Survey
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WILDLIFE OF KILLALEA STATE PARK MARTIN SCHULZ PREPARED FOR: KILLALEA STATE PARK AND ECOSYSTEMS AND THREATENED SPECIES ILLAWARRA REGION, OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Acknowledgements This project was carried out by the Ecosystems and Threatened Species Team, Illawarra region of the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH). The project was jointly funded by the Killalea State Park Trust and OEH. Lachlan Wilmott undertook initial project management, background research, site selection, field survey planning and logistics. Field surveys were undertaken by Martin Schulz, Garry Daly and Lachlan Wilmott; with assistance from Nathan Cattell, Fiona Chivas, Lucy Farrier, Sallyanne Hockey, Joel Robinson, Darren Scheeringa, Brenton von Takesh Dukai and Amelia Westhoff. Barbara Triggs analysed collected predator scats and pellets; Lachlan Wilmott analysed photographs taken by the remote cameras, and Anabat recordings were analysed by Leroy Gonsalves. All data was entered into the Atlas of NSW Wildlife by Martin Schulz. Nathan Cattell organised logistics within the park for the smooth on-ground running of the survey, and providing valuable fauna records, management and other related information. Martin Schulz wrote this report, and maps were produced by Lachlan Wilmott. Valuable comments on earlier drafts of this report were provided by Kylie Madden, Kylie McClelland, David Bain and Lachlan Wilmott. All photographs used in this report were taken by Martin Schulz unless otherwise stated. ii The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Overview Killalea State Park is the most important coastal reserve for wildlife in the Illawarra. It provides habitat and refuge for at least 235 native animal species. Among these are 17 species listed as threatened in NSW comprising 13 birds, three mammals and one frog. A surprising array of fauna is present within Killalea State Park due to its relatively healthy and diverse coastal habitats. Coastal environments, particularly wetlands, are largely cleared or degraded elsewhere in the Illawarra. Although most parts of the park are in a stage of regeneration, each vegetation community from the freshwater wetlands surrounding Killalea Lagoon to the Littoral Rainforest on Minnamurra Spit provides resources and habitat for a different assemblage of species. Recent land management has been largely complementary with wildlife conservation, however there are still threats to many species. Nineteen introduced animals were recorded, many of which predate on or compete with native species. Human disturbance is also a concern, particularly for nesting birds. Weeds and alterations to the hydrology of the lagoon have also been identified as amongst the highest priority threats requiring action. The excellent biodiversity within Killalea State Park can be maintained or improved by continuing and expanding current programs of restoration and rehabilitation of native vegetation. Values may be further improved through activities such as the placement of bat boxes to replicate tree hollows that are rare in the regenerating trees. Further targeted control of rabbits, foxes and feral cats will benefit a number of native ground-dwelling mammals such as the long-nosed bandicoot. Improving the connection between Killalea State Park and Bass Point Reserve via a wildlife corridor will enhance the biodiversity of both areas by allowing animals to move between these two important coastal parks. Top Finds 1. Australian pied oystercatcher pair resident on Minnamurra Spit and attempting to nest. 2. Two shearwater species and a pair of sooty oystercatchers nesting successfully on Rangoon Island as well as suspected nesting of the little penguin. 3. A wide diversity of waterbirds including the freckled duck and Australasian bittern at Killalea Lagoon – both rare water birds in the Illawarra. 4. At least 10 bat species, including the threatened southern myotis that is likely to roost and breed in the park. 5. A surprising number of native ground mammals, including long-nosed bandicoots, brown antechinus and short-beaked echidnas occurring in several parts of the park. 6. A population of mountain brushtail possums and other wet forest species uncommon in coastal parts of the Illawarra such as the large-billed scrubwren and noisy pitta. 7. Surprisingly diverse reptiles including the eastern snake-necked turtle, red-bellied black snake and eastern small-eyed snake and the unusual mainland she-oak skink. iii The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Contents OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................. III TOP FINDS....................................................................................................................................................... III 1. INTRODUCING KILLALEA STATE PARK ......................................................................................................1 2. THE SURVEY .........................................................................................................................................................1 3. THREATENED FAUNA ........................................................................................................................................3 3.1 THREATENED BIRDS................................................................................................................................... 4 3.2 THREATENED MAMMALS ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 THREATENED REPTILES AND FROGS ........................................................................................................ 26 4. THREATS .............................................................................................................................................................. 28 5. MANAGEMENT OF THREATS AND ENHANCING BIODIVERSITY VALUES ...................................... 30 5.1 MANAGEMENT OF IDENTIFIED THREATS .................................................................................................. 30 5.2 IMPROVING HABITAT LINKS..................................................................................................................... 33 5.3 MAINTAINING EXISTING PARK USES........................................................................................................ 37 5.4 INSTALLATION OF BAT BOXES ................................................................................................................. 37 5.5 RESEARCH AND MONITORING .................................................................................................................. 37 6. FAUNA OF KILLALEA STATE PARK ............................................................................................................ 39 6.1 BIRDS ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 6.2 MAMMALS ............................................................................................................................................... 43 6.3 REPTILES .................................................................................................................................................. 46 6.4 FROGS ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 7. BIRDS LISTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL MIGRATORY BIRD AGREEMENTS................................. 48 7.1 RAPTORS (ONE SPECIES) ........................................................................................................................... 48 7.2 SEABIRDS NESTING ON RANGOON ISLAND (TWO SPECIES) ....................................................................... 49 7.3 MIGRATORY SHOREBIRDS (TEN SPECIES AS WELL AS THE SANDERLING) ................................................. 49 7.4 LARGE WADING BIRDS (FOUR SPECIES) ................................................................................................... 50 7.5 TERNS (FOUR SPECIES AS WELL AS THE THREATENED LITTLE TERN) ....................................................... 52 7.6 SWIFTS (TWO SPECIES) ............................................................................................................................. 53 7.7 MARINE BIRDS LISTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL MIGRATORY BIRD AGREEMENTS .................................. 53 8. MARINE FAUNA .................................................................................................................................................. 54 8.1 SEASONAL OCCURRENCE ......................................................................................................................... 54 8.2 THREATENED MARINE SPECIES ................................................................................................................ 58 9. FAUNA HABITATS OF KILLALEA STATE PARK ....................................................................................... 61 9.1 KILLALEA LAGOON .................................................................................................................................. 61 9.2 RANGOON ISLAND (ALSO KNOWN AS STACK ISLET) ................................................................................. 63 9.3 SANDY BEACHES AND BACKING BEACH SPINIFEX GRASSLAND & COASTAL SCRUB ............................... 65 9.4 ROCKY SHORES AND BACKING COAST ROSEMARY SHRUBLAND, SWAMPS & SEEPAGES ........................ 67 9.5 LITTORAL RAINFOREST & BANGALAY SAND FOREST ON MINNAMURRA SPIT ......................................... 69 9.6 DRY SUBTROPICAL RAINFOREST.............................................................................................................. 71 9.7 BRACELET HONEY-MYRTLE – AUSTRALIAN INDIGO DRY SHRUBLAND ................................................... 73 9.8 FOREST RED GUM SHRUBBY OPEN FOREST ............................................................................................. 75 9.9 SWAMP OAK AND SWAMP PAPERBARK FOREST INCLUDING PLANTED AREAS .......................................... 76 9.10 COAST BANKSIA – COAST TEA-TREE MOIST FOREST ............................................................................. 78 9.11 WATTLE REGROWTH, CORAL TREE/PINE TREE STANDS & WEEDY SHRUBLAND .................................. 79 iv The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.12 RANK INTRODUCED GRASSLAND WITH PATCHES OF LOW INTRODUCED SHRUBS.................................... 81 9.13 MOWN GRASS AREAS AND PLANTED TREES .......................................................................................... 83 9.14 SALTMARSH, MANGROVES AND BACKING SEDGELANDS ....................................................................... 85 10. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX 1: VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF KILLALEA STATE PARK .......................................................... 90 APPENDIX 2: SURVEY METHODS.................................................................................................................... 106 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RECORDS .................................................................................................................. 106 SURVEY SITE SELECTION ............................................................................................................................. 106 SYSTEMATIC SURVEY TECHNIQUES ............................................................................................................. 106 TARGETED SURVEY TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................ 110 INCIDENTAL RECORDS ................................................................................................................................. 112 SURVEY TIMING........................................................................................................................................... 112 v 1. Introducing Killalea State Park Killalea State Park (Killalea) is well known for its recreational values as a National Surfing Reserve comprising breaks at The Farm and Mystics Beaches (see Map 2, pg 6). It is also a popular destination for school outings, weddings, fun runs, community activities, picnics and camping. However, wildlife values are far less understood despite there being excellent examples of rare coastal habitats including the freshwater coastal wetland (Killalea Lagoon), an extensive tract of littoral rainforest at Minnamurra Spit and a near-shore island in Rangoon Island. Killalea Lagoon is a haven for waterbirds, including threatened species such as the Australasian bittern and blue-billed duck. It is a popular location for amateur birdwatching and one of the only coastal waterbodies in the Illawarra protected from disturbance by watercraft and dogs. There is a long history of bird data for this site and this report has collated and reviewed information for each threatened species. Minnamurra Spit is less frequently visited by birdwatchers although we know that the endangered little tern formerly nested on beaches of the spit. Beyond birds, very little was known about the fauna of the park, particularly insectivorous bats, tree- and ground-dwelling mammals and reptiles, all of which proved to be more diverse than expected. The original objective of the project was to confirm the presence of the long-nosed bandicoot within Killalea. However, with additional funding this became the first comprehensive fauna survey of the park. 2. The Survey This report details the first comprehensive vertebrate fauna survey within Killalea. The survey systematically assessed all major vegetation communities for birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals between July 2014 and January 2015. The full survey methodology used is summarised in Appendix 2. All survey techniques were in line with government standards for the collection of biodiversity information and data has been entered into the publicly accessible statewide database “NSW BioNet”. Prior to this survey, the best known fauna group was the birds. Killalea is popular with birdwatchers and there was considerable systematic and non-systematic data for this group. However birdwatchers efforts were largely confined to a few key areas, particularly the lagoon with other environments totally or largely overlooked. Records of reptiles and mammals were very few, largely incidental and the species list was far from complete prior to this survey. The few frog records were associated with searches for the Shellharbour population of the green and golden bell frog. This project sought to identify and fill gaps in existing fauna survey effort and collate existing and new information to facilitate management of the park’s vertebrate fauna. The threatened fauna recorded during the survey are presented up-front in Section 3 due to their management priority at Killalea. The more common fauna identified are discussed in Section 6. 1 Map 1: The boundary of Killalea State Park showing key features and points of interest 2 3. Threatened Fauna Threatened fauna recorded in Killalea include seventeen vertebrate species (excluding fish) listed on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) and four species o the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) (Table 1; Appendix 1). A profile of each threatened species has been provided in this section, including a summary of documented records, location and habitats, as well as threats and management recommendations. Additionally, a number of threatened marine bird, mammal and reptile species are known or likely to occur in the waters off Killalea and these are detailed in Section 8.2. Table 1: Threatened species recorded within Killalea. Resident species have territories within the park and are found there at all times. Visitors are only found in the park at times. Visitors can be regular or occasional. For information on the conservation significance of Killalea to these species, see the profiles (Section 3). TSC Act EPBC Act Australasian Bittern E E Australian Pied Oystercatcher Common Name Status within the Park Visitor or Resident Profile on page Birds Rare Visitor 5 E Uncommon Resident (nesting) 6 Blue-billed Duck V Rare Visitor 8 Comb-crested Jacana V Vagrant Visitor 9 Eastern Osprey V Uncommon Visitor 10 Freckled Duck V Rare Visitor 11 Little Eagle V Uncommon Visitor 12 Little Tern E Rare Visitor (formerly nesting resident) 13 Sanderling V Rare Visitor 15 Sooty Oystercatcher V Uncommon Resident (nesting) 16 Spotted Harrier V Rare Visitor 18 Swift Parrot E Rare Visitor 19 White-fronted Chat V Likely Extinct Formerly resident 20 Eastern Bentwing-bat V Uncommon Visitor 22 Grey-headed Flying-fox V Uncommon Visitor 23 Large-footed Myotis V Uncommon Resident (suspected to breed in park) 24 Likely extinct Formerly resident 27 E Mammals V Frogs Green and Golden Bell Frog E V V = Vulnerable E = Endangered 3 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 3.1 Threatened Birds Thirteen threatened birds have been seen within the park (excluding marine species, for these see Section 8.2). Species profiles for each are provided in this section. Additional threatened birds that may occur A number of additional threatened birds have been recorded from nearby areas in recent years and are likely to occur at times. These species are: rose-crowned fruit-dove (Ptilinopus regina) (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) – Irregularly recorded from littoral rainforest at Bass Point (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). It is likely to occasionally occur in rainforest habitats within the park. black bittern (Ixobrychus flavicollis) (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) – Recorded from coastal watercourses lined with swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) or river she-oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana), such as along the Minnamurra River (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). Likely to occur along the swamp oak-lined channel on the western boundary of the park at times. Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis) (listed as Endangered under the TSC Act) – Recorded from Shellharbour Swamp in 1986, 2012 and 2013 (Chafer and Brandis 2012; Birdline NSW records). However, since this time the Shellharbour wetland has been drained for a housing development. It is likely that this species may occur irregularly at Killalea Lagoon. little lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla) (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) – Recorded from adjacent areas of eucalypt forest and banksia woodlands (Chafer and Brandis 2012; Birdline NSW records). It is likely to occur when key food resources, such as forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and bangalay (Eucalyptus botryoides) are in flower. powerful owl (Ninox strenua) (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) – Recorded from adjacent Bass Point Reserve on a number of occasions (OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). It is likely to occur in woodlands and rainforest within the park at times. barking owl (Ninox connivens) (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) – Recorded from adjacent Dunmore Swamp in May 1986 and at Kiama in 1980 (Chafer and Brandis 2012). It is likely to occur in woodlands within the park at times. masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) – Recorded from nearby Kiama Beach in 2006 (Chafer and Brandis 2012). It is likely to occur in woodlands and rainforest within the park at times. 4 AUSTRALASIAN BITTERN EPBC Act: Endangered TSC Act: Endangered Botaurus poiciloptilus Status In Park: Rare visitor Occurrence in the Park A rare visitor to the margins of Killalea Lagoon with several records since 1980 (Chafer and Brandis 2012). In this survey, a single individual was flushed early in the morning (in late October 2014) from the south-east corner of the lagoon. It flew to an extensive reed area on the southern margin of the lagoon. This species is likely to have been under-recorded in the park due to its nocturnal habits; frequenting wetland habitats that are difficult to traverse; and its probable sporadic occurrence. Australasian bittern. © T. Shimba/OEH Regional Conservation Significance Its global conservation status is listed as “Endangered” with the total mature population in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia estimated between 1500 and 4000 individuals by BirdLife International (2013). The total Australian population is estimated to be less than 2500 individuals with a decline of greater than 20% in the last 10 years (Garnett et al. 2011). This secretive wetland species is rare and only occasionally recorded within the Sydney Basin Bioregion; with an increase in sightings Australasian bittern habitat on the edge of during severe inland droughts (Hoskin et al. 1991; DECC 2007). Killalea Lagoon. Within NSW the overall population has dramatically declined and 2009-10 surveys estimated a maximum of 162 individuals (Birds Australia 2010). Its preferred habitat is shallow, vegetated freshwater or brackish swamps dominated by sedges, rushes and/or reeds (Marchant and Higgins 1990). It is a rare visitor to the Illawarra/Shoalhaven region with no confirmed nesting records (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Threats within the Park Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities and residential development. Fox predation. Weed invasion, particularly of the spiny rush. Public disturbance (Kingsford 2000; Garnett et al. 2011; OEH 2012a). Management Considerations Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Encourage long-term, regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon, incorporating targeted searches using call playback, passive listening at dawn and dusk and active searching using wetland transects (Birds Australia 2010 guidelines) in spring and early summer to increase the understanding of occupation rates within the park. Undertake a fox control program, including baiting in sedgeland areas around Killalea Lagoon. Enter all sightings into Birdlife Australia’s nationwide Australasian and Australian little bittern (Ixobrychus dubius) project (http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/our-projects/bittern-survey.html). No access tracks to the southern edge of the lagoon where currently difficult-to-access reedbeds occur. 5 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Haematopus longirostris AUSTRALIAN PIED OYSTERCATCHER EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Endangered Status In Park: Uncommon resident (nesting) Occurrence in the Park Australian pied oystercatcher. Uncommon resident, with the same two adult birds recorded along the shoreline of the park each visit during this survey. Sightings of this pair were confined to Mystics Beach, the sand bar at the entrance of the Minnamurra River, and along small beaches on the estuary side of the Minnamurra Spit. Additionally, these birds were also observed foraging on exposed sand flats at low and mid tide just outside the park along the Minnamurra River estuary. Two additional individuals were seen in mid-November on The Farm Beach. It is likely that additional birds may occur during the winter period when dispersing birds from further south, including Victoria occur along the shores of the Illawarra-Shoalhaven-Jervis Bay coastlines. An exciting find was the location of a nest scrape on a small beach on the estuary side of Minnamurra Spit in late October 2014. However, a visit on 11 November found no sign of the scrape, or recent activity; instead the area had been heavily trampled by visitor and dog footprints. This species is not known to nest in this area in recent years (J. Dunn, OEH Shorebird Program Coordinator, pers comm.). It may also nest on the upper beach and in adjacent beach spinifex grassland on Mystics Beach. Australian pied oystercatcher on Mystics Beach. Regional Conservation Significance Evidence of feeding activity on the upper edge of Mystics Beach. Any nesting records of this endangered shorebird species in the state are highly important. Prior to this survey it had not been reported nesting in this locality. It is confined to beaches and embayments along the entire NSW coastline, with a total population estimated at 250 individuals in 1991 (Smith 1991) and fewer than 200 breeding pairs in the state in 2008 (NSW Scientific Committee 2008a). It has declined through much of this range, probably as a result of human disturbance. Threats within the Park Disturbance by the public, particularly around nesting locations. Predation of the eggs and/or chicks by the fox and Australian raven, and possibly the feral cat, domestic dog and silver gull. 6 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Accidental destruction of nests or running over chicks by driving along beaches, particularly the latter which frequently shelter in previous wheel ruts. Weed invasion of nesting habitat in beach spinifex grassland, such as sea spurge (Euphorbia paralias) and the coast pennywort (Hydrocotyle bonariensis). Entanglement in fishing tackle and other refuse. Management Considerations Park staff or volunteers to participate in the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to identify any nest locations each spring. Liaise with the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to explore viable strategies to encourage this species to nest successfully on the beaches of the park. This could involve a volunteer coordinator following the models used elsewhere on the south coast; volunteers for monitoring and preferably to warden the site and educate beach goers towards recognition and a different model of beach usage; signage; fencing; compliance with respect to dog control; fox control; Australian raven control; and assistance from park staff. Avoid driving above the high tide area of the beaches in spring and summer. Undertake a fox control program in the Minnamurra Spit area. Undertake an Australian raven control program on Minnamurra Spit during spring prior to the nesting period of this bird. