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AMERICA AND THE WORLD
Chapter 13 Section 1
US History
AMERICA AND THE WORLD
• THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• MAIN IDEA
– Dictators took control of the governments of Italy,
the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• End of World War I and economic depression
contributed to antidemocratic governments
• Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
– First dictatorship in Italy
– 1919 “Benito Mussolini” founded Fascist Party
– “Fascisim” = aggressive nationalistic movement that
believed nation was more important than individual
– Believed order would only come with strong dictator
and nation needed to be an empire to be strong
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
– Fascism was strongly anticommunist, due to fear
and Mussolini exploited fears
• Said Fascism was protection against communism,
protect property and middle class
• Promised working class full employment and social
security
• Bring back Italy to power like in Roman Empire
– Mussolini backed by Fascist militia (aka
Blackshirts) King was forced to appoint Mussolini
to premier in 1922
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
– Once appointed worked to
set up dictatorship
– Italians supported
Mussolini
• Had support of industries,
landowners AND Roman
Catholic Church
– Mussolini’s title – Il Duce
(The Leader)
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• Stalin takes over Russia
– After Russian Revolution “Vladimir Lenin” established
Communist governments throughout Russian Empire
– 1922 renamed to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR)
• One party rule, suppressed individual liberties and punished
opponents
– Lenin died 1924 and created a power struggle
between Leon Trotsky and “Jospeh Stalin”
• Born Joseph Dzuhgashvili, changed to Stalin (meaning steel)
• 1902-1913 been imprisoned or exiled 7 times (escaped)
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
– 1926 Stalin new Soviet dictator, began to
industrialize county using Five-Year Plans
• From 1928-1937 steel production increased from 4
million to 18 million tons
• Industrial wages decreased 43% from 1928 -1940
– Family farms combined and turned into
“collectives”
• Gov’t owned farms
• Resisted by killing livestock or hoard crops and were
put on trial and/or starved to death
• 10 million died 1932-1933
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• Stalin did not tolerate
opposition
– Targeted political enemies and
others (artists, intellectuals)
– 1930s USSR nation of internal
terrorism
• New constitution 1936
promised many freedoms but
was never enforced
– Used concentration camps
– 1935 2 million in camps
– 8-10 million died under Stalin
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• Hitler and Nazi Germany
– “Adolf Hitler” anticommunist and admired Mussolini
– Native of Austria and fought for Germany in World
War I
– Germany’s defeat and Treaty of Versailles (blamed
Germany) made him hate Allies and German gov’t
who accepted treaty
– After war, Germany had many new political parties
including the National Socialist German Workers’
Party AKA Nazi Party
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
– Nazi party was nationalistic and anticommunist
• Wanted Germany to expand territory
• Wanted to not abide by Treaty of Versailles
– Nazi Party was also anti-Semitic
– Hoped to attract un-happy workers, Adolf Hitler was
one of them
• Nov. 1923, Nazis tried to take power by marching
on City hall in Munich
– Hitler planned to take power locally before going to
Berlin for national power
– Plan failed, Nazi party banned and Hitler was put in
Jail
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• In prison Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
– Called for unification of all
Germans (blonde/blue
eyed)
– Argued German’s needed
more space so needed to
expand to Poland and
Russia
• Slavic people inferior (should
be enslaved)
– Also racists against Jews
• Blamed Jews for Worlds
problems and German’s
defeat in World War I
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• After release from Prison, Hitler changed tactics
– Not try to seize power violently, focused on getting Nazis
elected to Reichstag (German parliament)
– In Great Depression, Germans began to vote radicals into
gov’t
– 1932 Nazis largest party in Reichstag, 1933 German
president appointed Hitler Chancellor
– Hitler called for new elections, Nazi police began
intimidating voters and suppressing Communist party
– Reichstag full of Nazis who then voted to make Hitler
dictator, 1934 became president giving him control of the
Army
• Gave title of Der Fuher (the Leader)
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• Militarists Control Japan
– Japan needed to import all resources they needed to
produce goods
– 1920s didn’t earn enough from exports to pay for
imports – limited economic growth
• Depression with raised tariffs made worse situation
– Japan’s military blamed problems on corrupt
politicians
• Believed Japan should dominate East Asia and saw
democracy as “un-Japanese
• Argued Japan needed to seize territory to get resources it
needed
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• September 1931 Japan invaded “Manchuria”
(northern China with resources)
– Japanese prime minister tried to stop by
negotiating with China
– military officers assassinated him and from then
on military controlled country
– Civilian gov’t supported expanding empire and
appointed Military as prime minister
AMERICA AND THE WORLD
• AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
• MAIN IDEA
– Most Americans did not want to get involved in
another European war, despite Franklin
Roosevelt’s emphasis on internationalism
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
• Rise of dictators discouraged Americans
– Felt World War I sacrifices for nothing
– Began supporting isolationism and avoid
international conflicts
• The Nye Committee
– Isolation ideas stronger 1930s for 2 reasons
• Depression made hard for European to pay back $
owed from World War I
• Articles came out saying arms manufactures tricked US
into entering World War I
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
– 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye
(North Dakota) held hearings to
investigate
– Nye Committee documented
huge profits arms factories made
during war
• Created impression business
influenced entrance to war
• This and failure to repay led to
feelings of isolationism
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
• Legislating Neutrality
– Italian and German aggression increased, worried lead
to war
– Congress passed “Neutrality Act of 1935”
• Illegal for American’s to sell arms to any country at war
• Came from results of Nye Committee
– 1936 Spanish Rebellion (led by General Francisco
Franco – Fascist)
• Revolt became civil war
• Congress passed second Neutrality Act banning arms sales to
either side of civil war
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
– After Spanish Civil War, Hitler and Mussolini
pledged to cooperate on international issues
• Mussolini termed it Rome-Berlin Axis
– Japan aligned itself with German and Italy when
signed Anti-Comintern Pact
• Exchange information on communist groups
– Became known as “Axis Powers”
• Not formal allies until 1940
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
– Tensions in Europe worse, Congress passed
Neutrality Act of 1937
• Continued ban on arms sales
• Required nations to buy all nonmilitary supplies from
US on “cash-and-carry” basis.
– Had to send own ships to US to pick up goods and
had to pay in cash (NO LOANS)
• Reminded of attacks on Ships in World War I (brought
into war) and did not want a repeat
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
• Roosevelt’s Internationalism
– Not an isolationist (Depression was just first priority)
– Supported “internationalism”
• Trade between nations creates prosperity and helps prevent war
• US should try to preserve peace in world
– Warned Neutrality Acts might drag us into war instead of
keeping us out
– July 1937 Japanese in Manchuria launched attack on
Chinese, President Roosevelt helped (since not officially
declared war so Neutrality Act didn’t apply)
– Tried to get American to see that looking the other way
wasn’t the answer but was unsuccessful
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How did post World War I conditions contribute
to the rise of dictators in Europe?
2. Why did many American’s support isolationism?
3. Who was Benito Mussolini?
4. What were provisions under the Neutrality Act of
1935?
5. Who was Joseph Stalin?
6. What are collectives?
7. What were the ideas of those who supported
internationalism?
8. Which nations did dictators govern after World
War I?