors in preventing injuries to the knee?
How have warm-ups changed in the last few years to prevent injuries?
The Muscular System:
600 + muscles in the Human body and there three different types:
Skeletal Muscles:
Voluntary, Striated, function is to move skeleton
Cardiac Muscle:
Involuntary, striated, heart muscle
Smooth Muscle:
Involuntary, not striated lines blood vessels and organs
Function: Maintain Stability, Move the skeleton, move substances within the body.
The Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Epymysium – outer layer of Muscle
Perimysium – outer layer of muscle Bundles, within muscle
Endomysium – surrounds individual muscle fibres….
Actin and Myosin - contractile proteins that are responsible for movement
Hypertophy – increase in the number of myofibrils due to exercise
– increased muscle size
Atrophy
- decrease in the number of myofibrils due to inactivity
- Decrease in muscle size
Major Muscles of the Body:
Trunk
Trapezius
Deltoid
Latissimus Dorsi
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominus
Pectoralis Major and Minor
Gluteus Maximus
Upper Leg:
Quadraceps ( Rectus Femoralis, Vastus Lateralis and Medialus, Vastus
Intermedius, Sartorius)
Hamstrings ( Biceps Femoralis, Semitendinosus, Semimembranoosus)
Adductors (Pectineus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus,
Gracilis)
Lower Leg:
Tibialis Anterior
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Arm
Biceps Brachii,
Triceps Brachii
Neck Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle Contraction Types:
Concentric: Muscles get shorter by being drawn together (eg Arm Curls)
Isometric:
Muscle contracts but no movement takes place (eg. Wall sit)
Eccentric:
Lengthening of the Muscle though still contracting (lowering a weight
slowly))
Isokinetic:
A muscle contacts at a constant speed even though the resistance
changes (eg. Cybex machines)
In Fitness Center – Identify Common Weight Training Exercises with anatomical
movement analysis.
Find 10 exercises and note the movement and contraction type
Example:
Exercise
Anatomical Analysis
Contraction type/s
Leg Extension
Extension at the knee joint
Concentric