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. Regular enforcement to reduce potential predation by dogs, particularly along the Minnamurra River estuary beaches and Mystics Beach. Removal of invasive plants in beach spinifex grassland along Mystics and The Farm Beaches. Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Nest scrape on small beach on the estuary side of Minnamurra Spit. 7 Oxyura australis BLUE-BILLED DUCK EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Status In Park: Rare visitor Occurrence in the Park A rare visitor to the park and was not found during this survey. However, it was recorded in December 2014 at Killalea Lagoon by local birdwatchers (Birdline NSW). Additionally, there are a number of past records from the open waters of the lagoon, including up to eight individuals in 1985-86, two in March 1998 and one in February 1999 (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). This duck prefers extensive areas of open water, particularly lakes and reservoirs greater than 100 ha in area with little emergent vegetation (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Regional Conservation Significance Blue-billed ducks. A rare, nomadic visitor to the Illawarra/Shoalhaven region (Chafer and Brandis 2012). The Illawarra may be particularly important as a refuge when conditions are dry inland. Bluebilled ducks bred at Tallawarra Ash Ponds in 2013 (Birdline NSW) and waterbodies like Killalea Lagoon may be more important to the long-term conservation of this duck than we realise. Threats in the Park Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities and residential development. Management Considerations Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Continue management to maintain and improve water quality in the lagoon. Facilitate long-term, regular monitoring of waterbirds to learn how often blue-billed ducks use Killalea Lagoon. 8 COMB-CRESTED JACANA EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Irediparra gallinacea Status In Park: Vagrant Occurrence in the Park Vagrant to the park and region with the only record being of an immature bird seen at Killalea Lagoon and nearby Dunmore Swamp in July and August 1984 (Brandis and Chafer 2012). Regional Conservation Significance Adult comb-crested jacana. A vagrant to the region normally occurring in NSW south to the Hunter region (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Threats within the Park No threats identified. Management Considerations No management required. 9 Pandion cristatus EASTERN OSPREY EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Status In Park: Uncommon visitor Occurrence in the Park Uncommon visitor to Minnamurra River estuary, including Minnamurra Spit. The only record in this survey was a single individual perched in a swamp oak on the edge of Minnamurra Spit on 8 July 2014. It was later observed fishing in the shallows of the river on a rising tide. Suitable foraging habitat occurs along the entire coastline of the park, as well as Killalea Lagoon. This species has previously been recorded in the Minnamurra estuary in February 2004 and June 2014 (Chafer and Brandis 2012; K. Madden pers comm.). Regional Conservation Significance It occurs infrequently in the Sydney Basin Bioregion, mainly as single individuals in coastal estuaries and waterways. However, numbers appear to be slowly increasing with recent successful nesting recorded at the junction of the Georges and Woronora Rivers (D. Andrew, OEH, pers comm.) and at Bomaderry in 2011, and unsuccessful nesting attempts over a number of years on a mobile tower at Ulladulla (Jarman 2008; Rusk 2011) and at Lake Conjola (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Possible nesting behaviour has also been observed around the Tallawarra Power Station on Lake Illawarra but this is yet to be confirmed. Therefore, it is likely that sightings in the park will increase over time. Eastern osprey. Threats within the Park Entanglement with fishing line and other refuse items. Management Considerations Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Encourage park staff to report any sightings, particularly if displaying nesting behaviour (such as carrying sticks). Encourage long-term, regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon. 10 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park FRECKLED DUCK Stictonetta naevosa EPBC Act: Not Listed Status In Park: Rare visitor TSC Act: Vulnerable Occurrence in the Park A rare visitor to Killalea Lagoon. In this survey two individuals were seen swimming among Eurasian coots on the eastern side of the lagoon in July 2014. One was also recorded on Killalea Lagoon in January 1999, two in October 2013 and two in April 2014 (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). This species prefers extensive areas of open water, particularly lakes and reservoirs greater than100 ha with little emergent vegetation (Marchant and Higgins 1990). At the time of the survey there was an influx of this duck into the Sydney-Illawarra region (e.g. see reports on Birdline NSW). However, the absence of this duck in repeated subsequent visits to the lagoon suggests that it is rarely present. Regional Conservation Significance Freckled ducks (top); Freckled ducks are easy to miss when resting (middle); two individuals were observed swimming with Eurasian coots in the south-eastern corner of Killalea Lagoon, July 2014 (bottom). This species is an uncommon visitor to the region during periods of inland drought, resulting in an extremely sporadic occurrence. For example, in the Sydney area it was recorded in 1897 and then not again until 1958 (Marchant and Higgins 1990; Hoskin et al. 1991). During the 2002-2003 drought there were large numbers in the Illawarra and Sydney areas (e.g. Chafer 2004; Chafer and Brandis 2012). Likewise, in 2012-2015 there have been a number of reports in the Sydney and Illawarra areas (Birdline NSW) as a result of several wet years inland followed by a drying period. Although only visiting the Illawarra occasionally, waterbodies like Killalea Lagoon are undoubtedly important as a drought refuge. Threats within the Park Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities and residential development. Management Considerations Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Continue management to maintain and improve water quality in the lagoon. Facilitate long-term, regular monitoring of waterbirds to learn how often freckled ducks use Killalea Lagoon. 11 Hieraaetus morphnoides LITTLE EAGLE EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Status In Park: Uncommon visitor Occurrence in the Park An uncommon winter visitor likely to be seen over a range of habitats, particularly where rabbits are plentiful. The only record in this survey was a single, light phase bird soaring over planted trees and mown grass areas around Frasers Picnic Area during the July and August 2014 visits to the park. It was not seen to land. Previous records include two birds seen in the Minnamurra Spit area in the mid-1980s and a single bird in the Killalea Lagoon area in June 2012 (OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). Light phase little eagle. Since the main dietary item is the rabbit (Marchant and Higgins 1993), this species is likely to be more prevalent within the park when rabbit numbers are high. The species is frequently mistaken for the more common whistling kite (Hoskin et al. 1991). Regional Conservation Significance Dark phase little eagle. The species’ range is suggested to have extended in south-eastern Australia following the introduction and expansion of the rabbit (Marchant and Higgins 1993). However, there was a 14% decrease in the reporting rate of this bird between 1984 and 2002 across the nation (Barrett et al. 2003). This species is scattered across the Sydney Basin Bioregion in small numbers, with the majority of sightings in woodlands often adjacent to open areas on near-coastal plains and foothills. Threats within the Park Secondary poisoning from rabbit baiting either on-park or in adjacent lands (OEH 2012c). Management Considerations Park staff to move any poisoned rabbits encountered during regular patrols. 12 Sternula albifrons LITTLE TERN EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Endangered Status In Park: Rare visitor (formerly nesting resident) Migratory Bird Agreements: China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA), Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA), Republic of Korea-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement ROKAMBA Occurrence in the Park Little tern. Little terns frequently roost among other species so may be overlooked. Prior to the 1970s this species bred on Minnamurra Spit (Chafer and Brandis 2012). However, in recent times it is only an occasional visitor between spring and autumn to the shoreline and inshore habitats. The only record during this survey was of a single individual in breeding plumage roosting at high tide amongst terns on the sand bar at the entrance to Minnamurra River. The species could potentially occur irregularly anywhere along the park’s shoreline, particularly on ocean beaches and the Minnamurra River estuary mouth. There is still potential nesting habitat available on the inland edge of the sand bar. However successful nesting attempts are unlikely due to the high level of public visitation; the large numbers of foxes and Australian ravens; and occasional disturbance of birds in this area by domestic dogs brought across the river. Regional Conservation Significance Potential nesting habitat on the inland edge of Minnamurra River’s sand spit at the entrance (seen at high tide). This species principally occurs in sheltered coastal environments in scattered localities along the entire NSW coastline. However, it has declined through much of this range, probably as a result of human-related disturbance. The nearest regularly used nesting location is at Lake Wollumboola at the entrance of the Shoalhaven River, some 36 km to the south (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Threats within the Park Disturbance by the public, particularly around nesting locations. Predation of the eggs and/or chicks by the fox and Australian raven, and possibly the feral cat, domestic dog and silver gull. Accidental destruction of nests or running over chicks by driving along beaches, particularly the latter which frequently shelter in previous wheel ruts. Entanglement in fishing tackle and other refuse. Management Considerations Park staff or volunteers to participate in the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to monitor the presence of this species in the park. 13 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Liaise with the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to explore viable strategies to encourage this species to re-nest on the sand spit at Minnamurra River mouth. Undertake a fox and Australian raven control program in the Minnamurra Spit area. Regular enforcement to reduce potential predation by dogs. Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. 14 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Calidris alba SANDERLING EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Status In Park: Rare visitor Migratory Bird Agreements: CAMBA, JAMBA, ROKAMBA Occurrence in the Park A rare visitor that occasionally occurs between spring and autumn along the ocean and estuary beaches of the park. The only record during this survey was of two individuals feeding on the tideline at high tide on the sand bar at the entrance to Minnamurra River. The species could potentially occur irregularly anywhere along the park’s beaches, particularly on ocean beaches. Sanderlings. Note that this species can be confused with the more common but smaller red-necked stint which occurs in small numbers along the beaches in the Illawarra region. Regional Conservation Significance This species was only recorded on the sand bar at the Minnamurra River entrance. This species may potentially occur on The Farm Beach from time to time. Nearly half of the East Asian – Australasian Flyway population occurs in Australia in the non-breeding season (Bamford et al. 2008). The species is widely scattered on sandy beaches around Australia, with no sites of International or national significance identified within NSW (Watkins 2003; Bamford et al. 2008). In NSW it principally occurs on ocean beaches and less commonly on intertidal mud and sandflats in scattered coastal localities, with a total mid-summer population estimated at 60 individuals in 1991 (Smith 1991; Higgins and Davies 1996; Geering et al. 2007). It is rare in the Sydney/Illawarra regions and numbers have declined in recent decades (Hoskin et al. 1991; Straw 1996; Chafer and Brandis 2012). Threats within the Park Disturbance by the public and accompanying domestic dogs. Predation by the fox and feral cat at roosts. Management Considerations Undertake a fox control program in the Minnamurra Spit area. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. Regular enforcement to reduce potential predation by dogs, particularly along the Minnamurra River estuary beaches and Mystics Beach. 15 Haematopus fuliginosus SOOTY OYSTERCATCHER EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Status In Park: Uncommon resident (nesting) Occurrence in the Park Sooty oystercatcher. Sooty oystercatcher runners are susceptible to predation. An uncommon resident. Scattered sightings of this species as individuals or pairs along the rocky shoreline of the park during this survey, particularly where extensive intertidal reef platforms were exposed at low tide. Sighting locations included the rocky shoreline between The Farm and Mystics Beaches, on the eastern side of the headland just east of The Farm Beach and exposed, oyster-covered rocks on the sea-side of the sand spit at the Minnamurra River entrance and on reef platforms around Rangoon Island. It is likely this species also occasionally forages along sandy beaches of the park and tidal flats in the Minnamurra River estuary, particularly during king tides and large onshore sea conditions. It is likely that increased numbers may occur along the shoreline during the winter period when birds flock and disperse from nesting localities such as the Five Islands. During this time, flocks of up to 36 individuals have been recorded along the northern Illawarra Coast, such as on reef platforms in the Coledale area. An exciting find was the location of a single egg above a boulder beach on Rangoon Island. It is unlikely to nest park due to this species’ reluctance to rocky shorelines. nest containing a the south side of elsewhere in the nest on mainland Regional Conservation Significance As with the Australian pied oystercatcher, any nesting records of this shorebird species in the state are highly important. Prior to this survey it had not been reported nesting in this locality (e.g. Battam 1976; Chafer and Brandis 2012). Apart from Five Islands and Bowen Island this is the only nesting locality known from the Illawarra district and one of only a handful of known nesting localities in the state (Smith 1991). The sooty oystercatcher is confined to rocky shorelines and adjacent beaches and embayments along the entire Sooty oystercatcher foraging habitat east of The NSW coastline, with a total population estimated at 200 Farm Beach. individuals in 1991 (Smith 1991) and between 173 and 240 birds in 1996-2000 (NSW Scientific Committee 2008b). Threats within the Park Disturbance by the public. Predation of the eggs and/or chicks by the Australian raven. Entanglement in fishing tackle and other refuse. 16 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Management Considerations Nesting habitat of this species to be taken into consideration in the development of a weed management plan for Rangoon Island. Park staff or volunteers to participate in the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to identify any nest locations each spring. Undertake an Australian raven control program on Minnamurra Spit during spring prior to the nesting period of this bird. Regular enforcement to reduce potential disturbance by domestic dogs. Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Nest location above boulder beach on south side of Rangoon Island. 17 Circus assimilis SPOTTED HARRIER EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Status In Park: Rare visitor Occurrence in the Park A rare visitor in a variety of open and low-vegetated habitats across the park. In the past this species has been irregularly seen in the park between 1986 and 2002 (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). In this survey, single birds (possibly all the same individual) were seen in the following areas and habitats: Spotted harrier. ‘a) July 2014 visit, three sightings: low grassland- and lantanadominated low scrub on slopes east of Killalea Lagoon, over wattle regrowth and lantana-dominated slopes on hill east of the lagoon and over similar habitat downslope of the Mystics Beach Road near the Camping Ground Road junction. b) August 2014 visit, two sightings: over reedbeds and low grassland/weedy area on northern edge of Killalea Lagoon and over lantana-dominated low scrub, melaleuca scrub and patches of black she-oak in the eastern section of the park between The Farm Beach and Bass Point. Weed-dominated foraging habitat of the spotted harrier within the park. c) Late October 2014 visit, six sightings: three over low coastal rosemary-bitou bush-dominated scrub east of The Farm Beach; two over open grassy areas with rock outcrops and interspersed with dense lantana-dominated scrub; and one over beach spinifex grassland and adjacent low coast coastal scrub in primary dunes on the north end of Mystics Beach. Regional Conservation Significance Prior to 1900, the spotted harrier was recorded as “not uncommon” in marshy areas around Sydney (Hoskin et al. 1991). Today there are only scattered records from the Sydney Basin Bioregion, with occasional influxes particularly in late summer or autumn (Marchant and Higgins 1993). There was a 47% decrease in the reporting rate of this bird between 1984 and 2002 across the nation (Barrett et al. 2003). The large number of sightings (although all possibly of a single individual which has taken up residence) during this survey coincides with dry conditions in inland NSW resulting in numerous records along the eastern seaboard of the state (e.g. Birdline NSW). Threats within the Park Secondary poisoning from rabbit baiting either on park or in adjacent lands (OEH 2012b). Management Considerations Park staff to move any poisoned rabbits encountered during regular patrols. 18 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Lathamus discolor SWIFT PARROT EPBC Act: Endangered TSC Act: Endangered Status In Park: Rare visitor Occurrence in the Park Rare non-breeding winter visitor. This species was not recorded during the winter and spring visits to the park in this survey. Two birds were observed on Minnamurra Spit in June 1986 (Chafer and Brandis 2012), and have also been recorded on a number of occasions from the adjacent Bass Point Reserve, with a maximum of 12 birds in May 1983 (OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). It is most likely to occur when key feed trees occurring within the park are in flower, the coast banksia (chiefly January to June) and forest red gum (June to October) (Higgins 1999) or planted gums are in blossom. Swift parrot. © H. Cook Flowering coast banksias may be important for this species in the park. Flowering forest red gums are likely to be an occasional food resource for this species in the park. Regional Conservation Significance The swift parrot is rare and patchily distributed in the Sydney Basin Bioregion, including the Illawarra region (DECC 2007; Chafer and Brandis 2012). However, it can be found anywhere depending on what prime tree species are in flower and what else is flowering within its winter range. It is a non-breeding visitor from Tasmania with a total population estimated at 2000 mature individuals arriving on the mainland in April and departing in early September (Garnett et al. 2011). In this region the swift parrot primarily feeds in the canopy of flowering eucalypts (Higgins 1999) with the winter-flowering coast banksia an important food source in southern coastal NSW (Mills 2004). Movements of this species are highly nomadic due to the variable nature of the flowering of its favoured food trees; sometimes the species doesn’t return to the same locality for a number of years. The most important food tree species within the park are the coast banksia, forest red gum and some planted eucalypt species (taken from Higgins 1999). It is likely that this species may be present within the park in some years. Threats in the Park Loss of important feed trees, particularly the forest red gum and coast banksia, is a key threat within the park through the loss of trees around picnic areas due to public safety concerns, tree death without regeneration and suppression of regeneration by weeds. Management Considerations OEH and Killalea State Park to organise birdwatchers to survey areas of flowering forest red gum and coast banksia during the Birdlife Australia annual swift parrot censuses or late autumn to spring. Ensure the ongoing health of stands of coast banksia and forest red gum through weed suppression and assisting natural regeneration 19 WHITE-FRONTED CHAT Epthianura albifrons EPBC Act: Not Listed Status In Park: Likely extinct TSC Act: Vulnerable Occurrence in the Park Probably extinct in the park with the most recent record from November 1999 (OEH Atlas of NSW records). This species has principally been recorded around Killalea Lagoon with one record from the Minnamurra Spit area. It has also been recorded from adjacent areas such as Dunmore and Shellharbour Swamps (OEH Atlas of NSW records). However, the most recent records from these localities were in 1992 and since this time, the Shellharbour Swamp has been drained for a housing development. White-fronted chat. © H. Cook Prime white-fronted chat habitat on the northern side of Killalea Lagoon. Regional Conservation Significance The white-fronted chat has severely declined in the region. This decline is evidenced by a 36% decrease in the reporting rate of this bird between 1984 and 2002 in the Sydney Basin Bioregion and greater than 20% across the nation (Barrett et al. 2003). The closest known population is a small remnant population of some five individuals declining from some 100 birds in the 1990s on the western shores of Lake Illawarra. Other populations in the region occur in the Shoalhaven Heads and Lake Wollumboola areas (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Threats within the Park The park is now isolated from the remnant Lake Illawarra population by recent housing developments. The most suitable habitat for this bird within the park is low, introduced grassland with scattered shrubs dominated by weed species on the northern edge of Killalea Lagoon. Management Considerations Inappropriate weed management in low feral-dominated grassland and low shrubland has the potential to impact prime habitat for grassland species including thisspecies and other grassland birds such as the brown quail, tawny grassbird and the golden-headed cisticola. Encourage long-term, regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon. 20 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 3.2 Threatened Mammals Three threatened mammal species (excluding marine species, see Section 8.2) have been recorded within the park and species profiles for each of these species are presented here. Additional threatened mammals that may occur Additionally, two ultrasonic signals of either the eastern false pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis) or the greater broad-nosed bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) were recorded using the Anabat detectors at sites in littoral rainforest on Minnamurra Spit and at the ecotone of mangroves, saltmarsh and swamp oak forest adjoining the Minnamurra River. These two species can be difficult to separate by ultrasonic signals (e.g. Pennay et al. 2004). Both species are listed as vulnerable under the TSC Act and could potentially occur, having been recorded from nearby parts of the Illawarra region (e.g. Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). Longer ultrasonic signal sequences or more intensive trapping is required to confirm whether one or both of these threatened bats occur in the park. Primary threats facing these two species in the park are the loss of hollow-bearing and dead standing trees, including any introduced trees. Eastern false pipistrelle (left); greater broad-nosed bat (right). No additional threatened mammal species have been recorded from nearby areas in recent years (e.g. OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). 21 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis EASTERN BENTWING-BAT EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Priority in Park: Uncommon visitor Occurrence in the Park An uncommon seasonal visitor. This species was not captured in harp traps set at 13 localities. However, it was recorded by stationary Anabats at two sites in thissurvey; in coastal scrub south of Killalea Lagoon (one confirmed call) and the ecotone of mangrove forest, saltmarsh and swamp oak forest adjoining the Minnamurra River (three confirmed calls) on the western edge of the park. It has also been recorded in adjacent areas, such as Bass Point Reserve (Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). A targeted search of all sea caves along the coast including Rangoon Island failed to find any roosting locations of this species within the park. Eastern bentwing-bat. Regional Conservation Significance The eastern bentwing-bat is widespread across the Sydney Basin Bioregion, occurring in a wide range of habitats including in urban areas (DECC 2007). Threats in the Park Nil as no known roosts located in the park. Management Considerations Nil as no known roosts located in the park. 22 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Pteropus poliocephalus GREY-HEADED FLYING-FOX EPBC Act: Vulnerable TSC Act: Vulnerable Priority in Park: Uncommon visitor Occurrence in the Park Grey-headed flying-fox. An incommon seasonal visitor when key canopy and subcanopy trees are in flower, such as the forest red gum, bangalay, coast banksia and when various rainforest trees are fruiting, in particular figs. During this survey, it was rarely encountered with only single sightings in planted trees at the camping ground and in dry subtropical rainforest downslope of Frasers Picnic Area in October. Additionally, in July one individual flying near the entrance gate was almost hit by a car in the early evening (K. Madden, OEH, pers. comm.). It has also been recorded from the adjacent Bass Point Reserve (Atlas of NSW Wildlife record). There are no known flying-fox camps in the park. Regional Conservation Significance Large figs within the park are likely to provide an important food source for the grey-headed flying-fox. The grey-headed flying-fox is widespread across the Sydney Basin Bioregion; with approximately 16 regularly used camps present (Eby et al. 1999). The significance of foraging habitat within the park is uncertain but may be important to the regional conservation of the species, particularly when there are food shortages at particular times of the year elsewhere in the region or state. Threats within the Park The loss of important feed trees, particularly the forest red gum and coast banksia, is a key threat within the park through the loss of trees around picnic areas due to public safety concerns, tree death without regeneration and suppression of regeneration by weeds. Management Considerations Ensure the ongoing health of coast banksia, forest red gum stands and figs through weed suppression of existing trees and assisting natural regeneration. 23 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Myotis macropus SOUTHERN MYOTIS EPBC Act: Not Listed TSC Act: Vulnerable Priority in (breeding) Park: Uncommon resident Occurrence in the Park An uncommon resident, first recorded in the park during this survey. Three females were captured in a harp trap set across a track in tall melaleuca shrubland in the far north of the park. Southern myotis. Large feet of this species used for raking prey up from the water surface. Since this species primarily feeds over aquatic habitats using its large feet for raking the water surface for prey items, it is likely these individuals were captured whilst travelling between a roost and ideal foraging habitat at Killalea Lagoon. The lagoon was located some 440m downslope from the harp trap. These individuals may roost in large fig trees or park buildings situated near this trapping location. One male and three females were also captured in a harp trap over a tidal channel in brackish reed land bordering mangroves on the estuary side and swamp oak on the far western boundary of the park. Additional localities based on Anabat recordings were from littoral rainforest on Minnamurra Spit and the ecotone of mangroves, saltmarsh and swamp oak forest adjoining the Minnamurra River. It has also been recorded from the adjacent Bass Point Reserve (OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife record). Females from both capture localities were heavily pregnant and it is likely there are at least two maternity sites located within the park. The capture location in tall melaleuca shrubland 440 m upslope from Killalea Lagoon. Regional Conservation Significance The number of locality records within the park of this “fishing” bat is highly significant. It has only been recorded from a small number of localities associated with watercourses and wetlands on the coastal plain of the Illawarra region. The more typical capture location in a tidal channel on the western boundary of the park. Threats within the Park Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities. Loss of hollow-bearing trees including feral species such as coral trees (Erythrina sp.). Fox and feral cat predation. 24 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Management Considerations Conduct a radio-tracking study to determine the roosting locations of this species, including maternity sites. Prior to the results of the roosting study protect all hollow-bearing trees, including introduced species. Investigate purchasing and erecting a number of bat boxes of a design which have been demonstrated to be used by the southern myotis elsewhere. Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Undertake a fox control program, including baiting in sedgeland areas around Killalea Lagoon. Undertake feral cat control measures where sightings of this species are made. 25 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 3.3 Threatened Reptiles and Frogs No threatened reptiles (excluding marine species, see Section 8.2) have been recorded or are likely to occur within the park. One threatened frog species, the green and golden bell frog, formerly occurred but there have been no recent records of the Shellharbour population in recent years including within the park. A species profile for this frog is presented in this section. No additional threatened frog or reptile species have been recorded from nearby areas in recent years (e.g. OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). 26 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Litoria aurea GREEN AND GOLDEN BELL FROG EPBC Act: Vulnerable TSC Act: Endangered Status in Park: Likely extinct Occurrence in the Park Its current status uncertain, although considered probably locally extinct in the park (DEC 2005; DoE 2013; G. Daly pers. comm.; B. Lewis pers. comm.; N. Garvey pers. comm.). The most recent records from the park are from 1997 (Atlas of NSW Wildlife record). Green and golden bell frog. Potentially suitable habitat occurs around Killalea Lagoon and a number of small wetlands associated with the rocky shoreline south of the Bass Point Reserve. Regional Conservation Significance Former locality for the species: Killalea Lagoon. Potential habitat: small swamps west of Bass Point. It was formerly widespread in the Sydney Basin Bioregion and was one of the most common frogs in Sydney/Illawarra regions (DEC 2005; White and Pyke 1996). The species’ decline was first noted in the 1980s (Osborne 1990) and currently is limited to about 40 fragmented and isolated populations across the state (DEC 2005). The park is situated within the Shellharbour population of the species with it being irregularly recorded in the Killalea Lagoon area up until 1992 (DEC 2005; DoE 2013). However, this population appears to be extinct with no recent sightings in the Killalea Lagoon area, despite extensive targeted searches undertaken since this time (e.g. DoE 2013; N. Garvey pers comm.; B. Lewis pers comm.). The rediscovery of this species within the park would be of extreme significance due its rarity in this region. Threats within the Park Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities, and to the small wetlands associated with the rocky shoreline west of the Bass Point Reserve. Weed invasion (e.g. spread of bitou bush and overgrowth of ponds). Herbicide spraying. Chytrid fungus. Introduced fish predators e.g. plague minnow (Gambusia holbrooki). Fox and feral cat predation. Management Considerations Educate park staff on identification features and encourage reporting of any potential sightings, together with accompanying photos. In the advent of this species being relocated within the park it should be managed in accordance with the Draft Recovery Plan for the Green and Golden Bell Frog (DEC 2005) and the Best Practice Guidelines, Green and golden bell frog habitat (DECC 2008). 27 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 4. Threats Seventeen threatened species have been recorded in the park (Appendix 1), although two of these species are considered extinct in the park, the green and golden bell frog and white-fronted chat (see Section 3). However, not all these species require an equivalent level of management effort at the current time. Some species warrant specific active management, while others simply require ongoing protection of the park. In order to inform the management effort required at the current time, each of the native priority species identified within the park has been ranked into a class according to its level of priority for active conservation management: Highest: Species which are likely to become extinct from the Illawarra region in the short to medium term without action at a site level. High: Species that are at risk of becoming extinct or severely declining in the region without management of key habitats and abatement of threats and for which the park holds a significant amount of foraging, roosting, wintering or breeding habitat relative to the amount reserved across the region. Low: Species which: a) have breeding, roosting and foraging habitat well represented in the regional reserve system; b) have uncertain status in the park and are known to be well represented elsewhere in the regional reserve system; c) are rare irregular visitors; d) are infrequently recorded but formerly bred the park (e.g. little tern); d) are vagrants to the Illawarra region (e.g. comb-crested jacana); or e) are considered extinct in the local area (e.g. green and golden bell frog and white-fronted chat). Inadequate Information: Species for which there is inadequate information to assess their status in the park and are not reserved in high numbers elsewhere in the region. If more information is gained on these species in the park a review of their status would likely see them moved to one of the other priority categories. The main threats identified for the different threatened species within the park (refer to species profiles in Section 3) have been ranked in terms of known or potential impacts on the number of threatened fauna, taking into account their priority ranking for active management: Very High: Known or potentially impacting one or more highest priority fauna species and/or more than half of the high priority threatened fauna species. High: Known or potentially impacting less than half of the high priority fauna species and/or over half of the inadequate information priority threatened fauna species. Moderate: Known or potentially impacting less than half of the inadequate information priority fauna species or only the low priority threatened fauna species. Low: Not known or potentially impacting any of the threatened species within the park. In summary nine threats have been ranked as very high principally due to their known or potential impact on the highest priority threatened species (i.e. Australian pied and sooty oystercatchers) present in the park (Table 2). One other very high threat has been identified as a result of potential impacts on the one high and one moderate priority threatened species as well as a number of low priority threatened species. The remaining threats have been identified as high or moderate since they were not perceived to impact any of the highest priority species. It is important to note that the rankings may significantly change if the green and golden bell frog is rediscovered in the park, the white-fronted chat recolonises, the blue-billed duck starts breeding in the park or the little tern recommences nesting in the park. Any of these situations would result in these species’ priority for conservation management being raised from low to highest. Further species covered by international migratory bird agreements principally face a similar set of threats as threatened non-breeding waterbird species which have a moderate to highest priority ranking. 28 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Table 2: Prioritisation of key current threats of threatened fauna species occurring within the park. * = listed on TSC Act; ** = presumed extinct but may have avoided detection. X - - Australian Pied Oystercatcher X X X X X X X X Sooty Oystercatcher X X X X X X X X X X Alteration in Killalea Lagoon hydrology Loss of hollowbearing and feed trees Public disturbance Driving on upper levels of beach - Disturbance and predation by domestic dogs X Entanglement in or ingestion of anthropogenic debris X Disturbance & predation by over-abundant native species X Key Threatening Process * Predation by the feral cat - Key Current Threat X X X X X X X Moderate Secondary poisoning High Predation by the fox Very High Weed invasion Threat Priority Ranking - Highest Priority Species High Priority Species Large-footed Myotis Inadequate Information Species Australasian Bittern X X Low Priority Species Blue-billed Duck X X Freckled Duck X X Little Tern X X X X Eastern Osprey Spotted Harrier X Little Eagle X Comb-crested Jacana Sanderling Swift Parrot X X X X X White-fronted Chat X X Grey-headed Flying-fox X Green and Golden Bell Frog** X X X X 29 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 5. Management of Threats and Enhancing Biodiversity Values Left unmanaged threats have the potential to reduce biodiversity values and result in local extinction of threatened fauna within Killalea State Park. Appropriate management can protect and even improve biodiversity values by retaining and enhancing habitat and removing factors that may be limiting populations. Management actions need to consider and balance risks and impacts to other species, biodiversity values, community amenity and safety. 5.1 Management of Identified Threats It is important that threats identified within Killalea are managed effectively and appropriately to improve and protect the parks biodiversity values. Recommended management actions for all identified threats to threatened fauna have been developed including target areas and habitats (Table 3). 30 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Table 3: Recommendations for management of threats to threatened fauna. Threat Management action VERY HIGH THREATS Liaise with the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to explore viable strategies to encourage this species to nest successfully on the beaches Public of the park disturbance Weed invasion Predation by the feral cat Disturbance and predation by over-abundant natives Key species Sand spit at Minnamurra River mouth and Mystics Beach Oystercatchers and the little tern Discourage public access to reedbeds currently located away from tracks Killalea Lagoon Australasian bittern Removal of invasive plants such as sea spurge (Euphorbia paralias) and coast pennywort (Hydrocotyle bonariensis) Beach spinifex (Spinifex sericeus) grassland in dunes along Mystics Beach and the Minnamurra River estuary Australian pied oystercatcher Develop a weed management plan for Rangoon Island Rangoon Island Sooty oystercatcher Ensure the spiny rush (Juncus acutus) does not become established Killalea Lagoon Australasian bittern, green and golden bell frog (if rediscovered) Ensure weeds do not invade small wetlands associated with rocky shoreline Rocky shoreline south of Bass Point Habitats supporting coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia), forest red gum, figs and rainforest Ensure regeneration of key feed trees for nectar-feeding species and current feed trees are not impacted by weeds, including exotic vines Predation by the fox. Target areas / habitats Preference mechanical removal of weeds near waterbodies, or herbicides specifically for use near water. Killalea Lagoon Undertake a park-wide control program; preferably in association with other adjacent broad-acre landholders such as lands managed by local councils and the Bass Point Quarry Across the park and adjoining lands Encourage staff and park visitors to report sightings of feral cats Across the park Where feral cats are photographed or reported implement trapping program Across the park Liaise with the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to explore viable strategies for the removal of potentially troublesome Australian Ravens and Silver Gulls Sand spit at Minnamurra River mouth, Mystics Beach and Rangoon Island green and golden bell frog (if extant) Swift parrot and grey-headed flyingfox Australasian bittern, green and golden bell frog (if rediscovered), blue-billed and freckled ducks The majority of threatened species; particularly Australian pied oystercatcher and little tern which may nest in the future. All species predated upon by feral cats All species predated upon by the feral cat Oystercatchers and the little tern 31 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Threat Management action Entanglement or ingestion of human debris Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Consider installing fishing line bins in problem areas Park shoreline All threatened waterbird species Disturbance and predation by domestic dogs Maintain regular patrols to enforce exclusion of dogs, especially during shorebird nesting season Whole park including beaches on Minnamurra Spit (both sides) Australian pied oystercatcher and potentially nesting little tern Driving on upper beach levels Avoid driving above the high tide mark and in primary dunes along beaches plus on high parts of the sand spit at Minnamurra River estuary during shorebird breeding period (spring and summer) Mystics and The Farm Beaches, sand spit at Minnamurra River mouth Australian pied oystercatcher and potentially nesting little tern Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact on the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon Killalea Lagoon Waterbirds using Killalea Lagoon Avoid removing introduced trees which provide hollow-supporting habitat e.g. coral trees (Erythrina X sykesii) and pine trees (Pinus radiata) as these provide these scarce resources Across the park Native species that use hollow trees, especially the southern myotis Avoid removal of hollow-bearing trees during park works Across the park Above range of species Avoid the removal of dead standing trees during park works Across the park As above point Avoid removal of fallen timber, especially large logs since these resources are scarce. Across the park. Various reptile, bird and mammal species. Avoid removing mature coast banksia, forest red gums and figs as these provide an important food resource for some species Across the park Swift parrot and grey-headed flyingfox Across the park Spotted harrier and little eagle Changes to hydrology of Lagoon including saltwater intrusion HIGH THREATS Loss of hollowbearing, standing dead trees and live feed trees Target areas / habitats Key species MODERATE THREATS Secondary poisoning During rabbit control park staff to move any poisoned rabbits encountered during regular patrols 32 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 5.2 Improving Habitat Links Isolation of bushland areas is known to reduce fauna diversity (Fahrig 2003). To prevent Killalea from becoming isolated from other nearby bushland areas it is recommended that habitat links be established and/or improved. Three areas of connectivity and associated actions have been identified to help maintain and improve connectivity. Bass Point Reserve along eastern shoreline of reserve to Killalea Lagoon Action: Liaise with the Bass Point Quarry and Shellharbour Council to establish a habitat linkage plan connecting to Bass Point Reserve, incorporating the quarry coastal buffer areas. Within these areas undertake active weed management, especially of bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) and lantana (Lantana camara) and in seriously weed affected areas conduct native plantings of vegetation communities which occur as remnants in the vicinity. Narrow band of largely weeds between the rocky shoreline and quarry which could be rehabilitated to form a viable habitat linkage between Bass Point Reserve and the main part of Killalea State Park. 33 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Narrow band of coastal vegetation can be seen linking the Bass Point Reserve (right) to the Killalea Lagoon (left) on the southern edge of the Bass Point quarry. 34 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Continuous vegetation linking the eastern and western edges of the Park Action: Establish a vegetation linkage plan from the eastern to western edges of the park to link existing vegetation patches through regeneration or plantings and enhance the condition of existing vegetation. The plan should provide a continuous link with vegetation extending from Bass Point and south along the Minnamurra River. Small populations of a number of native mammals (such as the Long-nosed Bandicoot) are present in various sections of the park. It is important that bands of continuous vegetation linking larger patches of remnant native vegetation be protected as many of these mammals are unlikely to travel across expanses of mown grass. These bands of continuous vegetation could in part comprise weedy habitat, as they still afford protection from introduced predators. Large breaks in these bands of vegetation (such as extensive weed removal or spraying without providing alternative cover) may result in populations in various parts of the park becoming isolated thereby significantly increasing the risk of the species overall becoming extinct in the area. Potential areas where connectivity could be created or enhanced. 35 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Minnamurra Spit to Minnamurra River west of the Minnamurra Township Action: Liaise with the Kiama Council and other landholders to ensure the continuity of vegetation along the lower reaches of the Minnamurra River west to the highway. The large area of natural vegetation is currently continuous with the park and is likely to be an important factor contributing to the high biodiversity values of the park by providing additional habitat for some species such as hollow roosting/nesting specialists and wide-ranging species with a large home range such as the Swamp Wallaby. Vegetation within the park on Minnamurra Spit can be seen to be continuous with vegetation upstream to the highway, west of Minnamurra Township. 36 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 5.3 Maintaining Existing Park Uses Maintain the existing park uses and exclude any major development proposals within the park as these are likely to result in a loss of wildlife values due to a loss of habitat and increased visitor disturbance. 