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Buddhism Key Beliefs of Buddhism The Buddha Siddattha Gotama, the ‘awakened’ or ‘enlightened’ one. Founder of Buddhism. The Dhamma (Dharma) The teaching of the Buddha. The law which explains the truth about existence and the nature of reality. The Person Any living being is seen as comprising five constituent parts, body, ideas, emotions, thoughts and awareness. The individual is a constantly changing set of physical and mental forces or energies. Life is seen as a stream of such energies. Rebirth Because Buddhists do not believe in the soul there is no belief in reincarnation. Instead Buddhists believe that after death there is a rebirth or rebecoming of the stream of constantly changing energy and therefore some aspects of previous lives may remain, explaining child prodigies and giving rise to beliefs that holy men may be reborn into babies who are then treated with great reverence. The Three Marks of Existence Central concepts in the teachings of the Buddha, also known as the Three Signs or States of Being. They are: 1. Anicca – impermanence, everything is in a constant state of change. 2. Dukkha – suffering and imperfection caused by greed and selfishness. 3. Anatta – selflessness, there is no soul, only constantly changing mental and physical forces. Kamma (Karma) Basically the law of cause and effect. Good actions will produce good consequences, bad actions will produce bad consequences. Consequences may happen in this life or another rebirth. Nibbana (Nirvana) Nibbana is the state of perfect peace realised upon enlightenment. It is a new existence outside the cycle of rebirth which is possible for individuals to attain through extinguishing desire Getting Started with World Religions and thus ending suffering. The Four Noble Truths Through his enlightenment the Buddha understood that there are four truths to life: 1. 2. 3. 4. That Dukkha (suffering or unsatisfactoriness) is everywhere and continuous. That Dukkha is caused by selfish desire. That selfish desire can end and Nibbana be attained. That to accomplish this the Noble Eightfold Path must be followed. The Noble Eightfold Path The Buddha presented his followers with eight major rules for living which would ultimately allow them to reach Nibbana. Those rules make up the Noble Eightfold Path and are Right belief, understanding or views Right thoughts or purpose Right speech Right action or conduct Right livelihood Right effort Right mindfulness Right meditation or concentration The eight rules are often seen in three stages. The first two regarding wisdom, the next three concerned with morality and the final three with mental development. All these areas are seen as developing simultaneously in life. The Three Refuges At the heart of Buddhist belief is a trust in the Three Refuges. They are the Buddha (an example to follow), the Dhamma (the teachings of the Buddha) and the Sangha (the Buddhist community or order of monks and nuns). A Buddhist often recites: ‘I take refuge in the Buddha, I take refuge in the Dhamma, I take refuge in the Sangha.’ Getting Started with World Religions