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Introduction to Animal Diversity • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia -multicellular- many cells and organs, organ systems -heterotrophs (obtain nutrients from others) Fig. 18-3a Basic body organization: Body Symmetry Dorsal surface Top Anterior end Posterior end Ventral surface Bottom Radial organization, like a tire or donut, mouth & anus same. Bilateral (2 sided) definite head and tail, top (dorsal) bottom (ventral), one way digestion in mouth, waste out anus Body Symmetry: part spiral Back end of body spirals over in shell, “poops” on neck… ewww. Invertebrates: no backbones Jointed Walking legs • Found in animals with exoskeletons (found outside of muscles… Notice how the legs are hinged Body Segmentation invertebrates (divided into sections) (can be even or 3 main parts-head/thorax/abdomen) Tentacles vs. Antennae: invertebrates-no backbones • Tentacles and arms are important for animals in feeding, sensing, grasping, and locomotion • Tentacles • small antennae in the snails and slugs are another type of tentacles, which are useful in sensory function or in sensing the environment • Antennae only on head for sensory information arms Phylum Chordata (chordates-> vertebrates…) • • • • • • Five characteristics of Chordates 1. Single, hollow nerve cord beneath dorsal surface (your back); in vertebrates, it becomes the brain and spinal cord 2. Notochord: flexible rod on the dorsal side of gut, present at one stage in all chordates; becomes the vertebral column that forms around the nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits (pouches) connect pharynx (between mouth and esophagus) gills in sharks, fish; present in terrestrial animal embryos but disappear later except Eustachian tube (connecting throat and middle ear) 4. Postanal tail extends beyond anus; present at least in embryo; regresses into tail bone in humans 5. Segmentation: reflected in arrangement of muscles and in vertebral column Traits to sort out with chordates • Skin structures: hair present or feathers present or scales or none of the above • Appendages: wings present or legs present or fins present or none of the above • Skeleton: Bony (bone) or cartilaginous (cartilage like your ear lobe or tip of nose, soft) • Teeth: there or not No true tissues Just loosely arranged cells, very little organization… “parazoa” kind of an animal Radial symmetry Includes sea jellies, anenomes Sponges Cnidarians Mouth/Anus same Have definite head and tail (end) 2 sided Echinoderms In embryo, mouth forms 2nd after anus… Chordates Flatworms Protostomes Bilateral symmetry Bilaterians Eumetazoans True tissues Deuterostomes Ancestral colonial protist Molluscs Annelids In embryo, mouth forms first then anus Arthropods Nematodes Phylum Porifera Sponges (parazoa, sort of animal) Loose organization Filter feeders, Pull water in the sides out the top Fig. 18-5d Pores Choanocyte Amoebocyte Skeletal fiber Central cavity Choanocyte in contact with an amoebocyte Water flow Flagella Phylum Cnidaria: Radial symmetry: Hollow body Mouth/anus same, 2 way digestion Stinging cells on tentacles (cnidocyts) Two body forms: polyp, stationary, but can move if necessary, (anemone, coral) Medusa: free floating (sea jelly) Has a nervous system, digestive cavity Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes Platy= flat; helminthes= worm Has eye spots and can detect light A lot of these worms are parasites Nerve cords Mouth Bilateral symmetry Eyespots Fig. 18-7b Tapeworms: Phylum Platyhelmintes Units with reproductive structures Scolex (anterior end) Hooks Sucker Fig. 18-8a Phylum Nematoda Round worms A lot are parasites Examples: Pinworms; found in cat boxes can be passed to humans who don’t wash their hands. Mouth Phylum Mollusca (mollusks; clams, limpets, snails, slugs, squid, octopus Visceral mass Coelom Kidney Heart Mantle Reproductive organs Digestive tract Shell Digestive tract Mantle cavity Radula Anus Radula Mouth Gill Mouth Foot Nerve cords Phylum Mollusca: Land: Snail & Slugs, Class Gastropoda (stomach foot)… can be marine Class Bivalvia (2 shells): clam Class Cephalopoda (head, foot): squid, octopus, lost