5.4 Installation of Bat Boxes There is a lack of tree hollows in large parts of the park which has led to a resultant reduced diversity of some wildlife groups, in particular the insectivorous bats. It is recommended that bat boxes be erected in habitats away from the bangalay sand forest which are ‘hollow poor’ in order to increase the diversity of bats present. Such a program could be undertaken in consultation with the Australasian Bat Society, particular with respect to box design, siting and height of the boxes and the number required. Note that in other parts of Australia, it has taken a number of years for bats to utilise these boxes so patience and intermittent monitoring is required. These bat boxes could be made by local community groups once suitable designs have been identified, including for potentially occurring threatened species such as the eastern false pipistrelle and greater broad-nosed bat. 5.5 Research and Monitoring It is likely that additional wildlife species occur in the park but were not recorded in the current survey and have not been documented as occurring in the past. For example, a number of threatened species have been recorded in immediately adjacent areas such as Dunmore Swamp (barking owl), Shellharbour Swamp (Australian painted snipe) and the Bass Point Reserve (rose-crowned fruit-dove and powerful owl). Additionally, the frequency of occurrence of many waterbirds in the park is poorly understood. Therefore, the following actions are recommended: Encourage long-term regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon. Park staff or volunteers to participate in the OEH Shorebird Recovery Program to identify any nest locations each spring. Organise bird watchers who are familiar with the calls of the swift parrot to survey patches of flowering forest red gum and coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) during the Birdlife Australia biennial mainland-wide swift parrot censuses and other times between late autumn and early spring. Encourage members of Southern Ocean Seabird Study Association (SOSSA) or other members of the public with seabird knowledge to sporadically visit Rangoon Island to assess nesting seabirds and the presence of other birds. Organise bird watchers to report any Australasian bittern sightings to Birdlife Australia’s bittern project. Encourage park staff and contractors to report any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. Encourage park staff and members of the public to record any shorebirds and other wildlife encountered along beaches during patrols throughout the year to increase knowledge of which species regularly occur and to document the occurrence of unusual species, such as stranded whales or seals. Where identification is uncertain park staff to take photos and send these to a local expert for identification. Encourage bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any small snakes and other reptiles come across during works as it is likely that a number of additional species occur, such as the golden-crowned snake which is common in similar habitats elsewhere in the Illawarra region. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. Encourage bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any rainforest pigeons (or other unusual-looking forest birds) encountered since it is possible that a number 37 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park of these birds may occasionally occur within this habitat in the park. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. However, such actions will not provide a detailed understanding of the threatened species within the park or of the number of cryptic/nocturnal mammal species. To answer these questions, the following additional research actions are recommended: In order to ensure the long-term presence of the threatened large-footed myotis in the park, a better understanding of how this species uses the park is required. It is important that such research would provide an understanding of roost and maternity colony locations, feeding habitat and the importance of introduced trees (including the coral tree) as roosting habitat. It is recommended that this study be undertaken as either an Honours or Masters project through a local university with financial and logistic support provided by the park management. Undertake targeted Anabat and harp trapping surveys to confirm whether the threatened eastern false pipistrelle, greater broad-nosed bat or both species occur in the park. The current survey demonstrated or confirmed the presence of a number of small to large native mammal species occurring in the park. All of these species either have a restricted distribution (e.g. bush rat and brown antechinus largely on Minnamurra Spit and the western edge of the park) or occur in low numbers and are difficult to see (e.g. short-beaked echidna, long-nosed bandicoot and swamp wallaby). Some of the medium to large-sized species are likely to include adjacent areas as part of their home range such as bushland along the Minnamurra River, Bass Point Quarry and/or Bass Point Reserve. Along with the recommendations outlined in Section 5.1 it is important that a monitoring program be established to investigate how these species are going over time. It is recommended the park purchases or borrows a number of remote cameras that can be located at sites which were used in the current survey. Additionally, the use of remote cameras can also be used to monitor numbers of introduced species, particularly the fox, feral cat and rusa deer. Such monitoring can guide decisions on when and where targeted control programs need to be undertaken. The use of remote cameras could also be used on Rangoon Island to determine the presence of rats bi-annually. The presence of rats on the island could have serious impacts on the ground nesting seabirds and the sooty oystercatchers which breed there. Early identification of rat presence would allow the development of a rat eradication program in collaboration with OEH. 38 6. Fauna of Killalea State Park A surprising array of fauna is present within Killalea due to the relatively healthy and diverse coastal habitats that occur there. It provides habitat and refuge for at least 235 native animal species. Although most parts of the park are in a stage of regeneration, each vegetation community from the freshwater wetlands surrounding Killalea Lagoon to the Littoral Rainforest on Minnamurra Spit provides resources and habitat for a different assemblage of species. 6.1 Birds Birds are a prominent feature of the park whether it is a chorus of kookaburras at the camping ground, a raven eyeing off a picnic basket or a kestrel hovering over the dunes. A total of 188 native bird species have been seen including 13 threatened species and 25 others which are listed under international migratory bird agreements (see Appendix 1 for a full list of species). Additionally, a variety of seabirds, including a number of threatened species occur close inshore but do not come ashore to rest or nest (see Section 8.2). The birds can broadly be grouped in to the areas that they are most frequently observed. Killalea Lagoon Killalea Lagoon provides habitat for a variety of ducks and other waterfowl as well as resting cormorants, skulking swamphens and perhaps even a black swan sitting on a nest. When the water level is low numbers of shorebirds visit the lagoon, such as the sharp-tailed and marsh sandpipers. At this time blackwinged stilts may nest on the edges. Some of the shier inhabitants include various crakes and rails or the rare Australasian bittern. In summer the reed warbler nests in banks of reeds around the lagoon. The wealth of birdlife also attracts various raptors such as the white-bellied sea-eagle, swamp harrier and Australian hobby. Purple swamphen (left); red-kneed dotterels (right). During drought years, significant numbers of waterbirds move coastwards as the inland swamps dry out. At such times birds that are rare in coastal areas may be seen, such as the freckled duck and red-kneed dotterel. Others not so uncommon in the region may build up in large numbers, such as the Australasian 39 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park shoveler and whiskered tern. Killalea Lagoon provides an important refuge for these birds at such times, particularly as other lagoons in the region have been filled in for development, are polluted due to urban and industrial run off and/or have uncontrolled access by dogs and all types of watercraft. Minnamurra River Estuary Birds The western margin of the park borders the Minnamurra River, a habitat that supports a diverse array of birds some of which only rarely if at all occur at Killalea Lagoon. Large numbers of gulls are commonly found on the exposed sand flats of the estuary. However, depending on the time of year, feeding spoonbills and egrets and perhaps even a striated heron may be found skulking amongst the mangroves. Perched on trees overhanging the river, cormorants, the Australasian darter, herons, ibis and perhaps an eastern osprey may be observed. Shoreline Birds The common bird of the shoreline in Killalea is not only the silver gull but also the Australian raven, searching the tideline, feeding on a washed up fish or pulling up partly buried seaweed in the search for sandhoppers. The rare and endangered Australian pied oystercatcher may be seen digging up pipis in the tideline (Section 3.1). A variety of other shorebirds may occur at times, especially as resting individuals on the sand spit at the river mouth. On the rocky shores where there are extensive intertidal reef platforms, the threatened sooty oystercatcher and regionally uncommon eastern reef egret may be spotted. Rainforest Birds The littoral and dry subtropical rainforests in the park support a range of birds which are far more often heard than seen, such as the distinctive call of the eastern whipbird. One of the most common birds is the brown gerygone (or warbler) whilst scattered about are the bowers of the satin bowerbird distinctively littered with a variety of blue objects. In the winter the shy bassian thrush or the more obvious spangled drongo may been seen. In the spring and summer a variety of cuckoos and other migrants such as the rufous fantail and black-faced monarch occur. An unexpected species in the current survey was a sighting of a noisy pitta in littoral rainforest on Minnamurra Spit. The park is right at the southern range limit of this rainforest bird. A pair of large-billed scrubwrens was observed feeding chicks downslope from Frasers picnic area, which had previously escaped the attention of bird watchers yet actually nests in the park. Noisy pitta (left); large-billed scrubwren (right). 40 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Drier Forest Birds The other forest types were typically alive with the sounds of new holland honeyeaters, wattlebirds and a myriad of other birds. At the forest margins bordering mown grass, fairy wrens and red-browed finches are often seen busily in search of food. In spring and summer, like the rainforest, a variety of cuckoos occur as well as the leaden flycatcher and rufous whistler. While in the winter the golden whistler is common in the forest patches. Other less common winter visitors include the rose robin and restless flycatcher. In spring and autumn,a variety of birds are typically absent from the park, such as the dusky woodswallow and tree martin as they move north and south. During periods of drought, unexpected inland birds may show up, such as the white-winged triller and white-browed woodswallow in the current survey. Grassland Birds Grassland here does not refer to the mown grass areas but are typically what is described as ‘wasteland’. These are areas vegetated by a variety of grasses, mostly introduced, as well as scattered shrubs of exotics such as blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), bitou bush and lantana. Birds which favour this habitat are becoming rare in the region as this habitat is fast disappearing or is heavily degraded. The rarest of all is the white-fronted chat which has not been reported in the park for over a decade (Section 3.1). Similarly, a small population of the brown quail, golden-headed cisticola and tawny grassbird persists in the park but could easily be eliminated. Raptors are also frequently seen in this habitat, particularly the blackshouldered kite and the threatened spotted harrier. Regenerating and Shrubby Weed Infested Areas Large sections of the park comprise formerly cleared habitat which is now regenerating and in many places is dominated by dense shrubby weed species such as lantana. Although perhaps unsightly, these areas support a large variety of birds, often a crossover between rainforest and more open forest type birds. Parkland Birds The mown grass and scattered remnant or planted trees provide habitat for a variety of birds. Many of these are characteristic of parklands across the region, such as the Australian magpie, magpie-lark, crested pigeon and the willie wagtail. However, close to the lagoon these open grass areas provide feeding and resting habitat for a variety of waterbirds, particularly the purple swamphen, black swan and various other waterfowl. Elsewhere the mown grass provides habitat for the Australian pipit, a declining bird in the region. Whilst in winter during the current survey on a number of occasions a little eagle was observed hunting rabbits on the margins. The planted trees, remnant figs and coast banksias provide habitat for a variety of birds, including the regionally uncommon red-rumped parrot and perhaps on occasions the endangered swift parrot. Night Birds In the current survey night birds were few and far between, with one boobook owl heard near the camping ground and feathers of a tawny frogmouth close to the northern boundary representing the only records. However, species such as the barking owl have been recorded closeby, whilst the eastern barn owl has occasionally been sighted in the park. Rangoon Island Rangoon Island supports a number of nesting seabirds, including the little penguin and short-tailed and wedge-tailed shearwaters. The exact nesting populations are unknown and will be difficult to determine due to the predominance of impenetrable stands of african boxthorn. Due in part to the absence of introduced rodents (as determined by remote cameras), it is possible that additional seabirds nest on the island, such as the white-faced storm-petrel. A pair of threatened sooty oystercatchers and a pair of 41 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park regionally uncommon eastern reef egrets also nest on the island. The nesting populations of this array of birds makes the island a rarity in the Illawarra region. Introduced Birds Widespread introduced birds present in most patches of bushland across the park are the red-whiskered bulbul and the common blackbird. The common starling was mostly seen along the shore, with a pair nesting on a south-facing sea cliff on Rangoon Island. The spotted turtle-dove was seen in coastal scrub on Minnamurra Spit and bracelet honey-myrtle tall shrubland adjacent to the northern edge of the park. Other introduced birds were mostly confined to the urban boundary of the park, such as the common myna and house sparrow. On the lagoon introduced waterfowl occasionally turn up such as the northern mallard and one occasion several Canada geese. Canada goose (left); red-whiskered bulbul (centre); northern mallard pair (right). 42 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 6.2 Mammals Eighteen native mammal species have been seen in the park (see Appendix 1); including three threatened species (see Section 3.2). Additionally, a number of marine species occur in close inshore waters (Section 8). Ground Dwellers Of the native mammals, visitors are most likely to see swamp wallabies or the distinctive diggings of the short-beaked echidna.. Most of the mammal species are present in low numbers, are nocturnal or are restricted to dense vegetation and so are difficult to spot. However, surprisingly the park supports a variety of native ground dwellers including the small brown antechinus and the native bush rat, primarily in the western parts of the park. Perhaps of the most interest due to its patchy distribution in the region is the long-nosed bandicoot which occurs across larger bushland patches in the park, including weedinfested areas. It is likely that this diversity of native mammals is at least partly as a result of the park’s connection to other contiguous bushland along the lower reaches of the Minnamurra River to the south and mostly weedy areas on Bass Point Quarry land and remnant bush in Bass Point Reserve. One surprise was the presence of a single eastern grey kangaroo. It is not known whether this individual had been released into the park or was a wide-ranging animal from elsewhere in the region that had taken up residence. Tree Dwellers Unlike the ground dwellers there are few native tree dwellers present in the park. This low diversity is in part due to the paucity of tree hollows, particularly away from the Minnamurra Spit area. The most frequently encountered species was the common ringtail possum which constructs its own nest (drey) out of sticks that very much resembles an untidy bird nest. A surprise occurrence in the park was that of the mountain brushtail possum. This species was found in a number of forest types, including in dry subtropical rainforest upslope of Killalea Lagoon where tree hollows are very few and far between. Here individuals either shelter in hollows in widely scattered large fig trees or perhaps use rabbit burrows. Smaller arboreal mammals may occur but have not yet been recorded such as the sugar glider. In the current survey pitfall traps and remote cameras (see Appendix 2) unsuccessfully targeted the eastern pygmy-possum. Common ringtail possum ‘drey’ (left); sugar glider, may be present in the park (right). 43 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Bats Ten bat species were located in the current survey comprising 56% of the total native mammals recorded in the park (see Appendix 1). The only threatened mammals found comprised three bat species (Section 3.2). However, despite this presence most park visitors including campers would be completely unaware of their presence. The three most commonly trapped insectivorous bats (little forest bat, lesser and Gould’s long-eared bats) during the survey do not require large tree hollows. Instead they use small tree hollows or cracks in trunks for roosting or shelter in alternative situations, such as under the peeling bark of swamp oaks. The other species all require large tree hollows explaining their lower capture rates in the park (6% of captures). Interestingly of the 148 bats caught (all species combined) the majority were pregnant females indicating a healthy breeding population of insectivorous bats is present. The most notable finding was the capture of the threatened southern myotis. This is a bat which uses its enlarged feet to rake the surface of water to catch insects and small fish. Two pregnant females were trapped at two widely separated locations (see Section 3.2). A number of insectivorous bats were recorded using ultrasonic detectors including the white-striped freetailed bat, the threatened eastern bentwing-bat and either the eastern false pipistrelle or greater broadnosed bat. The similarity in ultrasonic signals of these last two species can make identification difficult. The threatened eastern bentwing-bat tends to be wide ranging and due to the small number of ultrasonic signals is likely to roost outside the park. All the sea caves along the rocky shores of the park were checked unsuccessfully for cave-roosting bats. The eastern broad-nosed bat was identified from a single ultrasonic signal on the ecotone of mangrove forest, saltmarsh and swamp oak forest adjoining the Minnamurra River. The only fruit bat recorded in the park is the grey-headed flying-fox. No camps have been found. Instead it appears to be an irregular visitor, predominantly when key food resources are either in flower such as the coast banksia and forest red gum or in fruit such as figs and various other rainforest trees and shrubs. The two most common bats trapped in the park: little forest bat (left); lesser long-eared bat (right). Introduced Mammals Rabbits grazing on the edge of grassed areas and fox tracks were common and widespread across the park. Another widespread common species which is less obvious is the black rat, which at night is often seen running about on the branches of shrubs and low trees. 44 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Six species of introduced mammals have been seen in the park (see Appendix 1). Less common species scattered across the park included the house mouse. The rusa deer is mostly confined to the western margins of the park bordering saltmarsh and mangroves of the Minnamurra River but have been seen across much of the park. The only record of a feral dog was from a scat found on the edge of the rocky shoreline bordering the Bass Point Quarry. No feral cats were recorded during the current survey but it is likely that this species is present in small numbers across the park. Two cameras set for over three months amongst vegetation on the top of Rangoon Island failed to detect any introduced mammal species. The absence of such species, in particular the black rat is welcome news for seabirds nesting on the island. 45 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 6.3 Reptiles In total 12 native reptile species have been recorded from the park (see Appendix 1). The most common reptile is the eastern water-skink, often seen on the edge of rocky shorelines, in dunes and along walking tracks in the rainforest. It was the only reptile seen on Rangoon Island where it shelters in disused shearwater burrows. Other reptiles less frequently encountered are small garden skinks, comprising two species the dark-flecked garden sunskink which is found in most vegetated areas and the pale-flecked garden sunskink which is confined to drier habitats such as the margins of rocky shorelines and rocky areas in shrubland. Other occasionally encountered reptiles were the red-bellied black snake, particularly around Killalea Lagoon or sunny patches in the forest on Minnamurra Spit; the jacky lizard sometimes seen basking on rocks or fence posts; and the eastern blue-tongued lizard. Eastern snake-necked turtles can be found in Killalea Lagoon. Most of the other species appear to occur in low numbers (e.g. eastern brown snake); are nocturnal (e.g. eastern small-eyed snake); or are cryptic in behaviour (e.g. mainland she-oak skink) and therefore are rarely seen. All species are widespread in the Illawarra region, with no threatened reptiles recorded. Additionally, the yellow-bellied sea-snake may be occasionally found washed up in the tideline. One introduced reptile species, the corn snake has been found in the park. This is the result of individuals being dumped as it is illegal to keep this snake in the country due to the potential risk it poses to our own unique reptiles. It is likely that additional reptile species occur in the park. For example, during the survey an unconfirmed sighting of the common tree snake was made in a patch of lantana in littoral rainforest on Minnamurra Spit. This sighting requires confirmation as it is near the southern range limit of this species. Additionally, the common wall lizard has not yet been seen but occurs in nearby Shellharbour and there are rumours that the tiger snake occurs around Killalea Lagoon. However, despite extensive searching in the current survey their presence could not be confirmed. Eastern water-skink (left); tiger snake (right). 46 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 6.4 Frogs Seven frog species have been recorded (see Appendix 1), with the most important place for these animals being the margins of Killalea Lagoon. In the months between mid-autumn and mid-spring common eastern froglets and the Jervis Bay tree frog are most common. In the warmer months between early spring and autumn, Peron’s tree frog will call from branches of swamp oaks, shrubs or on reeds. Other frogs well represented ware the striped marsh frog and the eastern dwarf tree frog calling from reeds and other emergent vegetation. Formerly at this time of the year the green and golden bell frog could be heard, particularly after heavy rain. However, this threatened frog now appears to be extinct in the park and has similarly disappeared from most of its former haunts in the region (see Section 3.3). One frog which was often encountered away from the lagoon, such as in the trees around the camping ground and even in the amenities block is the bleating tree frog. This species shelters during the day in tree hollows, including in coast banksias and the introduced coral tree. No introduced frogs have been recorded within the park and all species other than the green and golden bell frog are common and widespread in the Illawarra region. Striped marsh frog (left); eastern dwarf tree frog (right). 