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1st Semester Final Exam Review World Religions What does “Islam” mean in Arabic? “Submission to the will of Allah” What do Muslims believe about Muhammad? He was the last and greatest of the prophets. What division of Islam believes that only a relative of Muhammad is qualified to be a caliph? Shi’a What are the Five Pillars of Islam? Define and list. The major duties required of all Muslims Pilgrimage Alms giving Faith Prayer Fasting What system of law regulates the family life, moral conduct, and the business and community life of Muslims? Shari’a What is a Muslim house of worship called? Mosque How did the Muslim Empire treat conquered peoples? Their religions were tolerated, but restrictions and taxes were imposed. Founder: Deities Religion: Abraham Allah Islam Religion: Judaism Yahweh Judaism Jesus Christ Christianity Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Hinduism Siddhartha Gautama Buddhism No personal god Confucianism Muhammad Islam Holy Book: Religion: Qur’an Islam Torah Judaism The Analects Confucianism Bible Christianity Symbol: Religion: Confucianism Symbol: Islam Religion: Judaism Hinduism Basic Beliefs Religion: Persons achieve complete peace and happiness, known as nirvana, by eliminating their attachment to worldly things; Nirvana is reached by following the Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truth. The soul never dies, but is continually reborn; persons achieve happiness and enlightenment by freeing themselves from earthly desires; freedom from earthly desires comes from a lifetime of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts; polytheistic Social order, harmony, and good government should be based on strong family relationships; respect for parents and elders is important to a well ordered society; education is important both to the welfare of the individual and society There is only one god who watches over and cares for his people; god loves and protects his people, but also hold people accountable for their sins and shortcomings; persons serve god by studying the sacred text and living by the teachings of Jesus Christ Buddhism East Asia How did Genghis Khan succeed as a conqueror? through brilliant military strategy and organization Hinduism Confucianism Christianity What helped China to become the greatest sea power in the world under Song leadership? the invention of the magnetic compass What characteristic of the Mongol Empire has never been repeated? The Mongol Empire was the largest unified land empire in history. What created an intelligent, capable governing class in China? the civil service examination system Why was the Khmer city-and-temple complex Angkor Wat built? It was a symbolic mountain built to honor the Hindu god Vishnu. Middle Ages Who was the leader who brought Christianity to the Franks? Clovis During the Middle Ages, who was the lowest-ranking members of the clergy? Priests What is canon law? deals with issues under the authority of The Church. What achievement is Charlemagne most remembered by? Building an empire larger than any since Rome. According to the code of chivalry, what did a knight fought for? His lady His feudal lord His heavenly Lord What was the agreement between a lord and a vassal? That the lord would grant the vassal land in exchange for military service. What is another term for serf? Peasant What were the forces holding feudal society together? A set of mutual social obligations and the teachings of the Church How were feudalism and the manor system related? (Hint: Which was the social order and which was the economic support?) Feudalism was a social order, and the manor system was the economic arrangement that supported it. How did the status of women change during the Middle Ages? What event caused it? Noble women gained power by ruling when their husbands went on Crusade. What document limited the power of the English King? Magna Carta Who forced whom to sign the Magna Carta? The English nobility forced King John to sign. What was the chief goal of the Crusades? To recover Jerusalem and the Hold Land from the Muslim Turks What was the effect of the three-field system? Framers produced more food and villagers had more to eat. Which of the following best describes the nature of a guild? An association of people who worked at the same occupation What was the major cause of the Great Schism of the 14th century? Arguments over which man holding the position of pope was the true pope What was the name of the legislative body of medieval England? Parliament What group was most responsible for the spread of the bubonic plague to Europe? Traders What war ended the Middle Ages? Hundred Years’ War Writers began writing in the everyday language of the people, which is known as Vernacular What issue led to both the Magna Carta and the establishment of Parliament? How to end taxation without representation Africa & Early Americans What African city controlled trade routes and was the economic, political, and religious center of an empire? Great Zimbabwe The Swahili language developed from a mixture of what languages? Arabic and Bantu languages What did Portugal's initial interest in Africa mostly seem to concern? trade What Mississippian structure might have been influenced by Mesoamerican culture? the 100-foot high, flat-topped pyramids of the Mississippian What caused the decline of the Inca Empire? struggle between rivals for the Inca throne. Did the decline of the Maya occurred because of the arrival of the Spanish? Why or why not? Decline occurred several hundred years before the Spanish arrived in the Americas. How did the Aztec please the gods? Human sacrifice Renaissance The period of European history known as the Renaissance began in what area of Europe? Italy What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? Art and learning What was the first full-sized book Gutenberg printed? The Bible In what way did Leonardo da Vinci represent the Renaissance Man? He was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. What is a synonym for secular? Worldly What was essential to have in order to become an important patron? Wealth Besides valuing the individual, what other value did the humanists embrace? Classical Greek and Roman culture. During the Enlightenment , what did the word “utopia” came to mean? “An ideal place.” We learned that the Chinese invented the printing press. Who perfected it in Europe? Johann Gutenberg. What are the names of the following pieces of art and who created them? Michelangelo’s Michelangelo’s La Pieta Van Eyck’s Leonardo da Vinci’s The Arnolfini Marriage Mona Lisa David Exploration Which nation did Prince Henry help to take the lead in overseas exploration? Portugal In the 1400s, what was the most important trade good from the East? Spices Bartolomeu Dias captained the first European ship to sail what route? Along the West Coast of Africa What did Vasco da Gama succeed in gaining for Portugal? A sea route between Portugal and India The Line of Demarcation established a boundary between which two regions in the new world? Lands Portugal could claim and those Spain could claim What were Europeans’ main motives for making voyages of exploration? To grow wealthy and spread Christianity Who conquered the Aztec empire? Hernando Cortes Where in the Americas did Christopher Columbus land first? An island in the Caribbean Sea As part of the Columbian Exchange, which of the following was carried from Europe to the New World? Livestock Tobacco Potatoes Tomatoes What was one result of the loss of native lives to disease in Latin America? A severe shortage of labor in the colonies According to the policy of mercantilism, how could a nation increase its wealth? It should sell more goods than it buys from other countries. Identify the countries listed below on the map. Color coding is a helpful study tool. A. England B. France C. Germany D. Italy E. Greece F. Spain G. Ireland H. Russia I. Switzerland J. Portugal K. Poland H G A K C B I D F J E