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Chapter 24
World War II
Pre-WWII
• WWI and Russian Revolution
– Many died
– Established hard feelings
– Scared of future war
• Great Depression
– Economic hardship opens opportunities
Rise of Dictators: Soviet Union
• Josef Stalin
– Rose through Russian Rev.
– Dictator by 1929
– Created a totalitarian state
– Took over industry and agriculture
– Killed rivals (Machiavellian Principle)
Rise of Dictators: Italy
• Italy is faced with economic and social
problems
• Benito Mussolini promised prosperity and
order
– Threatened to overthrow gov’t
– Appointed prime minister
– Creates a fascist state
– Preached racial superiority
Rise of Dictators: Italy (cont)
• Mussolini:
– Spoke of reviving the Roman Empire
– “Superiority has an obligation to conquer.”
– No Freedom of the Press
– Banned political parties
– Killed rivals (Machiavellian Principle)
– Schools: “Mussolini is always right.”
Rise of Dictators: Germany
• Angry over defeat in WWI
• Heavy reparations = econ. Hardship
• 1921: Hitler is head of National Socialist
Party
– Key beliefs: racial superiority
• Hitler:
– Jews are to blame for WWI loss
• Scapegoat of history
Rise of Dictators: Germany
(cont.)
• 1933 – Hitler made Chancellor
– Creates totalitarian state based on fascism
– Use of secret police
– Jews banned from pub. Schools, medicine,
and law
Rise of Dictators: Japan
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Heavily impacted by Great Depression
Military state
Need for resources
Racial Superiority!!!!
Military Aggression
• Japan attacks China (1931)
– Army acts w/o permission
– League of Nations protests but does nothing
– Killed 250K+
• Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935)
– League of Nations does nothing
German Aggression
• Goal: Reunite all German-speaking people
– Why?
• Rebuilding of military against Treaty of
Versailles
• Sent troops into the Rhineland, then took
over Austria
German Aggression (cont.)
• Hitler threatens to invade Czechoslovakia
– Fran. and Brit. Protest
– Meeting in Munich
– Munich Pact: Hitler allowed to take over
Sudetenland for not seeking any other land
• Couple months later, Hitler took over the rest of
Czechoslovakia
The United States goes to
WAR!!!
American Neutrality
• Neutrality Act 1935
– Forbids the president from selling arms,
making loans, or giving any form of
assistance to any nation involved in a war
• Good Neighbor Policy
– FDR believed this would strengthen ties in
Latin America
– Frees Cuba
– Pulls American direct influence out of Latin
America
Congressional Sympathies
• Lend-Lease Act
– Favored by most Americans – WHY?
– Better than Supplies for Cash
– Help anyone fighting Nazis
• Military Buildup
– Cong. Approves more Mil. Spending
– Peacetime draft
– Af. Am. Mil. Units
Atlantic Charter
• Roosevelt and Churchill
• Neither nation would seek territorial
gain
• All people will have right to choose
own government
• New international organization
The Domestic War
• Building the Military
– Draft
• 15 million volunteers and draftees
– Women
• Nurses, pilots, secretaries
Domestic Actions
• Economy
– War Production Board
• Output is doubled
• Required Support
– Food, clothing, and equipment donated
– Victory gardens
– War bonds
• Rationing: limits on scarce goods
– Use of coupons
– Coffee, sugar, meat, shoes, gasoline, tires
Women in Industry
• What types of Jobs would be open?
• Furnace tenders, welders, crane
operators, ect.
• Women gain confidence
• How does this affect their future?
• Rosie the Riveter – What makes her so
important?
Japanese Americans
• Intern-temporarily imprison
• Exec. Order 9066 – Any proof?
– 110K Japanese placed in camps
– “take what you can”
– Some were given $ upon release
– Formal apology in 1990
Japanese American Loyalty
• 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team
– Most decorated unit in United States history
– “In less than two years of combat, the 442nd
Regimental Combat team earned more than
18,000 individual decorations including one
Medal of Honor, 53 distinguished Service
Crosses, 588 Silver Stars, 5,200 Bronze Star
Medals, 9,486 Purple Hearts and 8
Presidential Unit Citations.”