47 7. Birds listed under International Migratory Bird Agreements Twenty-five species recorded within the park are listed in three bilateral migratory bird agreements in which the Australian Government is a signatory (Department of Environment 2015). These three agreements are: a) Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (J): 21 species (including two threatened bird species, see Section 3.1). b) China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (C): 22 species (including two threatened bird species, see Section 3.1). c) Republic of Korea-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (K): 17 species (including two threatened bird species, see Section 3.1). Two species are also listed as threatened species and are therefore not included in the current section; the sanderling and the little tern. Similar to the threatened species section, it does not include marine birds which are only likely to come ashore when sick or as beachcast specimens. 7.1 Raptors (one species) White-bellied Sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (C) Occurrence: Regular visitor to the coast as well as Killalea Lagoon. No known nests within the park, with the nearest nesting recorded at Dunmore adjacent to the Minnamurra River (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Regional Significance: Although the park does not currently provide nesting habitat it does support suitable foraging habitat which will become more important as nearby areas become more developed. Threats: Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities and residential development; entanglement with fishing line and other refuse items; and pollution of inshore waters, including indirect impacts on prey species. Management Considerations: As for the eastern osprey. Adult white-bellied sea-eagle. 48 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 7.2 Seabirds nesting on Rangoon Island (two species) Wedge-tailed Shearwater (J) and Short-tailed Shearwater (J, K). Occurrence: A nesting population of these two species is present on top of Rangoon Island. It is difficult to estimate breeding numbers due to the impenetrable nature of the african boxthorn on much of the island. Regional Significance: Apart from the Five Islands and Bowen Island this is the only offshore island in the Illawarra region supporting these nesting seabirds (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Threats: Disturbance by the public and mortality associated with nesting amongst african boxthorn and other weeds. Management Considerations: Nesting habitat of this species to be taken into consideration in the development of a weed management plan for Rangoon Island. Raft of short-tailed shearwaters off Rangoon Island (left); wedge-tailed shearwater ashore (right). 7.3 Migratory Shorebirds (ten species as well as the Sanderling) Common Sandpiper (C, J, K), Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (C, J, K), Red-necked Stint (C, J, K), Common Greenshank (C, J, K), Marsh Sandpiper (C, J, K), Wood Sandpiper (C, J, K), Ruddy Turnstone (C, J, K), Latham’s Snipe (C, J, K), Bar-tailed Godwit (C, J, K), Whimbrel (C, J, K) Occurrence: All species are rare visitors to the park occurring principally during the summer months. An exception is the Latham’s snipe with Killalea Lagoon known as an important area for this bird with a maximum of 12 individuals recorded in recent years (Chafer and Brandis 2012). In the current survey, it was not seen around Killalea Lagoon but a single individual was flushed from a small wetland behind the rocky shoreline just south of the Bass Point Reserve boundary. Other species recorded around Killalea Lagoon are the sharp-tailed sandpiper with up to 40 individuals seen, the r-necked stint, common greenshank, the marsh sandpiper with up to 10 individuals recorded, the wood sandpiper with one or two individuals seen most summers between 1995 and 2004, and the bar-tailed godwit with up to three individuals seen (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). The common sandpiper and whimbrel have occasionally been recorded along the edges of the Minnamurra River (Chafer and Brandis 2012; OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife records). In the current survey two ruddy turnstones were observed feeding on exposed reef on the edge of the sand spit at Minnamurra River mouth. All of these species nest in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere and migrate to Australia for the northern winter. Regional Significance: Killalea Lagoon is an important area for the Latham’s snipe in the region (Chafer and Brandis 2012). While all the other species are likely to be occasional to rare visitors. 49 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Threats: Disturbance by the public; alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities and residential development; entanglement with fishing line and other refuse items Sharp-tailed sandpiper (far left); bar-tailed godwit (centre left); red-necked stint (centre right); whimbrel (far right). Management Considerations: Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact on the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Encourage long-term regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon. Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Ruddy turnstones (left); Latham’s snipe (centre); marsh sandpiper (right). 7.4 Large Wading Birds (four species) Cattle Egret (C, J), Eastern Great Egret (C, J), Eastern Reef Egret (C) and Glossy Ibis (C). Occurrence: Three species occur as non-breeding visitors to the park, while the eastern reef egret has been recorded nesting on Rangoon Island (Chafer and Brandis 2012). The cattle egret primarily occurs in small numbers on the edge of Killalea Lagoon and in parkland and low grassy habitat in the winter months. While the eastern great egret occurs throughout the year, with the largest numbers also present in the winter months. It is mainly encountered as single individuals foraging on the edge of Killalea Lagoon, sand/mud flats in the Minnamurra River estuary and occasionally on grass areas. The eastern reef egret is restricted to rocky shoreline with well-developed intertidal reef platforms, particularly around Rangoon Island. Similar to elsewhere in the region, the glossy ibis is a rare visitor with a maximum of 20 seen at Killalea Lagoon in February 1980 (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Regional Significance: All species are widely recorded in the Illawarra, with the exception of the Glossy Ibis which is a rare visitor to the region (e.g. Chafer and Brandis 2012). 50 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Threats: Disturbance by the public and domestic dogs; alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities; entanglement with fishing line and other refuse items. Management Considerations: Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact on the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Encourage long-term regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon. Regular enforcement to reduce potential predation by dogs. Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Eastern great egret (top left); cattle egret (top centre); glossy ibis (top right); eastern reef egret (bottom). 51 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 7.5 Terns (four species as well as the threatened Little Tern) Crested Tern (J), Common Tern (C, J, K), Caspian Tern (C), White-winged Black Tern (C, J, K). Occurrence: All species occur as non-breeding visitors to the park with the crested, common and Caspian terns regularly seen resting along the shoreline, particularly on the sand spit at the Minnamurra River mouth and on the reef platform at Rangoon Island. The crested tern is a common species in the inshore waters off the park, with the nearest nesting colony at the Five Islands. While the common tern is a summer migrant which nests in the northern hemisphere. It is seen in small numbers fishing over inshore waters; often with the former species. The Caspian tern occurs irregularly in small numbers, especially in the winter months. It is primarily seen around the Minnamurra River estuary and Killalea Lagoon with up to 10 individuals recorded (Chafer and Brandis 2012). In contrast the white-winged black tern is a scarce visitor to the Illawarra/Shoalhaven region, with the only records from the park being of one at Killalea Lagoon in January 1995 and 1999 (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Regional Significance: All species, with the exception of the white-winged black tern, are widely recorded in the Illawarra region (e.g. Chafer and Brandis 2012). Threats: Disturbance of roosting birds by the public and domestic dogs; entanglement with fishing line and other refuse items Management Considerations: Regular enforcement to reduce potential predation by dogs. Park staff to clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Crested tern (left and centre birds and common tern (right bird) roosting at Minnamurra River estuary (top left); Caspian terns roosting (top right); white-winged black tern (bottom). 52 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 7.6 Swifts (two species) White-throated Needletail (C, J, K) and Fork-tailed Swift (C, J, K) Occurrence: The white-throated needletail is regularly observed foraging over the park often ahead of storms or cold fronts in the summer and early autumn months. During the same months the fork-tailed Swift can occasionally be seen in groups or intermingled amongst flocks of needletails, with 50+ observed over Killalea Lagoon in April 1986 (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Both species forage above all vegetation communities occurring within the park including over the beaches and the sea. Regional Significance: Both species occur throughout the region feeding over a wide variety of habitats Threats: Nil. Management Considerations: Nil White-throated needletail (left); large mass of needletails preceding a storm (right). 7.7 Marine Birds listed under International Migratory Bird Agreements The following marine species which are listed under international migratory bird agreements were seen in waters off the park during the current survey or are regularly seen off the Illawarra Coast: Shearwaters (two species; in addition to the Wedge-tailed, Short-tailed and Flesh-footed Shearwaters, see Sections 8.2) The streaked (C, J, K) and sooty shearwaters (C, J) may occasionally be seen flying over inshore waters with the former species occurring during the summer/early autumn months. Jaegers or Skuas (two species) The pomarine (C, J) and Arctic jaegers (J, K) are regularly seen off the shoreline and occasionally flying along the coast or resting on beaches between October and April. Arctic jaeger harassing a crested tern (lower bird) for food. 53 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 8. Marine Fauna This report does not deal in detail with marine vertebrate species (excluding fish) which do not nest on Rangoon Island or regularly rest along the shoreline. However, a brief summary of marine species occurring is presented in this section. 8.1 Seasonal Occurrence Many marine species are highly seasonal in occurrence. A summary of what may be encountered along the shoreline or just off the coast is presented in this section. This summary is drawn from observations elsewhere along the Illawarra coast and Royal National Park. Summer Off the Coast: Peak time for three jaeger (also known as skuas) species which are often seen harassing shearwaters, terns and gulls, forcing them to drop food they have recently caught. Large rafts of shearwaters of various species may be present. Occasional little terns may be observed fishing just beyond the waves. Rarely seen species may occur particularly in late summer following intense low pressure systems in the Coral Sea, such as Buller’s shearwater and the sooty tern. Sea turtles may be present; particularly the green turtle when warm pulses of the East Australian Current are close inshore Ashore: The short-tailed and fluttering shearwaters are commonly washed ashore. Watch out for unusual tropical species which may be washed up after cyclonic activity in the Coral Sea or intense East Coast lows lying off the coast, such as tropicbirds and the blackwinged petrel. Fluttering shearwater (left); black-winged petrel (right). Autumn 54 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Off the Coast: Large rafts of shearwaters of various species present. Various seabirds depart during this period, including various shearwaters and jaegers. The white-fronted tern arrives in small numbers from its breeding grounds in New Zealand and Bass Strait. Rarely seen species may occur, such as the streaked shearwater and sooty tern. Humpback whales start migrating northwards, primarily from early May onwards. Most likely time of the year to see turtles close inshore, particularly the green turtle when warmer waters of the East Australian Current are prevalent. Ashore: The short-tailed and fluttering Shearwaters are commonly washed ashore. Wedge-tailed shearwaters fledging from Rangoon Island may be washed ashore or be present on the beaches in a weakened state. Watch out for unusual tropical species which may be washed up after cyclonic activity in the Coral Sea or intense East Coast lows lying off the coast, such as tropicbirds and the blackwinged petrel. Albatrosses become more common as the season passes, with the yellow-nosed albatross being well represented in April and May. The most likely time of the year for sea turtles to be washed ashore. Streaked shearwater (left); wedge-tailed shearwater (right). Winter Off the Coast: Albatrosses frequently seen close inshore, especially the black-browed, shy and yellow-nosed albatross. Single all dark giant-petrels of two species (the northern and southern giant-petrels) may be seen flying past. The ‘yapping’ call of the little penguin is commonly heard. Some years various prion species and the providence petrel may be seen. Large rafts of fluttering shearwaters are common. The Australasian gannet may be present in hundreds. The brown skua can at times be seen harassing terns and gulls, forcing them to drop food. 55 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Small groups of white-fronted terns may be seen fishing close inshore. Australia’s largest tern, the Caspian tern, is present in ones or twos either resting on the beach or fishing close inshore. The best time to see the southern right whale close inshore. The peak time for the northward migration of the humpback whale. Ashore: In some years large numbers of prions, including various species which only nest in the subantarctic may be washed ashore (e.g. Salvin’s, Antarctic and slender-billed prions). Other more sub-antarctic species may be washed ashore such as the southern fulmar, Cape and blue petrels. In some years single leopard seals may come ashore in a weakened state. Check any fur-seals ashore for the rarer Sub-antarctic fur-seal which occasionally turns up along the coast of NSW. Leopard seal (left); brown skua (right). Spring Off the Coast: Best time of the year to see the wandering albatross close inshore. Large rafts of fluttering shearwaters are common. Winter visitors become rarer as the season progresses with these birds heading back to their breeding grounds, such as albatross, giant-petrels, prions and the white-fronted tern. The short-tailed and wedge-tailed shearwaters return from their migration to the northern hemisphere with huge rafts sometimes present just beyond the breaking waves. Other summer migrants return, such as flesh-footed shearwater, jaegers and the common tern. Humpback whales heading south; frequently seen breaching calves with mothers in attendance. Ashore: Huge wrecks of the short-tailed shearwater may occur, with thousands of individuals washed ashore dead and some present on the beaches in a weakened state. Occasional returning white-faced storm-petrels may wash ashore. 56 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Common terns resting amongst silver gulls (left); humpback whale (right). All Year Round Off the Coast: The dog-like ‘yapping’ of the little penguin may be heard at any time. Four species of cormorants and the crested tern can commonly be observed fishing just offshore. Bottle-nosed and common dolphins travelling or searching for fish off the shoreline. Australian and New Zealand fur-seals may be seen lolling about just off the shore. Ashore: At any time something unexpected may ashore. For example, the Illawarra region has had the only confirmed South Georgian diving-petrel (Bellambi; December 1958) washed ashore in the country; the first Australian record of the Westland petrel (Corrimal; January 1956); and the second Australian record of the Cook’s petrel (Port Kembla; January 1967). Some common species may be occasionally washed ashore at any time such as the fluttering shearwater, cormorants and the crested tern. The Australian and New Zealand fur-seals may occasionally haul out to rest or be washed ashore. Whales and dolphins of various species may wash occasionally ashore at any time of the year. The yellow-bellied sea snake is likely to be found beach cast in the tideline at the same time as thousands of Portuguese man o’ war and/or by-the wind-sailors are washed ashore in the tideline. In the current survey one individual was found live of the tideline on Mystics Beach in early November. Bull Sub-antarctic fur-seal (left); yellow-bellied sea-snake (right). 57 8.2 Threatened Marine Species The following marine threatened species which are listed under the TSC Act 1995 and/or the EPBC Act 1999 were seen in waters off the park during the current survey or are regularly seen in inshore waters of the Illawarra Coast and are likely to occur. Seabirds Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans (Endangered TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – Uncommon and sightings declining; most likely of the Gibson’s albatross subspecies (Diomedea exulans gibsoni). Not seen during the current survey but single individuals most likely to be seen between May and November. Shy albatross Thalassarche cauta (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – Seen in small numbers during the current survey; most likely to be seen between April and December. Black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – The most frequently observed albatross during the current survey; most likely to be seen between and December. Black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – The most frequently observed albatross during the current survey; most likely to be seen between and December. Yellow-nosed albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – Regularly observed close inshore during the winter visits during the current survey; most likely to be seen between April and September. Southern giant-petrel Macronectes giganteus (Endangered TSC Act 1995; Endangered EPBC Act 1999) – One individual and several unidentified giant-petrels observed during the current survey. Occasional juveniles observed close inshore, mostly in winter and early spring. The immature birds are very difficult to separate from the other giant-petrel species. Northern giant-petrel Macronectes halli (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – As for the preceding species. 58 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Flesh-footed shearwater Ardenna carneipes (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – Occasional individuals are likely to be seen amongst other all-dark shearwaters; mostly between September and April. Sooty tern Onychoprion fuscata (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – Occasional individuals including single young birds accompanied by an adult may be seen flying over the coast or inshore waters in late summer or as beachcast specimens. Marine Mammals Southern right whale Eubalaena australis (Endangered TSC Act 1995; Endangered EPBC Act 1999) – May occasionally be observed close inshore just beyond the breakers during the winter months, particularly July and August. Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – Regularly observed close inshore in both the winter and spring visits of the current survey; most likely to be seen between May and November when migrating past this section of coastline. New Zealand fur-seal Arctocephalus forsteri (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995) – Regularly observed along the Illawarra/Shoalhaven coastline. 59 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Australian fur-seal Arctocephalus pusillus (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995) – Several individuals observed close inshore in both the winter and spring visits in the current survey. Marine Reptiles Green turtle Chelonia mydas (Vulnerable TSC Act 1995; Vulnerable EPBC Act 1999) – May occasionally be observed close inshore or be washed ashore; principally between late summer and early winter. 60 9. Fauna Habitats of Killalea State Park This section summarises the wildlife values of specific sections of the park as well as all vegetation communities which cover more than 1ha in area: 9.1 Killalea Lagoon This section of the park includes not only the open water of the lagoon but also fringing vegetation including sedge/reedlands and swamp oak forest. Wildlife Values One of the only remaining freshwater lagoons in the Illawarra region. Serves as an important drought refuge for waterbird species moving coastwards during dry inland conditions. Provides habitat for a number of visiting threatened species, including the Australasian bittern, blue-billed duck, freckled duck and spotted harrier. Possibly still provides habitat for the currently considered locally extinct Shellharbour population of the green and golden bell frog. Provides feeding habitat for the threatened southern myotis, Australia’s only “fishing” bat. Formerly provided habitat for the white-fronted chat which is now thought extinct locally. One of the few regular haunts of the musk duck in the Illawarra region, with this species potentially nesting in the area. The only documented nesting area of the hardhead in the region. Provides habitat for a number of migratory shorebirds and other waterbird species listed under international migratory bird agreements (refer to Section 9). Provides habitat for a number of waterbirds which are uncommon and patchily distributed in the Illawarra region, such as Baillon’s and spotless crakes, Latham’s snipe, whiskered tern and little grassbird. Some of the largest recorded numbers of Latham’s snipe in the Illawarra/Shoalhaven region have been from this locality, with up to 12 individuals observed (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Provides habitat for a large array of more regionally widespread waterbird species, including a number of species which nest in the area, such as the black swan, Pacific black duck, Australasian grebe and purple swamphen. Supports a large population of the Eurasian coot, with a maximum count of 400 individuals (Chafer and Brandis 2012). Prime habitat within the park for at least five species of frogs with the Jervis Bay tree frog not located elsewhere during the current survey. A population of the eastern long-necked turtle is present. 61 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Provides a moulting refuge for the black swan; one of the few in the Illawarra region. An important roosting area for a variety of cormorants, the Australasian darter and large wading birds, such as egrets; particularly in swamp oaks fringing the north-western margin of the lagoon and protruding fence posts within the lagoon. The cormorants primarily forage off the park’s shoreline. Male musk duck (left); black swan and cygnet (right). Threats to Fauna Management Actions Alteration in the hydrological characteristics of Killalea Lagoon due to adjacent quarry activities and residential development. Liaise with Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group and relevant authorities to ensure that quarrying below sea level in the nearby Bass Point Quarry will not impact on the hydrological regimes of Killalea Lagoon. Alteration in current usage of the lagoon by park visitors to include using watercraft such as kayak and canoes. Maintain the current level of public usage to no watercraft usage on the lagoon. Fox predation, especially of nesting waterbirds and ground-frequenting birds on the margins Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. Weed invasion, particularly of the spiny rush. Control any outbreaks of spiny rush reported. How Can You Help? Encourage the reporting of any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. Encourage long-term regular monitoring of waterbirds present on Killalea Lagoon. Enter all sightings of the Australasian bittern into Birdlife Australia’s nationwide Australasian bittern project (http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/our-projects/bittern-survey.html). 