most of their shells (just intternal. Phylum Annelia: Segmented worms, earthworms, leeches Epidermis Anus Segment wall (partition between segments) Circular muscle Segment wall Longitudinal muscle Dorsal blood vessel Mucus-secreting organ Bristles Excretory organ Intestine Bristles Nerve cord Excretory organ Dorsal Digestive blood Coelom tract vessel Ventral blood vessel Segment wall Brain Ventral blood vessel Mouth Nerve cord Pumping segmental vessels Giant Australian earthworm Phylum Annelida examples: Phylum Arthropoda (jointed feet) • Divided into 3 basic categories – Myriapoda, lots of feet • Class Diplopoda (2 pairs of feet per segment) – millipedes, vegetarians • Class Chilopoda: centipedes (1 pair of feet per segment) – Carnivores – Mandibulata, jaws (Class Insecta) – Chelicerata chewing feet • Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, horseshoe crabs) • Class Crustacea (crabs, lobster & barnacles) Phylum Arthropoda: Class Arachnida A scorpion (about 8 cm long) A black widow spider (about 1 cm wide) A dust mite (about 420 m long) Horseshoe crab, 14-19 inches as adults Fig. 18-11e Phylum Arthropoda: Class Chilopoda (1 pair of feet per segment, centipedes, carnivores (myriapoda lots of feet) Phylum Arthropoda: Class Diplopoda (2 pairs of feet per segment, millipedes, vegetarians (myriapoda lots of feet) Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea Barnacles Crayfish or craydads Crabs Cephalothorax Head Abdomen Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea Thorax Antennae (sensory reception) Swimming appendages Walking legs Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding) Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insects • The hexapods (six legs) • 3 body parts: – head, with antennae – thorax (chest) w/appendages, – abdomen Fig. 18-12a Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta Head Antenna Thorax Abdomen Forewing Eye Mouthparts Hindwing Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta Check out the camophlage Walking Stick Praying mantis Owl butterfly great way to fool predators owl Phylum Echinodermata (spiny skin) Internal calcium skeleton, early embryos develop like chordates Closest invertebrate relative (DNA) to Chordates (that’s us) Evolved from biradial ancestors, have pentaradial symmetry (in fives) Tube feet, and spines, no representatives in freshwater or on land. Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers Phylum Echinodermata Spines Sea Star Tube feet Sea Urchin Sea Cucumber Sand dollar Excurrent siphon Phylum: Urochordata, not quite a full chordate, larvae metamorphoreses Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits Mouth Muscle segments Notochord Adult (about 3 cm high) Larva Phylum Cephalochordate, not quite a full chordate… larvae sexually mature Head Notochord Mouth Pharynx Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Digestive tract Water exit Segmental muscles Anus Post-anal tail Phylum Chordata (Craniata) • Class Agnatha (no jaws) lamprey • Class Chondrichythes (cartilage fish) Sharks, skates, rays • Class Ostheichythes (bony fish) trout Phylum Chordata: (Craniata) • Class Amphibia (must lay eggs in water) -tetrapods… (4 legs) -Frogs, toads, salamanders • Class Reptilia (and sub class Aves-birds) – Most tetrapods, don’t need – Water to reproduce – Lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles Phylum Chordata: Class Amphibia Frog Salamander Toad Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia and sub class Aves Western Fence Lizard California Quail Phylum Chordata (Craniata) Class Mammalia • 3 types of mammals (hair, nurse young) • Monotreme (lay eggs, males have poison spurs) • Marsupials (early birth, pouch) • Eutheria (true mammals, fetus connected to mother by placental: placental mammals) Phylum Chordata: Class Mammalia Monotreme: duckbill platypus Marsupials: Opossum Phylum Chordata: Class Mammalia Fig. 18-15 No true tissues Sponges Radial symmetry Ancestral colonial protist Cnidarians Deuterostomes Lophotrochozoans Bilateral symmetry Bilaterians Eumetazoans True tissues Echinoderms Chordates Flatworms Molluscs Annelids Ecdysozoans Nematodes Arthropods Fig. 18-UN3