Others in Crisis
• German and Italian Americans were also
placed into internment camps
– Curfews
– Travel restrictions
African Americans
• Injustice in Industry and Military
• A Philip Randolph – head of Brotherhood
of Sleeping Car Porters
– Threatened mass protest unless Roosevelt
did something
– Fair Employment Practices Committee
Mexican Americans
• Braceros - Mexican laborers
– Mexican/American agreement
Events leading to War
• Japan invades Laos, Cambodia, and
Vietnam
• Roosevelt bans metal trade and oil trade
with Japan
• So…………..
Pearl Harbor
“Day of Infamy”
http://www.archive.org/details/FranklinDela
noRooseveltDayOfInfamySpeech
War in Europe
• Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland
– Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Poland split between the two
• Surprises the World – WHY?
• Stalin invades Finland, Estonia, Lithuania,
and Latvia
• France and Britain declare war on
Germany
• April 1940: Denmark and Norway fall to
Germany
War cont.
• Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium fall in
May
• 6 weeks later, France surrenders
• Battle of Britain
– Bombing raids by Germany
– Germany tries to invade Britain
• June 22, 1941: Hitler invades Soviet Union
– BIG MISTAKE!!!!!!!!!!!!
The War (Eur. Theatre)
• 9 countries (Axis Powers) vs. 50
countries (Allied Powers)
• Eastern Front:
– Soviet Winter
– Stalingrad is held
– Ends with Soviet victory in Stalingrad
The War (Eur. Theatre)
• Southern Front:
– Rommel swept across Tunisia, Libya, and
Egypt
– Eventually stopped and caused to retreat
by the British
– Gen. Eisenhower occupies Morocco and
Algeria
Conclusion of the War in
Europe
• Italy Surrenders
• D-Day (June 6, 1944)
– Invasion of Normandy
– 155K troops
– August 1944: Paris is liberated
Battle of the Bulge
• German counterattack in Belgium
• Germany is short of supplies and troops
– Reasons?
Invasion of Germany
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January 1945: Soviets enter Germany
April 12, 1945: FDR dies from a stroke
Harry S Truman becomes President
April 16: Soviets begin attacking Berlin
April 30: Hitler commits suicide
May 8: V-E Day!!!!
The War (Pac. Theatre)
• Japan takes over Philippines and
forces MacArthur to retreat
• MacArthur is given command of entire
Pacific forces
• Bataan Death March
– 70K American and Pilipino
– 65 mile march
The War (Pac. Theatre)
• The Turning Points of the War:
– Battle of Coral Sea
• US keeps Japan from New Guinea
• New style of naval warfare
– Battle of Midway
• Americans destroy 4 carriers, 322 aircraft
Pacific Theatre
• Battle of Midway
– Last Japanese offensive
• Island hopping: Am. Forces capture one
Japanese-controlled island at a time
• Navaho are key to success
• Casualties
– 14k in Philippines
– 6k in Iwo Jima
– 12k in Okinawa
Issues
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Japanese willingness to die
Kamikaze - suicide pilots
A-Bomb tested in N. Mexico
Truman advised that invasion may cost ½
million lives
Results
• August 6, 1945
– Hiroshima
– Killed 130k instantly
• August 9, 1945
– Nagasaki
– Killed 35K instantly
• August 14, 1945
– V-J Day
– Formal surrender September 2, 1945 on USS
Missouri
Holocaust
• Hitler – “the final solution to the Jewish
problem”
• Genocide: the deliberate attempt to wipe
out an entire nation or group of people
• Other groups: Poles, Slavs, Gypsies,
Communists, and people with physical and
mental disabilities
• Death Camps: Gas Chambers, torture,
medical experiments