62 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.2 Rangoon Island (also known as Stack Islet) Wildlife Values One of the only islands in the Illawarra region supporting nesting seabirds. Nesting habitat for the sooty oystercatcher; one of the few nesting sites in the Illawarra region. Nesting habitat for the little penguin as well as both the short-tailed and wedge-tailed shearwaters; with only limited breeding sites in the State of all three species. Important alternate roost for a variety of cormorants and terns during peak visitor times. The eastern reef egret has been recorded nesting here and forages on the extensive intertidal rock platforms surrounding the island. This is an uncommon species in the Illawarra region. The white-faced storm-petrel may potentially nest on the island. The eastern water skink is plentiful on the island. Two remote cameras set on the island for a three-month period failed to detect any introduced rodents on the island. Little penguin (left); white-faced storm-petrel (right). Threats to Fauna Management Actions Heavy infestation of weeds, especially the african boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum). Liaise with OEH to prepare a weed management plan which will not adversely impact on nesting seabirds. Alteration in current usage of the island. Maintain the current level of public usage to avoid adverse impacts on the nesting of the sooty oystercatcher and seabird species. Monitor to determine whether introduced rats are present. Undertake bi-annual monitoring using camera traps to determine if rats are present. If found to be present, in liaison with OEH undertake a rat eradication program. 63 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park How Can You Help? Encourage members of SOSSA or other members of the public with seabird knowledge to sporadically visit the island to assess nesting seabirds and the presence of other birds and fauna. 64 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.3 Sandy Beaches and Backing Beach Spinifex Grassland & Coastal Scrub Wildlife Values Resident pair of endangered Australian pied oystercatchers which nests in the Minnamurra Spit area; one of the few nesting locations in the Illawarra region. Also two separate Australian pied oystercatchers were seen on The Farm Beach in the early midNovember visit. Suitable nesting habitat is present on this beach. The endangered little tern formerly nested on the sand spit at the Minnamurra River mouth. Potential nesting of the red-capped plover which only breeds in a few locations in the Illawarra. The only record of the threatened shorebird, the sanderling, was on the sand spit at the Minnamurra River mouth. Various species of cormorants and terns (including the endangered little tern), as well as the endangered Australian pied oystercatcher and double-banded plover roost on the sand bar at the Minnamurra River estuary. The threatened eastern osprey has been seen roosting in trees bordering the estuary or feeding over the shallows of the Minnamurra River. A variety of waterbirds feed at low tide on the sandflats and shallows along the Minnamurra River bordering the spit, including various cormorant and egret species, the Australasian darter, royal spoonbill, nankeen night heron, Australian white ibis and chestnut teal. The threatened spotted harrier was observed searching low over the primary dune on the north end of Mystics Beach. The threatened southern myotis is likely to forage over still waters of the Minnamurra River estuary and associated tidal pools and creeks. Fox tracks on The Farm Beach (left); red-capped plover on nest (right). 65 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Minnamurra River mouth and estuary. Mystics Beach Threats to Fauna Management Actions High levels of public usage, particularly at the sand bar at the entrance to the Minnamurra River estuary. In the spring search for potential nests of the threatened Little Tern and Australian pied oystercatcher as well as the locally uncommon red-capped plover along all beaches and temporarily fence off following the advice from the OEH coordinator of the Shorebird Recovery Program. Fox predation, especially of ground-nesting birds, such as the Australian pied oystercatcher. Conduct a fox control program. Driving on the beach. Restrict vehicles on the beach to driving below the high tide mark to avoid the possibility of running over shorebird nests or chicks. Large Australian Ravens numbers. Consider a management program to reduce numbers in the Minnamurra Spit area between August and December. Weeds in the primary dunes. Undertake weed control of invasive species such as sea spurge which may negatively impact on nesting shorebirds. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. Loss of water quality and biodiversity of sandflats along the Minnamurra River estuary. Liaise with relevant authorities. How Can You Help? Park staff or alternatively encourage volunteers to participate in OEH searches during spring for nesting shorebirds, in particular the Australian pied oystercatcher, as part of the Shorebird Recovery Program to maximise the possibility of successful nesting of these birds in the park. Record any shorebirds and other wildlife encountered along beaches during patrols throughout the year to increase the knowledge of which species regularly occur. Where identification is uncertain park staff to take photos and send these to a local expert for identification. 66 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.4 Rocky Shores and Backing Coast Rosemary Shrubland, Swamps & Seepages Wildlife Values Feeding habitat of the threatened sooty oystercatcher, especially where there are extensive exposed reef platforms at low tide, such as east of The Farm Beach. Foraging habitat for the eastern reef egret, an uncommon species in the Illawarra region. Potential for the cave-dwelling threatened eastern bentwing-bat to roost in sea caves, especially between The Farm and Mystics Beaches. The threatened eastern osprey may forage along this shoreline. Occasional haul-outs of the threatened Australian and New Zealand fur-seals. Swamps and seepages backing the rocky shoreline may provide potential habitat for the probably locally extinct Shellharbour population of the green and golden bell frog (although none found during the current survey), as well as the locally declining Latham’s snipe. A variety of waterbirds roost in places along this shoreline, particularly when the beach areas have a high level of public usage, including various cormorants and the white-bellied sea-eagle. The threatened spotted harrier has been observed searching for food low over coastal scrub. The short-beaked echidna occurs in coast rosemary scrub east of The Farm Beach. The eastern small-eyed snake was found on the edge of the rocky shoreline and coast rosemary scrub close to the eastern edge of the park. Provides habitat for the ground-dwelling Australian pipit, which is declining in the Illawarra region. Opportunity to view seabirds and marine mammals close inshore, particularly east of The Farm Beach. Species readily seen include various albatross and shearwater species, fur seals, the bottle-nosed dolphin and humpback whale (see Appendix 2). Adult white-bellied sea-eagle (left); pair of sooty oystercatchers (right). 67 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Shore east of The Farm Beach to Bass Point Reserve Headland south of The Farm Beach Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation in backing shrubland, particularly bitou bush and lantana. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation, especially of the short-beaked echidna and ground-nesting birds, such as the Australian pipit. Conduct a fox control program. Control rabbit numbers in backing shrubland. Conduct a Rabbit control program simultaneously with the fox control program. Park staff to visit popular rock fishing haunts and clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Follow OEH guidelines for seal haul-outs and avoid publicising the presence of such animals. Discarded fishing line resulting in entanglements. Disturbance of hauled-out seals Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. How Can You Help? Encourage the reporting of any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. Report all seal haul-outs. 68 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.5 Littoral Rainforest & Bangalay Sand Forest on Minnamurra Spit Wildlife Values A single noisy pitta and two bassian thrushes were seen in July in a section of littoral rainforest where the weeds (especially asparagus fern) had been removed from the forest floor by bush regeneration. The former species is a very rare visitor to the Illawarra region and at the southern edge of its range while the latter is likely to be a regular winter visitor occurring in small numbers. Other birds primarily recorded in this habitat within the park during the winter months were the white-throated treecreeper and yellow-faced honeyeater. These species were not seen during the spring surveys. Two birds were only recorded in this habitat within the park in the spring months: the dollarbird and figbird. The endangered swift parrot has been recorded from the Minnamurra Spit. The only location one reptile species was encountered in the park during the current survey; the barred-sided skink. One of the only locations two small native mammals were found during the current survey; the brown antechinus and bush rat. An unconfirmed sighting of the common tree snake was made in this habitat; a species which is very rare in the Illawarra lowlands. White-throated treecreeper (left); common tree snake (right). 69 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Minnamurra Spit. Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. How Can You Help? Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any small snakes and other reptiles come across during works as it is likely that a number of additional species occur, such as the golden-crowned snake which is common in similar habitats elsewhere in the Illawarra region. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any rainforest pigeons encountered since it is possible that a number of these birds may occasionally occur within this habitat in the park. For example the wompoo fruit-dove was first known to science from a shot individual at closeby Red Point near Port Kembla in 1804 while the rose-crowned fruit-dove and brown cuckoo-dove are irregularly observed in rainforest at nearby Bass Point. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. 70 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.6 Dry Subtropical Rainforest Wildlife Values Habitat of the mountain brushtail possum such as downslope of Fraser’s picnic area. This species is uncommon on the coastal plain in the Illawarra region. The threatened grey-headed flying-fox was observed foraging while the threatened southern myotis may roost in tree holes of large fig trees within this habitat. The only record of the large forest bat was on the ecotone of dry subtropical rainforest and bracelet honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris) shrubland upslope of Killalea Lagoon. Two birds were only recorded in this habitat within the park in the spring months: the large-billed scrubwren and rufous fantail, while scarlet honeyeater was only seen in this habitat in the July winter visit. The yellow-bellied three-toed skink was only found in this habitat as well as littoral rainforest on Minnamurra Spit. Yellow-bellied three-toed skink (left); male rose-crowned fruit-dove (right). Examples Downslope of Frasers Picnic Area Adjacent to Federation Walking Track north west of Killalea Lagoon 71 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. How Can You Help? Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any small snakes and other reptiles come across during works as it is likely that a number of additional species occur, such as the golden-crowned snake which is common in similar habitats elsewhere in the Illawarra region. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any rainforest pigeons encountered since it is possible that a number of these birds may occasionally occur within this habitat in the park,. For example the wompoo fruit-dove was first known to science from a shot individual at closeby Red Point near Port Kembla in 1804 while the rose-crowned fruit-dove and brown cuckoo-dove are irregularly observed in rainforest at nearby Bass Point. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. 72 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.7 Bracelet Honey-Myrtle – Australian Indigo Dry Shrubland Wildlife Values Three pregnant female threatened southern myotis were captured in this habitat during the current survey; probably travelling between a roost and Killalea Lagoon. Supports the most diverse reptile community in the park, including the pale-flecked garden sunskink, jacky lizard, eastern brown snake and the eastern small-eyed snake which were uncommon elsewhere. The only record of the large forest bat was on the ecotone of bracelet honey-myrtle shrubland and dry subtropical rainforest upslope of Killalea Lagoon. One bird was only recorded in this habitat within the park in the July visit; the tawny frogmouth while the olive-backed oriole was only recorded in this habitat in October. Additionally, the Horsfield’s bronze-cuckoo was seen in two habitats in spring, including the current habitat. Pale-flecked garden sunskink (left); large forest bat (right). Examples Far north-western boundary of the park Downslope of the ranger’s residence near the park entrance 73 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. How Can You Help? Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any reptiles come across during works as it is likely that a number of additional species occur, such as the Lesueur’s velvet gecko. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. 74 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.8 Forest Red Gum Shrubby Open Forest Wildlife Values Only a small patch occurs within the park so it does not have a distinctive fauna component. The highest density of the common ringtail possum was recorded in this forest. Habitat for the long-nosed bandicoot, mountain brushtail possum and short-beaked echidna. High numbers of a number of bird species were seen here, such as the bar-shouldered dove, redbrowed finch and black-faced monarch. Common ringtail possums (left); bar-shouldered dove (right). Examples Halfway along management trail from camping ground to Minnamurra Spit Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. How Can You Help? Consider erecting bat boxes (following a design recommended by the Australasian Bat Society) since there are few hollows present in the forest red gums. 75 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.9 Swamp Oak and Swamp Paperbark Forest including planted areas Wildlife Values The threatened southern myotis was captured in a harp trap set over a tidal channel bordered by swamp oak forest on the far western border of the park. This bat is rare in the Illawarra region and is likelyto forage over still waters of the Minnamurra River estuary and associated tidal pools and creeks. The only record of the chocolate wattled bat was from a tidal channel bordered by swamp oak forest on the far western border of the park. While the only trapped Gould’s wattled bat in the current survey was on the ecotone of saltmarsh and swamp oak forest at the base of Minnamurra Spit. One of the only habitats two small native mammals were found during the current survey; the brown antechinus and bush rat. These were trapped in the same site as the bats detailed above. The only sighting of the buff-banded rail in the park in the current survey was from swamp oak forest with a sedgeland understorey. While this habitat was only one of two habitats the leaden flycatcher was encountered in during the current survey. One of the only records of the rose robin was made in swamp oak forest bordering mangroves adjacent to the Minnamurra River estuary in the July visit. A range of bird species were recorded from planted swamp oak forest, such as along the northern boundary of the park. These included the fan-tailed cuckoo, brown gerygone, yellow thornbill, black-faced monarch, eastern yellow robin and mistletoebird. Chocolate wattled bat (left); buff-banded rail (right). 76 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples On the estuary side of Minnamurra Spit Extensive plantings on the northern boundary of the park Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. Rusa deer impacts. Conduct a rusa deer control program, concentrating on the western edge of the park. How Can You Help? Consider erecting bat boxes (following a design recommended by the Australasian Bat Society) since there are few hollows present in the swamp oaks, particularly in the planted areas. Encourage the reporting of any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. Keep an eye-out in this habitat where it borders waterbodies for the threatened black bittern which has been recorded further upstream along the Minnamurra River. 77 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.10 Coast Banksia – Coast Tea-tree Moist Forest Wildlife Values Important foraging habitat for the grey-headed flying-fox when the coast banksias are in flower. Both the grey goshawk and white-bellied sea-eagle were observed perched on several vantage points within this habitat on the north end of Mystics Beach. Flowering coast banksias provide potential foraging habitat for the endangered swift parrot during the winter months. The main feeding habitat for a number of birds, such as the yellow-tailed black-cockatoo, rainbow lorikeet, little wattlebird and new holland honeyeater. New holland honeyeater (left); grey phase grey goshawk (right). Examples Slope above the north end of Mystics Beach Parts of headland south of The Farm Beach Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures. Rusa deer impacts. Conduct a rusa deer control program, concentrating on the western edge of the park. 78 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.11 Wattle Regrowth, Coral Tree/Pine Tree Stands & Weedy Shrubland Wildlife Values The threatened spotted harrier and little eagle were observed hunting for food over low lantana/bitou bush dominated scrub on a number of occasions during the current survey. Dense shrubland provided nesting habitat of the eastern snake-necked turtle upslope of Killalea Lagoon. The only record of the eastern grey kangaroo was from a gap in lantana/bitou bush dominated shrubland on the slope east of Killalea Lagoon. The only record of the locally rare restless flycatcher was from a clump of coral trees midway along the management trail to Minnamurra Spit from the camping ground. The only record of the southern boobook was from pine trees downslope of the camping ground in the July visit. These trees also supported only one of two white-throated treecreepers seen and was one of only three locations in which the rose robin was recorded during the same visit. The only record of the large-billed scrubwren was from the ecotone of dense african olive/lantana scrub and dry subtropical rainforest downslope of Frasers Picnic Area. A pair of brown goshawks was nesting in a grove of pine trees downslope from the camping area. These pine trees also provided foraging habitat for the yellow-tailed black-cockatoo. A number of bird species were well represented in this habitat, including the bar-shouldered dove, satin bowerbird, yellow thornbill, eastern whipbird, silvereye and red-browed finch. Southern boobook (left); restless flycatcher (right). 79 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Along management trail to Minnamurra Spit from the camping ground Downslope of Frasers Picnic Area Threats to Fauna Management Actions Weed infestation. Continue and extend weed control program. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. Rusa deer impacts. Conduct a rusa deer control program, concentrating on the western edge of the park. How Can You Help? Do not remove coral trees and pine trees until alternate hollows are provided either in the form of nest/bat boxes or eucalypts of a sufficient age to support hollows. Encourage the reporting of any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any small snakes and other reptiles come across during works as it is likely that a number of additional species occur, such as the golden-crowned snake which is common in similar habitats elsewhere in the Illawarra region. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. Bush regenerators, park workers and park visitors to take photos of any rainforest pigeons encountered since it is possible that a number of these birds may occasionally occur within this habitat in the park. For example the wompoo fruit-dove was first known to science from a shot individual at closeby Red Point near Port Kembla in 1804 while the rose-crowned fruit-dove and brown cuckoo-dove are irregularly observed in rainforest at nearby Bass Point. Any photos taken to be sent to a local expert for identification. 80 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.12 Rank Introduced Grassland with patches of low introduced shrubs Wildlife Values The threatened spotted harrier and little eagle were observed hunting for food over rank grassland on a number of occasions during the current survey. The only record of the mainland she-oak skink was from the edge of basalt rock face fringed by dense grassland east of The Farm Beach. This species is uncommon and patchily distributed in the Illawarra region. A number of birds were only recorded in this habitat within the park; brown quail, golden-headed cisticola and tawny grassbird. All of these species are uncommon and declining in the Illawarra region and the last bird is close to its southern range limit. Formerly provided habitat for the white-fronted chat which is now virtually extinct in the local region. A roost of the black-shouldered kite in a lone swamp oak was located in this habitat. The only prey item identified in 32 pellets collected was the introduced house mouse. Other raptors also were observed over this habitat included the swamp harrier, Australian hobby and nankeen kestrel. Dense grassland provided nesting habitat of the eastern snake-necked turtle upslope of Killalea Lagoon. Brown quail (left); golden-headed cisticola (right). 81 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Lower slopes north of Killalea Lagoon Upslope of rocky shoreline at the eastern edge of the park Threats to Fauna Management Actions Not being considered as a habitat in its own right. Park managers need to consider this habitat when considering developments and weed management as loss of prime examples of this habitat is likely to result in the loss of a number of species from the park, such as the tawny grassbird. Weed infestation. When undertaking weed control programs in this habitat consider the potential impacts of such works on the unique fauna. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program as most of the key bird species present are ground- or low shrub nesting species. Feral cat predation. Undertake feral cat control measures, where sightings of this species are made. How Can You Help? Do not eliminate this habitat without alternative habitat being provided. Encourage the reporting of any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. 82 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.13 Mown Grass areas and Planted Trees Wildlife Values The threatened spotted harrier and little eagle were observed hunting for food over the edge of this habitat on a number of occasions during the current survey. The majority of records of the grey-headed flying-fox were from planted or remnant trees in parkland landscapes, such as around Frasers Picnic Area and the camping ground. A number of birds were only recorded in this habitat within the park; the eastern koel, striated pardalote, white-winged triller, dusky woodswallow, leaden flycatcher and tree martin. All these species (except the striated pardalote) were on passage through the park during the early October survey period. While other bird species were principally recorded in this habitat, including the cattle egret, masked lapwing, galah, Australian magpie and the magpie-lark. All these birds are common and widespread in the Illawarra region. The Australian pipit, an uncommon species in the Illawarra region, was seen in the extensive mown grass area north-east of the park entrance. One of the only habitats the bleating tree frog was heard calling from was remnant and planted trees plus buildings in the camping ground area. The masked lapwing nests on mown grass areas such as near the park entrance. Some waterbirds feed on the mown grass areas bordering Killalea Lagoon, such as the Eurasian coot, purple swamphen, Pacific black duck and black swan. Juvenile dusky woodswallow (left); tree martins (right). 