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Structures Function of the Respiratory System Filters, warms, and humidifies the air we breathe Ensures that oxygen is supplied TO… …and carbon dioxide is removed FROM… the body’s cells Influences speech production Makes olfaction possible Structures Divided into Upper & Lower Respiratory Tracts Contains Respiratory mucosa: Specialized mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract Secretes MUCUS air purification mechanism. traps irritants such as dust and pollen Cilia on mucosal cells beat upward, moving mucus to pharynx for removal. Histology: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells (secrete mucus) UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nose Pharynx Naso Oro Laryngo Larynx Nose Air enters through external nares (nostrils) Nasal septum separates interior of nose into two cavities. Nose warms and moistens inhaled air, contains organs of smell Sinuses Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, sinuses drain into the nose Can become inflamed (sinusitis) CT Scans Normal vs. Chronic Sinusitis Pharynx The following have openings into the pharynx: Two nasal cavities Mouth Esophagus Larynx Eustachian tubes Laryngopharynx Larynx (voice box) Composed mainly of cartilage Bound by ligaments and muscles Changes in tension changes pitch Superior/anterior to larynx= epiglottis (closes off larynx during swallowing) Anterior larynx=thyroid cartilage (largest, called Adam’s apple) Inferior larynx=cricoid cartilage Vocal cords stretch across Pathology of the Larynx Vascular polyp w/ varices Laryngocele Leukoplakia & underlying carcinoma LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Located within the thoracic cavity Includes the Trachea Bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Trachea 4 ½ inches long, from larynx to bronchi Held open by 15-20 Cshaped cartilaginous rings Posterior muscle Obstruction can cause death w/in minutes 1 - Vocal cords 2 - Thyroid cartilage 3 - Cricoid cartilage 4 - Tracheal cartileges 5 - Balloon cuff Remainder of Lower Respiratory Tract R & L bronchi Contain cartilage, smooth muscle R is wider, shorter, more vertical Divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Lungs (alveolar ducts and sacs) Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Bronchioles split into 2-11 alveolar ducts each 5-6 alveolar sacs each (look like bunches of grapes) Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs Alveoli Alveolar sacs are microscopic and come in clusters Made up of alveoli: site of gas exchange b/w air and blood Coated with surfactant (reduces surface tension, prevents them from collapsing) General Structure/Location of the Lungs Lungs: R—3 lobes, L—2 lobes Apex: under clavicle Base: above diaphragm X-Ray: Right apex tumor More on Lung Structure Pleura: thin, moist, slippery membrane Visceral pleura: covers the outer surface of the lungs Parietal pleura: lines the inner surface of the rib cage Produces pleural fluid-intrapleural space must remain moist Pathology: Pleurisy (pleuritis) – painful inflammation of the pleura Collapsed Lung A.k.a. = pneumothorax Caused when atmospheric pressure enters the thoracic cavity Normally a partial vacuum between ribcage and lungs Trauma introduces air, which removes “suction” that keeps lungs inflated Repaired by: chest tube