83 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Around Frasers Picnic Area Camp ground Threats to Fauna Management Actions Loss of remnant trees. The loss of remnant trees, in particularly figs and coast banksia may result in a loss of feeding habitat for such species as the grey-headed flying-fox. Mowing. Take precautions when mowing not to run over the nests of ground-nesting birds, such as the masked lapwing and Australian pipit. How Can You Help? Report any unusual birds, as they may be new species for the park, together with accompanying photos. 84 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park 9.14 Saltmarsh, Mangroves and Backing Sedgelands Much of this habitat is situated outside the park along the Minnamurra River estuary but has been included as most species which occur in this habitat would also range into the park. Wildlife Values The threatened southern myotis was captured in a harp trap set over a tidal channel bordered by swamp oak forest on the far western border of the park. This bat is rare in the Illawarra region and is likely to forage over still waters of the Minnamurra River estuary and associated tidal pools and creeks. The only record of the chocolate wattled bat was from a tidal channel bordered by swamp oak forest on the far western border of the park. While the only trapped Gould’s wattled bat in the current survey was on the ecotone of saltmarsh and swamp oak forest at the base of Minnamurra Spit. The little egret was only recorded in this habitat during the current survey. Formerly provided habitat for the white-fronted chat which is now virtually extinct in the local region. The whimbrel, a shorebird listed under international migratory bird agreements, has been observed in this habitat. The threatened eastern osprey has been seen roosting in mangrove trees bordering the estuary or feeding over the shallows of the Minnamurra River. Gould’s wattled bat (left); little egret (right). 85 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Examples Base of Minnamurra Spit. Threats to Fauna Management Actions Loss of water quality and siltation along the Minnamurra River estuary. Liaise with relevant authorities. Loss of saltmarsh. The mangroves are currently invading the saltmarsh area, similar to what is occurring elsewhere along the NSW coast. Consider undertaking a program to remove mangrove seedlings from saltmarsh areas. Fox predation. Conduct a fox control program as most of the key bird species present are ground- or low shrub nesting species. Rusa deer impacts. Conduct a rusa deer control program, concentrating on the western edge of the park. Weed invasion, particularly of the Spiny Rush. Control any outbreaks of spiny rush reported. Park staff to visit popular rock fishing haunts and clean up all discarded fishing line and hooks encountered during regular patrols. Discarded fishing line resulting in entanglements. How Can You Help? Encourage the reporting of any potential sightings of the green and golden bell frog, together with accompanying photos. 86 10. References Bamford, M., Watkins, D., Bancroft, W., Tischler, G. and Wahl, J. (2008). Migratory shorebirds of the East Asian – Australasian Flyway: population estimates and internationally important sites. Wetlands International, Canberra. Barrett, G., Silcocks, A., Barry S., Cunningham, R. and Poulter, R. (2003). The New Atlas of Australian Birds. Royal Australian Ornithologists Union. Hawthorn East, Victoria. Battam, H. (1976). Stack Islet, New South Wales. The Australian Bird Bander 14: 23. BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Botaurus poiciloptilus. http://www.birdlife.org/ datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3767 Accessed 1 November 2014. Birds Australia (2010) Birdlife Australia’s bittern survey guide: guidelines for surveying Australasian and Australian Little Bitterns. http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/our-projects/bittern-survey.html Accessed 1 November 2014 Brunner, H. and Coman, B. (1974) Identification of Mammalian Hair. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Chafer, C.J. (2004) Unusual observations in the Illawarra, Shoalhaven and adjacent tablelands. http://mail.speedlink.com.au/users/cchafer/studies/2001%20Observations.htm Accessed 1 November 2014. Chafer, C.J. and Brandis, C.C.P. (2012) Handbook of birds found in the Illawarra, Shoalhaven and adjacent nd tablelands. 2 edition. Illawarra Bird Observer’s Club, Wollongong. Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. (2008) Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Cogger, H.G. (2014) Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. Seventh edition. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Commonwealth of Australia (1995a) Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the protection of migratory birds and their environments. Australian Treaty Series 1988 No. 22. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Commonwealth of Australia (1995b) Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of Japan for the protection of migratory birds in danger of extinction. Australian Treaty Series 1981 No. 6. Department of Foreign Affairs. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Commonwealth of Australia (2006) Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Korea for the protection of migratory birds and exchange of notes. Australian Treaty Series 2007 ATS 24. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Corben, C. (1989) Computer-based call analysis for microbat identification. Macroderma 5:7. DEC (2005) Management Plan for the Green and Golden Bell Frog Key Population at Kurnell. Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville. DECC (2007) Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna of the Greater Southern Sydney Region: Volume 2 – Fauna of Conservation Concern including priority pest species. Information and Assessment Section, Metropolitan Branch, Climate Change and Environment Protection Group, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville. DECC (2008) Best Practice Guidelines, Green and golden bell frog habitat. Department of Environment and Climate Change. DoE (Department of Environment) (2013). Litoria aurea – Green and Golden Bell Frog. SPRAT Profile. www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=1870. Accessed 17 November 2014. 87 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park DoE (Department of Environment) (2015). SPRAT EPBC Migratory Lists in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat. Accessed 14 January 2015. Eby, P., Richards, G.C., Collins, L. and Parry-Jones, K. (1999) The distribution, abundance and vulnerability to population reduction of a nomadic nectarivore, the Grey-headed Flying Fox Pteropus poliocephalus in New South Wales, during a period of resource concentration. Australian Zoologist 31: 240-253. Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, 487-515. Garnett, S.T., Szabo, J.K. and Dutson, G. (2011) The action plan for Australian birds 2010. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Geering, A., Agnew, L. and Harding, S. (2007) Shorebirds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Canberra. Higgins, P.J. (ed.) (1999) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4. Parrots to Dollarbird. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Higgins, P.J. and Davies, S.J.J.F. (eds.) (1996) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Hoskin, E.S., Hindwood, K.A. and McGill, A.R. (1991) The birds of Sydney, County of Cumberland, New South Wales, 1770-1989. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton. Jarman, M. (2008) Osprey nest Ulladulla, south coast NSW. http://bioacoustics.cse.unsw.edu.au/birdingaus/2008-05/msg00587.html Accessed 1 November 2014. Kingsford, R.T. (2000) Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecology 25: 109-127. Lunney, D., Matthews, A. and Triggs, B. (2002) Long-term changes in the mammal fauna of logged, coastal forests near Bega, New South Wales, detected by analysis of dog and fox scats. Australian Mammalogy 23: 101-114. Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds.) (1990) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to Ducks. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds.) (1993) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (eds.) (1990) Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Mills, K. (2004) The Swift Parrot on the south coast of New South Wales. Illawarra Wildlife Studies Series. Coachwood Publishing, Jamberoo. NPWS (1997) NSW Comprehensive Regional Assessments: Vertebrate fauna surveys, 1997-1998 summer survey season: Field survey methods. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. Unpublished. NSW Scientific Committee (2008a) Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris: review of current information in NSW. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/schedules/Pied Oystercatcher.pdf Accessed 1 November 2014. NSW Scientific Committee (2008b) Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus: review of current information in NSW.http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/schedules/SootyOystercatcher. pdf Accessed 1 November 2014. OEH (2012a) Australasian Bittern – profile. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/ profile.aspx?id=10105 Accessed 1 November 2014. OEH (2012b) Spotted Harrier – profile.http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/ profile.aspx?id=20134 Accessed 1 November 2014. OEH (2012c) Little Eagle – profile.http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/ profile.aspx?id=20131 Accessed 1 November 2014. Osborne, W.S. (1990) Declining frog populations and extinctions in the Canberra region. Bogong 11: 4-7. 88 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Parnaby, H. (1992) An ultrasonic survey of microchiropteran bats of north-east NSW forests. North East Forests Biodiversity Study Report No. 3b. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. Pennay, M., Law, B. and Reinhold, L. (2004) Bat calls of New South Wales: region based guide to the echolocation of microchiropteran bats. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville. Richards, G.C. (1992) Fauna Survey: Wingham Management Area, Port Macquarie Region. Part 4: Bats. Forest Resources Services Report No. 22. Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Sydney. Rusk, D. (2011) Live Osprey web cam West Ulladulla. http://bioacoustics.cse.unsw.edu.au/archives/ html/canberrabirds/2011-05/msg00115.html Accessed 1 November 2014. Smith, P. (1991) The biology and management of Waders (Suborder Charadrii) in NSW. Species Management Report Number 9. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. Straw, P. (1996) Wader population study of Botany Bay and Adjacent Wetlands. Royal Australian Ornithologists Union. Prepared for the Federal Airports Corporation, Sydney. Van Dyck, S., Gynther, I. and Baker, A. (Eds.) (2011). Field companion to “The mammals of Australia”. Reed New Holland, Sydney. Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Vegetation. Pages 58-86 in Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Second edition. (eds.) R.C. McDonald, R.F. Isbell, J.G. Speight, J. Walker, and M.S. Hopkins. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Watkins, D. (2003) A national plan for shorebird conservation in Australia. RAOU Report No. 90. Royal Australasian Ornithologist’s Union, Melbourne. White, A.W. and Pyke, G.H. (1996) Distribution and conservation status of the Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) in New South Wales. Australian Zoologist 30: 177-189. 89 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Appendix 1: Vertebrate Fauna of Killalea State Park This appendix provides a list of vertebrate fauna (excluding fish) that have been recorded within Killalea State Park in the last 40 years. This list does not include marine species which do not nest or roost/rest on the terrestrial sections of the park (e.g. Rangoon Island or the mainland shoreline). In this list the taxonomy and species order for amphibians and reptiles follows Cogger (2014), birds (Christidis and Boles 2008) and mammals (Van Dyck et al. 2011). Where recent taxonomic changes have been made the old name is included in brackets. The following columns have been included for each species: NSW Legal Status = Current listing under the TSC Act (as of January 2015). Codes used are CE=Critically Endangered, E=Endangered, EP=Endangered Population, V=Vulnerable, P=Protected, U=Feral species. Federal Legal Status = Current listing under the Commonwealth EPBC Act (as of January 2015). Migratory Bird Listing = Species listed under C – CAMBA (Commonwealth of Australia 1995a), J – JAMBA (Commonwealth of Australia 1995b) and K – ROKAMBA (Commonwealth of Australia 2006). Status of species: XX = Presumed extinct; SM = predominantly a summer migrant; WM = predominantly a winter migrant; RE = Resident (individuals present throughout the year, but may not breed in the park); RV = Regular non-breeding visitor; IV = Irregular visitor; UV = Uncommon visitor; VA = Vagrant bird species with less than two documented records and rare or a vagrant in the region (after Chafer and Brandis 2012); and SU = Status Uncertain as the species may be cryptic or individuals of other species may either have been released into the park or wandered into the area as wide-ranging individuals. Record Source = 1 - current survey. If no records in this source then: 2 – Chafer and Brandis (2012); 3 – records from various observers on the Birding Aus Website; 4 – DoE (2013); 5 – OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife record; 6 – Atlas of Living Australia records. 90 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Birds Quails Phasianidae Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail P SU 5 Phasianidae Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail P IV 1 Phasianidae Excalfactoria chinensis King Quail P VA 2 Native Waterfowl Anatidae Anas castanea Chestnut Teal P RE 1 Anatidae Anas gracilis Grey Teal P IV 1 Anatidae Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler P RV 1 Anatidae Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck P RE 1 Anatidae Aythya australis Hardhead P RE 1 Anatidae Biziura lobata Musk Duck P RE 1 Anatidae Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck P UV 5 Anatidae Cygnus atratus Black Swan P RE 1 Anatidae Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck P RV 2 Anatidae Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck V RV 2 Anatidae Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck V RV 1 Anatidae Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck P VA 2 Grebes Podicipedidae Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe P RV 1 Podicipedidae Tachybaptus novaehollandiae P RE 1 Australasian Grebe 91 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Pigeons Columbidae Columba leucomela White-headed Pigeon P VA 5 Columbidae Geopelia humeralis Bar-shouldered Dove P RE 1 Columbidae Lopholaimus antarcticus Topknot Pigeon P UV 5 Columbidae Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon P RE 1 P IV 1 Frogmouths Podargidae Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth Nesting Seabirds Procellariidae Ardenna pacifica Wedge-tailed Shearwater P J RE 1 Procellariidae Ardenna tenuirostris Short-tailed Shearwater P J, K RE 1 Spheniscidae Eudyptula minor Little Penguin P RE 1 Swifts Apodidae Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift P C, J, K SM 2 Apodidae Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail P C, J, K SM 1 P WM 1 Darters Anhingidae Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant P RV 1 Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant P RV 1 Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant P RV 1 Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant P RV 1 P RV 1 Pelicans Pelecanidae Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Egrets & Herons 92 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Ardeidae Ardea ibis Cattle Egret P C, J WM 1 Ardeidae Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret P C, J RV 1 Ardeidae Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron P IV 1 Ardeidae Botaurus poilciloptilus Australasian Bittern E VA 1 Ardeidae Butorides striata Striated Heron P RV 1 Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret P IV 1 Ardeidae Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron P RE 1 Ardeidae Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret P IV 1 Ardeidae Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night-Heron P IV 1 E C Spoonbills & Ibis Threskiornithidae Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill P UV 5 Threskiornithidae Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill P IV 1 Threskiornithidae Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis P RV 2 Threskiornithidae Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis P RV 1 Threskiornithidae Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis P IV 1 C Raptors Accipitridae Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk P NR 6 Accipitridae Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk P RE 1 Accipitridae Accipiter novaehollandiae Grey Goshawk P IV 1 Accipitridae Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle P UV 5 Accipitridae Aviceda subcristata Pacific Baza P UV 2 Accipitridae Circus approximans Swamp Harrier P RV 1 Accipitridae Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier V RV 1 93 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Black-shouldered Kite P Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle P Accipitridae Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Accipitridae Hieraaetus morphnoides Accipitridae Pandion cristatus Record Source Elanus axillaris Current Status Accipitridae Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group RV 1 RV 1 P RV 1 Little Eagle V UV 1 Eastern Osprey V UV 1 C Falcons Falconidae Falco berigora Brown Falcon P IV 3 Falconidae Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel P RE 1 Falconidae Falco longipennis Australian Hobby P IV 1 Falconidae Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon P IV 1 Rails Rallidae Fulica atra Eurasian Coot P RE 1 Rallidae Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen P IV 1 Rallidae Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail P RE 1 Rallidae Lewinia pectoralis Lewin's Rail P SU 2 Rallidae Porphyrio porphyria Purple Swamphen P RE 1 Rallidae Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake P IV 2 Rallidae Porzana pusilla Baillon’s Crake P IV 1 Rallidae Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake P IV 2 Rallidae Tribonyx ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen P VA 2 Oystercatchers Haematopodidae Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher V RE 1 Haematopodidae Haematopus longirostris Australian Pied Oystercatcher E RE 1 94 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Stilts & Avocets Recurvirostridae Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt P IV 2 Dotterels & Plovers Charadriidae Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover P WM 1 Charadriidae Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover P IV 1 Charadriidae Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel P IV 2 Charadriidae Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel P UV 2 Charadriidae Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing P RE 1 V VA 2 Jacanas Jacanidae Irediparra gallinacea Comb-crested Jacana Sandpipers Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper P C, J, K SM 2 Scolopacidae Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone P C, J, K SM 1 Scolopacidae Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper P C, J, K SM 5 Scolopacidae Calidris alba Sanderling V C, J, K SM 1 Scolopacidae Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint P C, J, K SM 5 Scolopacidae Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe P C, J, K SM 1 Scolopacidae Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit P C, J, K SM 5 Scolopacidae Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel P C, J, K SM 5 Scolopacidae Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper P C, J, K SM 2 Scolopacidae Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank P C, J, K SM 5 Scolopacidae Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper P C, J, K SM 2 UV 2 Button-quails Turnicidae Turnix varius Painted Button-quail P 95 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Gulls & Terns Laridae Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern P Laridae Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern P Laridae Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Silver Gull P Laridae Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern P Laridae Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull P Laridae Sterna hirundo Common Tern P Laridae Sterna striata White-fronted Tern P Laridae Sternula albifrons Little Tern E Laridae Thalasseus bergii Crested Tern P IV 2 VA 2 RV 1 RV 1 IV 1 SM 1 WM 1 C, J, K SM 1 J RV 1 C, J, K C C, J, K Cockatoos Cacatuidae Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo P RV 1 Cacatuidae Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella P IV 1 Cacatuidae Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed BlackCockatoo P RV 1 Cacatuidae Eolophus roseicapillus Galah P RV 1 WM 6 Parrots Psittacidae Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot E E Psittacidae Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella P RE 1 Psittacidae Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella P RE 1 Psittacidae Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot P IV 1 Psittacidae Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet P RV 1 Cuckoos 96 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Cuculidae Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo P SM 1 Cuculidae Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo P SM 3 Cuculidae Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo P SM 1 Cuculidae Chalcites lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo P SM 1 Cuculidae Eudynamys orientalis Eastern Koel P SM 1 Cuculidae Scythrops novaehollandiae Channel-billed Cuckoo P SM 1 Owls Strigidae Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook P IV 1 Tytonidae Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl P IV 3 Kingfishers & Kookaburras Halcyonidae Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra P RE 1 Halcyonidae Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher P SM 1 P VA 1 P SM 1 P UV 1 P RE 1 Pittas Pittidae Pitta versicolor Noisy Pitta Rollers Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird Treecreepers Climacteridae Cormobates leucophaea White-throated Treecreeper Bowerbirds Ptilonorhynchidae Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Satin Bowerbird Fairy-wrens Maluridae Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren P RE 1 Maluridae Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren P RE 1 97 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Southern Emu-wren Migratory Bird Listing Stipiturus malachurus Common name Federal legal status Maluridae Scientific name NSW legal status Group P SU 5 Australasian Warblers Acanthizidae Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill P UV 6 Acanthizidae Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill P IV 5 Acanthizidae Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill P RE 1 Acanthizidae Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill P RE 1 Acanthizidae Gerygone mouki Brown Gerygone P RE 1 Acanthizidae Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren P RE 1 Acanthizidae Sericornis magnirostra Large-billed Scrubwren P RE 1 Pardalotes Pardalotidae Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote P RE 1 Pardalotidae Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote P RE 1 Honeyeaters Meliphagidae Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill P RE 1 Meliphagidae Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird P RE 1 Meliphagidae Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird P RE 1 Meliphagidae Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat V XX 5 Meliphagidae Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater P IV 1 Meliphagidae Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater P IV 2 Meliphagidae Meliphaga lewinii Lewin’s Honeyeater P RE 1 Meliphagidae Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater P IV 5 Meliphagidae Myzomela sanguinolenta Scarlet Honeyeater P IV 1 Meliphagidae Philemon corniculatus Noisy Friarbird P IV 1 98 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Meliphagidae Scientific name NSW legal status Group P RE 1 P RE 1 Whipbirds Psophodidae Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird Cuckoo-shrikes Campephagidae Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike P RE 1 Campephagidae Lalage sueurii White-winged Triller P UV 1 Whistlers Pachycephalidae Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush P RE 1 Pachycephalidae Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit P SU 2 Pachycephalidae Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler P WM 1 Pachycephalidae Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler P SM 1 Orioles Oriolidae Oriolus sagittatus Olive-backed Oriole P IV 1 Oriolidae Sphecotheres vieilloti Australasian Figbird P SM 1 Woodswallows, Butcherbirds, Currawongs & Magpies Artamidae Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow P IV 1 Artamidae Artamus superciliosus White-browed Woodswallow P UV 1 Artamidae Cracticus tibicen Australian Magpie P RE 1 Artamidae Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird P RE 1 Artamidae Strepera graculina Pied Currawong P RE 1 P WM 5 Drongos Dicruridae Dicrurus bracteatus Spangled Drongo 99 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Fantails Rhipiduridae Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail P RE 1 Rhipiduridae Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail P RE 1 Rhipiduridae Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail P SM 1 P RE 1 Ravens Corvidae Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Monarch Flycatchers Monarchidae Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark P RE 1 Monarchidae Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch P SM 1 Monarchidae Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher P WM 1 Monarchidae Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher P SM 1 Robins Petroicidae Eopsaltria australis Eastern Yellow Robin P RE 1 Petroicidae Petroica rosea Rose Robin P WM 1 P RE 1 P SM 1 Grass Warblers Cisticolidae Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Reed Warblers Acrocephalidae Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed-Warbler Grassbirds Megaluridae Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird P RE 1 Megaluridae Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird P RE 1 P RE 1 Silvereyes Timaliidae Zosterops lateralis Silvereye 100 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Swallows and Martins Hirundinidae Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow P RE 1 Hirundinidae Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin P SM 5 Hirundinidae Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin P IV 1 P WM 1 P RV 1 Thrushes Turdidae Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush Flowerpeckers Nectariniidae Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Finches Estrildidae Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch P RE 1 Estrildidae Lonchura castaneothorax Chestnut-breasted Mannikin P UV 2 Estrildidae Taeniopygia bichenovii Double-barred Finch P VA 5 Estrildidae Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch P UV 2 P RV 1 Pipits Motacillidae Anthus novaeseelandiae Australasian Pipit Feral Birds Anatidae Anser anser Greylag Goose U IV 2 Anatidae Branta canadensis Canada Goose U VA 2 Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Northern Mallard U VA 5 Columbidae Columba livia Rock Dove U IV 1 Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle Dove U RE 1 Alaudidae Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark U SU 5 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul U RE 1 101 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Turdidae Turdus merula Common Blackbird U RE 1 Sturnidae Sturnus tristis Common Myna U RE 1 Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling U RE 1 Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow U IV 1 Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch U RE 1 P RE 1 P RE 1 P RE 1 Mammals Monotremes Tachyglossidae Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna Marsupial Mice Dasyuridae Antechinus stuartii Brown Antechinus Bandicoots Peramelidae Perameles nasuta Long-nosed Bandicoot Possums and Gliders Pseudocheiridae Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum P RE 1 Phalangeridae Trichosurus cunninghami Mountain Brushtail Possum P RE 1 Kangaroos and Wallabies Macropodidae Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo P SU 1 Macropodidae Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby P RE 1 UV 1 Flying-foxes Pteropodidae Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox V V Insectivorous Bats Molossidae Austronomus australis White-striped Free-tailed Bat P RE 1 Miniopteridae Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing-bat V RV 1 102 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group oceanensis Vespertilionidae Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat P RE 1 Vespertilionidae Nyctophilus gouldi Gould’s Long-eared Bat P RE 1 Vespertilionidae Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat P RE 1 Vespertilionidae Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat P RE 1 Vespertilionidae Myotis macropus Large-footed Myotis V RE 1 Vespertilionidae Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat P RE 1 Vespertilionidae Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat P RE 1 P RE 1 Native Rats Muridae Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat Feral Mammals Muridae Mus musculus House Mouse U RE 1 Muridae Rattus rattus Black Rat U RE 1 Canidae Canis lupus familiaris Feral Dog U SU 1 Canidae Vulpes vulpes Fox U RE 1 Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit U RE 1 Cervidae Cervus timorensis Rusa Deer U RE 1 P RE 1 P RE 1 Reptiles Freshwater Turtles Chelidae Chelodina longicollis Eastern Snake-necked Turtle Skinks Scincidae Concinnia (Eulamprus) tenuis Bar-sided Skink 103 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Scincidae Cyclodomorphus michaeli Mainland She-oak Skink P RE 1 Scincidae Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water-skink P RE 1 Scincidae Lampropholis delicata Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink P RE 1 Scincidae Lampropholis guichenoti Pale-flecked Garden Sunskink P RE 1 Scincidae Saiphos equalis Three-toed Skink P RE 1 Scincidae Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard P RE 1 P RE 1 Dragon Lizards Agamidae Amphibolurus muricatus Jacky Lizard Snakes Elapidae Cryptophis nigrescens Eastern Small-eyed Snake P RE 1 Elapidae Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake P RE 1 Elapidae Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake P RE 1 U VA 6 Introduced Reptiles Colubridae Pantherophis guttatus Corn Snake Frogs Ground Frogs Limnodynastidae Limnodynastes peronii Striped Marsh Frog P RE 1 Myobatrachidae Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet P RE 1 XX 4 Tree Frogs Hylidae Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog E V Hylidae Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog P RE 1 Hylidae Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog P RE 1 104 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Record Source Current Status Migratory Bird Listing Common name Federal legal status Scientific name NSW legal status Group Hylidae Litoria jervisiensis Jervis Bay Tree Frog P RE 1 Hylidae Litoria peronii Peron's Tree Frog P RE 1 105 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Appendix 2: Survey Methods The fauna survey used the following methods. Review of Previous Records The OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife, Atlas of Living Australia and the book ‘A Handbook of birds found in the Illawarra, Shoalhaven and adjacent tablelands’ by Chafer and Brandis (2012) were the primary resources used to access data on previous records of fauna in the park. Records were also obtained from park staff and entries into the Wildlife Sightings book. Additional bird records were obtained from Birding Aus and NSW Birdline. Information on wildlife previously recorded on Rangoon Island was also obtained from Battam (1976). Survey Site Selection Survey sites were selected to sample the largest patches of each vegetation community from the draft vegetation map as well as specific land features such as Rangoon Island and Killalea Lagoon. Where possible, a number of sites within the same vegetation community were sampled in different sections of the park with the same or a varying complement of survey techniques. Systematic Survey Techniques Systematic survey techniques were restricted to the survey sites identified in the above section. The systematic fauna survey methods used in the current survey were based on those developed by the NPWS Biodiversity Survey Coordination Unit (NPWS 1997) to sample diurnal and nocturnal birds, diurnal and nocturnal reptiles, bats, arboreal and ground-dwelling mammals and amphibians. Consistency in the use of the systematic techniques allows a comparison between fauna species detected across different vegetation communities and environments within the park. Furthermore, it will allow future comparisons with consistent surveys of environments elsewhere. Site Attributes A site attribute form, aiming to characterise fauna habitat, was filled out at every systematic site where survey techniques were conducted. A 20 by 20 metre quadrat typical of the overall 100 by 200 metre site was used for the assessment. The site attribute locates and describes the site in a format that is comparable to other sites. Data relating to physio-geographic, disturbance, structural and floristic, microhabitat and stream categories were recorded. Standard codes provided by the Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook (McDonald et al. 1990), particularly for vegetation (i.e. Walker and Hopkins 1990) were used wherever possible. Diurnal Bird Survey Diurnal bird censuses at 13 sites comprised a twenty-minute observation and listening search within a two hectare (100 by 200 metre) area, conducted by an experienced bird surveyor. Censuses were conducted only during periods of relatively high bird activity (usually in the early morning) and reasonable detectability (e.g. low wind and cicada activity). All bird species and the abundance of individuals seen or heard were recorded. Individuals were scored as on-site if they were detected within the two hectare plot. Individuals recorded outside the plot, in adjacent vegetation types or flying overhead were recorded as off-site. Diurnal Herpetofauna Search A standard half hectare (50 by 100 metre) area was searched at 11 sites for a one person-hour. Censuses were restricted to the period between mid-morning to late afternoon, when temperature and insolation were sufficient to ensure maximum reptile activity. Surveying was not conducted on overcast or rainy days or in extreme heat. 106 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park This census technique entailed active searching of potential reptile and frog microhabitats within the half hectare area. Active or basking reptiles were identified by sight or captured and identified by the use of keys. Sheltering or cryptic species were detected by searching around, under and within fallen logs, litter, decorticating and fallen bark, rock outcrops, crevices and other likely shelter sites. Incidental observations of other fauna were also recorded. Spotlighting Survey This census technique comprised searching for arboreal mammals along a 200 metre transect within seven sites for half a person hour. Two sites were sampled on more than one night during the survey. Led Lenser head torches were used to scan the vegetation for animals and enable detection of reflected eye shine. Surveyors also listened intently for fauna calls during the survey period. All fauna observed or heard within the census period were recorded, noting whether they were on or off site. Harp Trapping Harp traps were used to capture low-flying insectivorous bats for one to two consecutive nights at 13 sites. This technique enabled the identification of some species such as the long-eared bats which can only reliably be identified to genus level using Anabat detectors. Traps were checked during the night and each morning. Captured bats were identified by external morphology, forearm measurement and body weight. Animals were released either during the night trap check or on the following night at the point of capture. Harp trap set along a management trail on the ecotone of Bracelet Honey-Myrtle-Australian Indigo shrubland and dry subtropical rainforest in the park. This trap captured the only Large Forest Bat recorded in the survey. Bat Ultrasonic (‘Anabat) Recording Ultrasonic recorders (Corben 1989) are particularly useful for the detection of high-flying species, which often comprise more than one third of an area’s bat species (Parnaby 1992), yet are under sampled by harp trapping (Richards 1992). Additionally, ultrasonic detectors are useful in identifying bats using areas 107 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park that are unsuitable for the siting of harp traps, such as along tidal watercourses, above sea caves on headlands and where there are no tracks or other situations suitable for the siting of harp traps. The method requires the recording and identification of high frequency, echo-location “calls” made by bats, which, except for one or two species, are ultrasonic, that is, inaudible to humans. The recording equipment for the surveys consisted of either an Anabat SD2 detector housed within a Tupperware box for weather protection. The detectors was set up at seven sites on a single night in most major vegetation communities where bats were expected to fly, such as over water bodies and other open areas, and along cliff lines and tracks. Additionally, a detector was also set for one night upslope of the sea caves south of The Farm Beach. The standard technique deploys an Anabat detector overnight at a site, set to commence detection at dusk and turn off at dawn. During the night, a delay switch operates to turn on the recording device when bat activity is detected and then de-activated the device while no bat activity is occurring. Anabat recordings were transferred onto computer and analysed by Leroy Gonsalves using AnaScheme. Only calls that were definite were recorded into the Atlas of NSW Wildlife. Nocturnal Streamside Search Searches for frogs were undertaken for half a person hour along three 200 metre stretches on the margin of Killalea Lagoon during the October and November surveys. Where possible, the searches were conducted on warm, dark, humid and wet nights or nights within two days of rain. All frogs, and other animals, identified visually or by call within the time period were recorded, together with the weather conditions at the time of the survey. Nocturnal Call Playback for Threatened Forest Owls Nocturnal birds and mammals are often detected only when they vocalise for territory or social contact, behaviour which can be elicited by broadcasting specific calls. A standard survey census involved broadcasting the calls of each of the four large threatened forest owls - Powerful Owl, Masked Owl, Sooty Owl and the Barking Owl. This playback was undertaken at three forested sites located over 1km apart in the October survey. This technique involved a ten minute period of listening followed by each call being played for five minutes interspersed with a five minute listening period. The pre-recorded calls were played on an IPod amplified through a megaphone. The surrounding area was searched by headtorch after a final ten minute listening period. After the census, the response or presence of any fauna, date and time that response occurred, and weather details such as amount of cloud cover was recorded. Very windy and rainy periods were avoided. Elliott Trapping This technique involved setting 20 Elliott A traps at approximately 10m intervals through six sites for four consecutive nights. Traps were baited with a mixture of peanut butter and rolled oats, and were checked every morning soon after dawn. Any animals captured in the traps were identified, sexed if possible, and released at the point of capture. 108 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Elliott trap set on the south-eastern edge of Killalea Lagoon. Pitfall Trapping Pitfall trapping was undertaken at three sites with a sand substrate. In these sites four buckets were dug into the ground 5m apart with an interconnecting drift fence passing along the entire line and across the top of each bucket. The traps were not baited and were checked soon after dawn on four consecutive days and whenever other visits were made to the sites. Any animals captured in the traps were identified and released close to the point of capture. Pitfall trapline set in coastal scrub between Killalea Lagoon and The Farm Beach. 109 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Infra-red Camera Trapping The potential presence of native and feral ground-dwelling mammal species and other cryptic fauna that were either unlikely to be located using other techniques or may be present in very low densities and therefore were unlikely to be found with more conventional techniques were investigated by the deployment of camera traps. In the current survey single Reconyx HC600 infra-red camera traps were deployed at 14 systematic survey sites in all major vegetation types for 45 consecutive nights between 9 October and 19 November across the park. Additionally, two cameras were set in different parts of the top of Rangoon Island for over three months between October 2014 and January 2015. The cameras at all sites were attached to saplings or small trees approximately 1 to 1.5m above the ground and aimed at a bait station positioned approximately 1.5m from the camera which was baited with peanut butter and rolled oats. The two cameras on Rangoon Island did not have bait stations and relied on incidental tripping by wildlife present in the vicinity. Each camera was set to take five photos at a rapid fire setting of one second between pictures with no delay between when the cameras was fired. At the end of the period the cameras were collected, the memory cards downloaded and all species that had tripped the camera were identified by Lachlan Wilmott, with some animals photographed confirmed by David Bain and Kylie Madden. Targeted Survey Techniques Targeted survey techniques are those which were not restricted to the systematic survey sites. These techniques included: Green and Golden Bell Frog Search Nocturnal searches at seven sites targeting the Green and Golden Bell Frog were undertaken on two nights following rain/storm activity in December by Garry Daly. The searches varied in time and comprised searching for active and calling frogs in a variety of wetland areas, including along the shoreline between The Farm Beach and Bass Point Reserve. Predator and Pellet Collection The identification of prey remains, in predator scats and raptor/owl pellets is an efficient sampling technique for prey animals, some of which may not be detected using other survey techniques. In addition, the recording of predator or non-predator scats constitutes records for the species that deposits the scat. Due to the unknown time delay between prey ingestion and defecation, the location in which the prey animals lived cannot be accurately known, so this technique is useful only for detecting the species presence within a general area. Lunney et al. (2002) showed that on average feral dogs and Foxes defecate within a 2km radius of the site of prey ingestion. Nine Fox and one Feral Dog scat in addition to 32 Black-shouldered Kite pellets from below a well-used roost were collected, placed in paper envelopes, labelled and sent to specialist Barbara Triggs for analysis. Skeletal remains were identified where possible and hair samples were identified using the techniques described by Brunner and Coman (1974). Identifications were classified into three levels of reliability: definite, probable and possible. Searches of Sea Caves All sea caves along the rocky shoreline were visited either by land or sea approach and searched for cave-dwelling bats and other fauna. 110 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Sea caves checked for cave-dwelling bats, south of The Farm Beach. Killalea Lagoon The open water and shoreline margins of Killalea Lagoon were scanned for waterbirds on at least one occasion during all days present within the park in the current survey. Rangoon Island Seabirds and other fauna present were investigated by walking around the island’s shoreline and accessible sections of the plateau on one day in October. Further, as mentioned above two remote cameras were set for a three month period on the island to investigate the potential presence of introduced rodents and other more cryptic fauna. Minnamurra River mouth and Mystics Beach The beach areas of Minnamurra estuary and Mystics Beach and exposed intertidal sandflats within the Minnamurra River estuary were routinely scanned for birds, including a variety of potentially nesting threatened shorebird species during most visits to the park during the current survey. Rocky shoreline and associated swamps The rocky shorelines and associated wetlands between The Farm Beach and Bass Point Reserve were searched for waterbirds and other wildlife on one day in October. Rocky areas Slopes with rock outcrops, particularly with a north-east to north-west aspect east of Killalea Lagoon were scanned for active reptiles and loose rocks investigated for sheltering individuals on one day in October. Grassland and low weedy areas Grasslands and low weedy areas were searched during all visits for birds which may be confined to these habitats; for example quail species, Latham’s Snipe, White-fronted Chat, Golden-headed Cisticola, 111 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park Australasian Pipit, Tawny Grassbird and various finches. Many of these species are confined to such habitats which are becoming rarer within the region. Survey of Winter-flowering Trees Flowering Coast Banksia and Forest Red Gum were checked on the two winter survey days for the presence of nectarivorous threatened species such as the Swift Parrot and Little Lorikeet. Surveys involved listening for calls and scanning flowering trees with binoculars. Incidental Records Incidental records are point localities of fauna encountered opportunistically during the survey. This is an opportunity to augment the number of records of species that are not well sampled by systematic or targeted survey techniques, such as large ground mammals, raptors, non-vocalising birds and secretive or cryptic species. The date, time, observer, map grid location (usually obtained from a GPS) and microhabitat of the animal was recorded on a data sheet. Survey Timing The fauna survey was conducted undertaken over 14 days between July 2014 and January 2015: a) Two daytime and evening visits in winter (8 July and 7 August 2014). Aim: Targeted search for waterbirds of Killalea Lagoon, Minnamurra River estuary and mouth, Mystics Beach plus incidental records of other species with an emphasis on winter bird migrants including searching winter-flowering trees for the Swift Parrot and Little Lorikeet. Also collection of Blackshouldered Kite pellets from a known roost and search for grassland birds in rank grassland and low weedy areas. b) Main survey in mid spring (7 to 11 October 2014). Aim: Systematic survey across the park, including Rangoon Island; targeted search for waterbirds of Killalea Lagoon, Minnamurra River estuary and mouth, Mystics Beach; search for cave-dwelling bats in sea caves which required a water-based approach; search for grassland birds in rank grassland and low weedy areas; collection of predator scats and Black-shouldered Kite pellets plus incidental records of other species with an emphasis on passage bird migrants, summer bird migrants and reptiles. c) Three daytime late spring visits (29 October, 6 and 18 November 2014). Aim: On 29 October systematic survey of three rocky shoreline sites; targeted investigation of rocky shoreline between The Farm Beach and the Bass Point Reserve. Also targeted search for waterbirds of Killalea Lagoon, Minnamurra River estuary and mouth, Mystics Beach; search for cave-dwelling bats in sea caves with a land approach; search for grassland birds in rank grassland and low weedy areas; search for reptiles on rocky outcrops east of The Farm Beach; collection of predator scats plus incidental records of other species with an emphasis on late-returning summer bird migrants as well as incidental searches for reptiles in non-systematic sites. The other two days in November were targeted at determining whether the Australian Pied Oystercatcher was nesting in the park as well as collecting incidental records and a targeted search of waterbirds at Killalea Lagoon and search for grassland birds in rank grassland and low weedy areas. d) Targeted frog survey (4 and 16 December 2014). Aim: Targeted frog survey by Garry Daly at Killalea Lagoon and other wetland areas in the park, plus the collection of other incidental records. e) One daytime mid-summer visit (13 January 2015). Aim: To investigate the potential presence of shorebirds around the edges of Killalea Lagoon. 112 The Wildlife of Killalea State Park f) One mid-summer visit to Rangoon Island (25 January 2015). Aim: To take out the two remote cameras which had been left in situ since the October visit. 113